MindMap Gallery University Biochemistry Nucleic Acid Chemistry
University biochemistry mind map of nucleic acid chemistry, divided into RNA (mostly present in the nucleus, a small part in the mitochondrial chloroplast) and DNA (mostly in the cytoplasm, a small part in the mitochondrial chloroplast nucleus).
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This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Nucleic acid chemistry
nucleic acid
Basic structural unit: nucleotide
Ribose
βD ribose
base
pyrimidine base
CUT
purine base
AG
Rare bases
Most of them are formed by methylation modification of bases, as well as deamination, reduction, etc., and are more abundant in tRNA
nucleoside
Nucleosides in nucleic acids are basically in the trans conformation
Sources of rare nucleosides: 1. Rare bases combine with ribose 2. Rearrangement
Pseudouridine is obtained by rearrangement of uridine
effect
The structural unit of nucleic acid. Nucleic acid plays a central role in the storage, transmission and expression of genetic information.
Regulate metabolic levels
Participate in the catalytic process of enzymes as a coenzyme or as a carrier of active substances
DNA
Shargaff's rule
A=T,C=G
(A T)/(C G) asymmetric ratio, indicating the distance of biological species' relationship
The DNA base composition of different tissues of the same organism is the same and does not change with changes in age, nutritional status, and environment.
Primary structure: the order of deoxynucleotide residues (the order of bases in the DNA molecule)
Directionality
unique arrangement
double helix
antiparallel
AT two hydrogen bonds CG three hydrogen bonds
The average diameter is 2nm, the pitch is 3.4nm, the vertical distance between adjacent base pairs is 0.34nm, the angle between adjacent nucleotides is 36 degrees, and each helix is 10bp
The plane of the base is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the helix, and the plane of the sugar ring is parallel to the longitudinal axis.
DNA-binding proteins bind to the major groove
stabilizing factor
Base stacking power (most important)
hydrogen bond
ionic bond
The right-hand helix has two structures, ADNA and BDNA.
supercoil
Triple-stranded DNA, quadruple-stranded DNA (telomere related)
Genome
Prokaryotic
Key Points: Plasmids
eukaryotic
Chromosome: DNA and histones form nucleosomes, and the nucleosomes are connected by connecting DNA
nuclear genome
organelle genome
Mitochondria
chloroplast
Virus
RNA
primary structure
subtopic
secondary structure
Four arms and four rings
tertiary structure
L type
mRNA
prokaryotes polycistronic
Eukaryotic monocistronic, with introns, exons, and hat structure
rRNA
Prokaryotes 50s plus 30s form 70s ribosome
In eukaryotes, 60s plus 40s form the 80s ribosome
Physical and chemical properties
Slightly soluble in water, poorly soluble in organic solvents
RNA is acid stable, DNA is base stable
Sedimentation characteristics: DNA is in the middle and RNA is at the bottom
Conjugated double bonds lead to strong UV absorption at 260nm, and the UV absorption of single chains is greater than that of double chains.
Denaturation and renaturation
Hyperchromic effect and subtractive effect (DNA double strand opens and UV light absorption is enhanced)
Dissolution temperature Tm: the temperature at which the color enhancement effect reaches half or when half of the DNA molecules are denatured
Classification
RNA
Most of it exists in the nucleus, and a small part exists in the mitochondria and chloroplasts.
DNA
Most of it exists in the cytoplasm, and a small part exists in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, and nuclei.