MindMap Gallery Cytoplasmic matrix and endomembrane system
A mind map of the cytoplasmic matrix and the endomembrane system: the gelatinous substance in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, excluding identifiable organelles, is called the cytoplasmic matrix; the endomembrane system includes the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Endosomes, and secretory vesicles, etc.
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This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Cytoplasmic matrix and endomembrane system
cytoplasmic matrix
Meaning: The gel-like substance in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that removes identifiable organelles is called the cytoplasmic matrix.
Function
Metabolic processes occur in the cytoplasmic matrix
Functions related to cytoplasmic skeleton
Post-translational modification, selective degradation, etc. of proteins in the cytoplasmic matrix
protein modification
Control protein lifespan
ubiquitination
Helps denatured or misfolded proteins refold
endomembrane system
Including endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endosomes, and secretory vesicles, etc.
endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Most of them are flat sac-shaped, neatly arranged, with a large number of ribosomes distributed on the surface.
Synthesize protein
secreted protein
soluble resident protein
membrane integral protein
Protein modification and processing
disulfide bond formation
Acylation
Hydroxylation
N-glycosylation (N-linked)
The sugar directly bound to the asparagine residue is N-acetylglucosamine
Modify
protein folding assembly
Hydrolytic cleavage of specific proteins
processing
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Mostly tubular, with a small area and no ribosomes on the surface
Important place for the synthesis of lipids (phospholipids, cholesterol, steroid hormones)
Detoxification
Contains cytochrome P450
Store Ca2
Glycogenolysis and release of free glucose
special endoplasmic reticulum
microsomes
During cell homogenization and ultracentrifugation, spherical vesicle-like structures are formed from the broken endoplasmic reticulum.
sarcoplasmic reticulum
The special endoplasmic reticulum in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells contains a large amount of Ca2, and its function is to participate in muscle contraction activities
golgi apparatus
Smooth network structure
Facial mask bag (forming surface)
Accept materials brought by ER transport for classification, and a small amount of proteins and lipids are sent back to the ER
intermediate membrane sac
Most glycosyl modifications, glycolipid formation, and Golgi-related polysaccharide synthesis
Reverse mask (mature side)
Reverse mesh structure
Participate in protein classification and packaging and export to Golgi apparatus
Retrograde transport of ER proteins
Packaging error occurred while ER was shipping
Cells respond to stress in adverse cellular environments
ER retention protein retention mechanism
In animals, it is mostly KDEL (resident signal of endoplasmic reticulum resident protein).
In yeast it is HDEL
Protein sorting and vesicle transport
Protein sorting and transport by cisplatin
Protein sorting and transport
Packaging and sorting of lysosomal enzymes
regulatable secretory pathway
constitutive secretory pathway
Participate in the transformation of membranes
Glycosylation modification of proteins
O-linked glycosylation (linked to N-acetylgalactosamine)
Attached to the hydroxyl group of serine, threonine, hydroxylysine, hydroxyproline
Further processing of N-linked oligosaccharides
Synthesis of proteoglycans, polysaccharides
The polysaccharide synthesized in animal cells is mainly hyaluronic acid
Plant cell walls include hemicellulose, pectin
lysosome
Small spherical shape, with a unit membrane coating on the outside
primary lysosome
secondary lysosome
remnant or post-lysosome
Acid hydrolases
Acid phosphatase is a marker enzyme
Lysosomal membrane composition is special
Embedded proton pump
Has a variety of carrier proteins
Membrane proteins are highly glycosylated
Function
Remove useless biological macromolecules, aging organelles, aging damaged and dead cells
defense function
Serves as an intracellular digestive organ that provides energy to cells
In secretory gland cells, lysosomes often take up secretory granules
After programmed death, cells are digested and cleared by surrounding phagocyte lysosomes
acrosome reaction during fertilization
The occurrence of lysosomes
M6P pathway (main) signaling spot
Non-M6P pathway
Lysosome-like organelles in plants
Spheroid, aleurone grain and central vacuole
Mitochondria
form
Linear, granular
size
The diameter is about 0.3~1um and the length is 1.5~3um
structure
Outer membrane (porin)
Intima (cardiolipin)
Intermembrane space (adenylate kinase)
Substrate (malate dehydrogenase)
Function
oxidative phosphorylation
apoptosis
Calcium reservoir respiratory chain
ATP synthase
Mitochondrial diseases caused by mtDNA mutations are maternally inherited
peroxisome
Morphology
One-layer membrane vesicles (0.15~0.25)
peroxisomal enzymes
Oxidase (50%)
Catalase (40%) marker enzyme
Function
animal
Participate in beta oxidation of fatty acids
Has detoxifying effect
plant
Fatty acid beta-oxidation in germinating seeds
Participate in photorespiration
biogenesis
division and proliferation
reoccur