Airway epithelial stimulator is activated

Wet cough: Excessive respiratory secretions caused by infection, airway inflammation, and lung parenchymal disease. After a wet cough, swallowing or retching may occur to clear respiratory secretions.

Dry cough may also occur in the early stages of the disease or when there is little secretion.

Puppy: raucous seal barking cough

Tracheal collapse: Yanming cough

Pneumonia: mild cough, shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, or lethargy

Severe pulmonary edema: pink foam may be coughed up

Young animals: infectious or foreign body pneumonia

Older animals: bronchitis, tumors, airway collapse, aspiration pneumonia

Auscultation: larynx, trachea, lungs

Bronchial sound: Around the hilus, expiration is louder and longer than inhalation, and has the sound quality of gas flowing in a hollow tube.

Alveolar sounds: soft, clear inhalation, can be heard around the chest, the breeze blows the leaves

Bronchoalveolar sounds: Mixed bronchial and alveolar sounds, louder during inspiration than expiration

Cough inducement: animals with airway or lung parenchymal disease will have greater airway sensitivity due to infection or inflammation that activates irritant receptors

Percussion: Percuss each area of ​​the chest, noticing areas of difference in air and soft tissue.

Possible lower respiratory tract infection in animals: coughing up lower respiratory tract secretions into the nasal cavity

Vomiting or regurgitation of food, more common in short-nosed breeds

Increased respiratory effort in short-snouted animals often causes pharyngeal collapse

Cause

clinical manifestations

Considerations

Color of discharge

nasal ventilation

Eye thrust back

Soft palate upward pressure

regional lymph nodes

Facial symmetry, pain

Short-snouted animals, large dogs

Recent anesthesia, vomiting, epilepsy

Less than half of dogs experience fever and shortness of breath

pathophysiology

Abnormal lung sounds

Is there abnormal throat sound or vomiting?

Increased white blood cells, leftward nuclear shift, and slight decrease in albumin concentration

Possible hypoxemia

Typical X-ray: alveolar infiltration in the anteroventral or right middle lobe, followed by the right anterior lobe, left anterior lobe, and posterior lobe

Tracheal flushing can detect purulent infection

Pneumonia Treatment

Bronchodilators

maintain hydration

aerosol treatment

oxygen

Treat the original cause

The prognosis is good, with a survival rate of 75-80%

Bacterial pneumonia occurs when a large number of opportunistic pathogens break through the host's defense mechanism or highly pathogenic microorganisms enter the respiratory tract.

It may also be caused by abnormal respiratory defense mechanism, impaired systemic immune function, inhalation of foreign bodies or corrosive objects

Gut microbes are the most common type of bacteria responsible for lower respiratory tract infections in adult dogs

Bacteria migrating to the respiratory epithelium will stimulate neutrophils to come over and release various leukocyte factors to kill the bacteria. These processes create an inflammatory environment in the lungs. Excessive inflammation can lead to permanent lung damage in some cases

Pneumonia can occur at any age

Symptoms: May have wet cough, labored breathing, dyspnea, respiratory distress

May also present with chronic, non-specific symptoms: depression, anorexia, weight loss

Foreign body pneumonia may also result in chronic symptoms. For example, if animals with chronic pneumonia respond to antibiotics, foreign body, tracheectasis, or chronic recurrent inhalation injury need to be considered.

If there is simultaneous nasal infection or the respiratory tract is coughed into the nasopharynx, nasal secretions may also be observed in animals with pneumonia.

Parenchymal infection with alveolar infiltration of cellular debris leading to restrictive lung disease: rapid and shallow breathing pattern

Auscultation: Loud, harsh bronchoalveolar sounds, crackles, or wheezes, absence of lung sounds in specific chest areas suggest parenchymal lung disease or pleuropneumonia.

Usually the trachea is sensitive, and coughing followed by swallowing indicates an increase in lower respiratory tract secretions.

Some animals have nasal discharge,

Less than half of the dogs may have fever

Increased white blood cells, acute pneumonia may reduce white blood cells and shift the nucleus to the left

Biochemical urine test can pay attention to the diagnosis of underlying diseases: diabetes, Cushing's disease

Elimination of feline leukemia and AIDS

Pulse Oximetry: Evaluates the severity of lung function and the need for oxygen. But arterial blood. Blood gas will be more accurate.

dr: Alveolar infiltration accompanied by air bronchitis is a typical finding. As the disease progresses it becomes more apparent. In severe cases, the lung lobes may become solidified. Panlobar infiltrates suggest underlying foreign body pneumonia.

Tracheal irrigation, bronchoscopy (foreign body pneumonia), bacterial (anaerobic bacteria may also be present), fungal culture, and cytology are recommended.

Thoroughly check the condition of the larynx after anesthesia to rule out pneumonia caused by abnormal laryngeal function

Various bacteria can be collected from healthy animals, and bacterial isolation is required to confirm pneumonia, and leukocyte phagocytosis can be seen on cytology.

While waiting for drug sensitivity, antibiotic treatment is used first. Quinolones are most commonly used in combination with penicillin drugs

Generally, antibiotic treatment is required for more than three weeks. Later, the medication will be used according to the drug sensitivity. The timing of discontinuation will be based on clinical manifestations and imaging and blood assessment.

Bronchodilators: helpful. Pay attention to gastrointestinal toxicity. It is not recommended to use enrofloxacin with theophylline. It will inhibit theophylline metabolism and lead to an increase in theophylline concentration.

Oxygen, atomization, infusion, hydration state, moist respiratory tract, chest tapping

Most can be successfully treated

Different fungi have different predilection locations. Except for the lungs, all fungi tend to affect peripheral and internal lymph nodes. Eyes, nervous system.

More common in dogs than cats, young outdoor retrievers

Respiratory tract: shortness of breath, cough, respiratory distress. The incubation period is 2-4 weeks, and symptoms are usually chronic (4 weeks or longer) with loss of appetite and weight loss.

There may also be exophthalmos, blindness, lameness, non-healing skin, and neurological symptoms.

Usually there are symptoms of fever, peripheral lymph node swelling, and obvious general discomfort.

Struggling breathing, tachypnea, and rough bronchoalveolar sounds. When the hilar lymph nodes are enlarged and the right bronchus is compressed, stridor can be heard.

Tracheal sensitivity, eye symptoms, neurological symptoms, skin lesions, bone pain

Surrounding fungal environment

Blood: Depending on the type of fungal infection, anemia and neutrophilia may be possible

X-ray: miliary or nodular infiltration, extensive interstitial or bronchial infiltration, lung lobe parenchyma or mass effect, hilar lymph node or sternal lymph node enlargement is common

Dog: Imaging resemblance to primary or metastatic tumors

Cats: Miliary or nodular stromal infiltrates are relatively common and may mimic imaging findings of feline tracheal disease or fibrosis

Tracheal lavage, puncture diagnosis

fungal drugs

In certain cases, steroids are used to reduce inflammation and relieve compression from enlarged hilar lymph nodes. Short-term use does not lead to worsening of results.

Depends on the severity of the lungs and other organ conditions

The lungs have rich microvascular beds, and epithelial carcinosarcoma is prone to metastasis

Metastatic is more common than primary

Primary tumor in cats may metastasize to toes and tail

Short-snouted animals may be more susceptible to disease

Coughing, labored breathing, shortness of breath, coughing up blood

Anorexia, weight loss, lameness after transfer

Shortness of breath

Possible pleural effusion, possible pneumothorax

Canine primary tumors are usually localized, well-circumscribed, independent masses

X-ray manifestations of canine metastatic lesions: multiple discontinuous stromal nodules of varying sizes, or diffuse stromal infiltration

X-rays of feline metastatic lesions often include ill-defined nodules or diffuse, patchy, or mixed alveolar infiltrates.

surgery, chemotherapy

related to the nature of the tumor

Airway disease canine cough is chronic, harsh, paroxysmal, and may be dry or wet.

Dog with heart failure presents with mild wet cough

Cats with heart disease don’t necessarily have a cough

Respiratory symptoms associated with pulmonary edema usually appear acutely and are accompanied by lethargy and loss of appetite.

Animals with pneumonia have a vague medical history, which may occur acutely or chronically, with anorexia, malaise, and weight loss.

Dogs with chronic bronchitis are usually robust, obese and have good appetites

Dogs and cats with pulmonary fibrosis often exhibit increasingly severe exercise intolerance, and later develop shortness of breath and difficulty breathing.

Breed, gender, age

heart murmur

body temperature

heart rate

heart murmur

Definition: A cough that occurs every day for at least two months out of the year for no specific reason

Related to activation of stimulatory receptors in the airways by inflammatory cells

In some cases, chronic bronchitis may also lead to bronchiectasis

Diseases of middle-aged and elderly people are possible in both large and small dogs

Clinical manifestations: Constant cough, dry cough or wet cough (producing large amounts of respiratory secretions)

Usually healthy and active, but later in the disease there may be symptoms of exercise intolerance or difficulty breathing

too heavy

Possibly prolonged exhalation, exerting force on the abdomen when exhaling

Auscultation may be normal, and may include diffuse pulmonary crackles and expiratory wheezes.

diagnosis by elimination

X-ray

tracheal lavage, bronchial lavage

Bronchoscopy

anti-inflammatory drugs

Bronchodilators

antibiotic

Other treatments

Controllable, not curable

Remission of 50% is considered a successful treatment outcome

Treatment aims to control inflammation, reduce clinical symptoms, and prevent deterioration

Feline bronchial disease is a disease not associated with infection but with an inflammatory response to the airways

It leads to increased mucus production, epithelial proliferation, airway smooth muscle contraction, and airway remodeling, leading to airway lumen reduction and fixed blockage.

Clinical symptoms of cough and respiratory distress may be observed

Cause: Undetermined cause, sensitization to antigens or allergens can result in similar clinical and radiographic features

Other causes: genetics, environmental pollutants or irritants, oxidant-mediated, gastroesophageal reflux

For cats of all ages, the proportion of female cats between 2 and 8 years old will be higher.

Coughing and respiratory distress are common, with persistent dry cough and obvious abdominal straining during coughing.

Some cats cough as often as once a day, but a low frequency does not necessarily correspond to the severity of inflammation

Loud breathing or wheezing, exercise intolerance, and the cat may limit his or her activities to reduce the burden on the respiratory system may be observed.

Cats with bronchoconstriction will exhibit acute respiratory distress, with tachypnea and sometimes cyanosis.

The environment is very important to cats. Environmental aerosol sprays and cigarette pollen can cause irritation.

It looks normal at rest, and auscultation is normal, but the trachea is highly sensitive, crackles can be heard when coughing, wheezing during expiration, and expiration time is delayed.

Barrel-shaped chest, increased percussion sounds

Other physical examinations are generally normal

May show neutrophilia, eosinophilia, and hyperalbuminemia as nonspecific indicators of chronic inflammation

Differential diagnosis

On X-rays, airway thickening may also appear normal, but other signs of airway obstruction may be seen, including flat septum, air trapping, and increased radiolucency.

When mucus plugs block large airways, they can cause the lungs to collapse

Tracheal washing: culture (aerobic bacteria and fungi), cytology to rule out infectious causes of cough

cyanotic mouth breathing animals

anti-inflammatory drugs

Bronchodilators

adjuvant treatment

Medication can control clinical symptoms in many cats, and most cats require lifelong medication control.

Recurrent cats may be at risk of death, and cost issues may be euthanasia

Severe shortening of the snout resulting in primary structural defects in the upper respiratory tract structures

Causes crowding of the bony and soft tissue structures of the nose and narrowing of the nostrils, resulting in severe airflow obstruction

Long soft palate and macroglossia can cause further blockage

The soft tissue structures of the pharynx become inflamed due to the large gas flow and pressure.

This then causes the laryngeal pouch to evert, the soft palate to thicken, and eventually the larynx to collapse.

Bullfighting: Tracheal dysplasia is another manifestation

Some are related to systemic diseases: digestive tract problems, hypercoagulable states, and increased production of inflammatory substances

Clinical manifestations: snoring, snoring, nasal congestion, vomiting, exercise intolerance, dyspnea

Some dogs develop vomiting or reflux due to concurrent gastroesophageal disease caused by reflux, inflammation, or hiatal hernia.

narrow nostrils

Snoring: A sound produced by disrupted airflow through the nasal cavity, everted throat pouches, or an overly long soft palate.

Normal dog: The soft palate should end at the front of the epiglottis

Tracheal dysplasia: compare the height of the trachea in the chest area to the third rib: >3 times normal. Or the height of the trachea at the entrance to the chest and the height of the entrance to the chest, normal >0.204, bullfight normal >0.127

Partial removal of nostril

Soft palate resection