MindMap Gallery Canine and Feline Respiratory Medicine
Mind map of respiratory medicine in dogs and cats, such as wet cough: excessive respiratory secretions caused by infectious, airway inflammation, and lung parenchymal disease. After a wet cough, swallowing or retching may occur to clear respiratory secretions.
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This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Canine and Feline Respiratory Medicine
cough
Medical history
Airway epithelial stimulator is activated
inflammatory products
excessive discharge
airway compression
airway collapse
Wet cough: Excessive respiratory secretions caused by infection, airway inflammation, and lung parenchymal disease. After a wet cough, swallowing or retching may occur to clear respiratory secretions.
Dry cough may also occur in the early stages of the disease or when there is little secretion.
Puppy: raucous seal barking cough
Tracheal collapse: Yanming cough
Pneumonia: mild cough, shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, or lethargy
Severe pulmonary edema: pink foam may be coughed up
Basic information about animals
Young animals: infectious or foreign body pneumonia
Older animals: bronchitis, tumors, airway collapse, aspiration pneumonia
Physical examination
Auscultation: larynx, trachea, lungs
Bronchial sound: Around the hilus, expiration is louder and longer than inhalation, and has the sound quality of gas flowing in a hollow tube.
Alveolar sounds: soft, clear inhalation, can be heard around the chest, the breeze blows the leaves
Bronchoalveolar sounds: Mixed bronchial and alveolar sounds, louder during inspiration than expiration
Cough inducement: animals with airway or lung parenchymal disease will have greater airway sensitivity due to infection or inflammation that activates irritant receptors
Percussion: Percuss each area of the chest, noticing areas of difference in air and soft tissue.
nasal secretions
Medical history
Possible lower respiratory tract infection in animals: coughing up lower respiratory tract secretions into the nasal cavity
Vomiting or regurgitation of food, more common in short-nosed breeds
Increased respiratory effort in short-snouted animals often causes pharyngeal collapse
Digestive tract disease with excessive pharyngeal folds, leading to vomiting or esophageal reflux
hiatal hernia
gastroesophageal reflux
mild inflammatory bowel disease
Improper handling of food in the mouth
Cause
Infectious
neoplastic
Teeth related
foreign body
subtopic
clinical manifestations
sneezing, reverse sneeze
Scratching or rubbing your face, facial pain
Unexplained odor in head
Respiratory murmurs, mouth breathing
Considerations
duration
Type of discharge
changes over time
Unilateral or bilateral
Color of discharge
Yellow-green: infectious
Tan: Blood is present
Bright red: blood
inflamed
tumor
Coagulation
hypertension
Unilateral discharge
foreign body
trauma
tooth root
Mouth and nose building
tumor
Physical examination
nasal ventilation
Chilled glass slides or small pieces of cotton
Eye thrust back
If there is a mass behind the eyeball, the resistance of the eyeballs on both sides is different.
Soft palate upward pressure
need to open mouth
regional lymph nodes
Facial symmetry, pain
aspiration pneumonia
Medical history and characteristics
Short-snouted animals, large dogs
Recent anesthesia, vomiting, epilepsy
Physical examination
Less than half of dogs experience fever and shortness of breath
pathophysiology
reason
Esophageal dysfunction, megaesophagus
Vomit
laryngeal dysfunction
Operation
Can be life-threatening
Secondary to aspiration of gastric or oropharyngeal contents
Inhalation of stomach acid causes loss of lung surface tension and lung collapse
Damage to epithelial cells leads to bacterial invasion and exposure of nerve endings between epithelial cells leading to tracheal constriction
Inflammation and infection increase mucus production leading to blockage and difficulty breathing
Severe inhalation injury can cause increased alveolar microvascular permeability, causing cardiogenic pulmonary edema and leading to respiratory distress.
Abnormal lung sounds
Is there abnormal throat sound or vomiting?
diagnostic findings
Increased white blood cells, leftward nuclear shift, and slight decrease in albumin concentration
Possible hypoxemia
Typical X-ray: alveolar infiltration in the anteroventral or right middle lobe, followed by the right anterior lobe, left anterior lobe, and posterior lobe
Tracheal flushing can detect purulent infection
treat
Pneumonia Treatment
Bronchodilators
maintain hydration
aerosol treatment
oxygen
Treat the original cause
prognosis
The prognosis is good, with a survival rate of 75-80%
bacterial pneumonia
pathophysiology
Bacterial pneumonia occurs when a large number of opportunistic pathogens break through the host's defense mechanism or highly pathogenic microorganisms enter the respiratory tract.
It may also be caused by abnormal respiratory defense mechanism, impaired systemic immune function, inhalation of foreign bodies or corrosive objects
Gut microbes are the most common type of bacteria responsible for lower respiratory tract infections in adult dogs
Bacteria migrating to the respiratory epithelium will stimulate neutrophils to come over and release various leukocyte factors to kill the bacteria. These processes create an inflammatory environment in the lungs. Excessive inflammation can lead to permanent lung damage in some cases
Medical history and characteristics
Pneumonia can occur at any age
Puppies: primary infectious pneumonia
Young Sporting Dogs: Foreign Body Properties
Elderly: Inhaled or immunocompromised
Symptoms: May have wet cough, labored breathing, dyspnea, respiratory distress
May also present with chronic, non-specific symptoms: depression, anorexia, weight loss
Foreign body pneumonia may also result in chronic symptoms. For example, if animals with chronic pneumonia respond to antibiotics, foreign body, tracheectasis, or chronic recurrent inhalation injury need to be considered.
If there is simultaneous nasal infection or the respiratory tract is coughed into the nasopharynx, nasal secretions may also be observed in animals with pneumonia.
Physical examination
Parenchymal infection with alveolar infiltration of cellular debris leading to restrictive lung disease: rapid and shallow breathing pattern
Auscultation: Loud, harsh bronchoalveolar sounds, crackles, or wheezes, absence of lung sounds in specific chest areas suggest parenchymal lung disease or pleuropneumonia.
Usually the trachea is sensitive, and coughing followed by swallowing indicates an increase in lower respiratory tract secretions.
Some animals have nasal discharge,
Less than half of the dogs may have fever
diagnostic findings
Increased white blood cells, acute pneumonia may reduce white blood cells and shift the nucleus to the left
Biochemical urine test can pay attention to the diagnosis of underlying diseases: diabetes, Cushing's disease
Elimination of feline leukemia and AIDS
Pulse Oximetry: Evaluates the severity of lung function and the need for oxygen. But arterial blood. Blood gas will be more accurate.
dr: Alveolar infiltration accompanied by air bronchitis is a typical finding. As the disease progresses it becomes more apparent. In severe cases, the lung lobes may become solidified. Panlobar infiltrates suggest underlying foreign body pneumonia.
Tracheal irrigation, bronchoscopy (foreign body pneumonia), bacterial (anaerobic bacteria may also be present), fungal culture, and cytology are recommended.
Thoroughly check the condition of the larynx after anesthesia to rule out pneumonia caused by abnormal laryngeal function
Various bacteria can be collected from healthy animals, and bacterial isolation is required to confirm pneumonia, and leukocyte phagocytosis can be seen on cytology.
treat
While waiting for drug sensitivity, antibiotic treatment is used first. Quinolones are most commonly used in combination with penicillin drugs
Generally, antibiotic treatment is required for more than three weeks. Later, the medication will be used according to the drug sensitivity. The timing of discontinuation will be based on clinical manifestations and imaging and blood assessment.
Bronchodilators: helpful. Pay attention to gastrointestinal toxicity. It is not recommended to use enrofloxacin with theophylline. It will inhibit theophylline metabolism and lead to an increase in theophylline concentration.
Oxygen, atomization, infusion, hydration state, moist respiratory tract, chest tapping
prognosis
Most can be successfully treated
fungal pneumonia
Pathophysiology:
Different fungi have different predilection locations. Except for the lungs, all fungi tend to affect peripheral and internal lymph nodes. Eyes, nervous system.
Medical history and characteristics
More common in dogs than cats, young outdoor retrievers
Respiratory tract: shortness of breath, cough, respiratory distress. The incubation period is 2-4 weeks, and symptoms are usually chronic (4 weeks or longer) with loss of appetite and weight loss.
There may also be exophthalmos, blindness, lameness, non-healing skin, and neurological symptoms.
Physical examination
Usually there are symptoms of fever, peripheral lymph node swelling, and obvious general discomfort.
Struggling breathing, tachypnea, and rough bronchoalveolar sounds. When the hilar lymph nodes are enlarged and the right bronchus is compressed, stridor can be heard.
subtopic
Tracheal sensitivity, eye symptoms, neurological symptoms, skin lesions, bone pain
diagnostic findings
Surrounding fungal environment
Blood: Depending on the type of fungal infection, anemia and neutrophilia may be possible
X-ray: miliary or nodular infiltration, extensive interstitial or bronchial infiltration, lung lobe parenchyma or mass effect, hilar lymph node or sternal lymph node enlargement is common
Dog: Imaging resemblance to primary or metastatic tumors
Cats: Miliary or nodular stromal infiltrates are relatively common and may mimic imaging findings of feline tracheal disease or fibrosis
Tracheal lavage, puncture diagnosis
treat
fungal drugs
In certain cases, steroids are used to reduce inflammation and relieve compression from enlarged hilar lymph nodes. Short-term use does not lead to worsening of results.
prognosis
Depends on the severity of the lungs and other organ conditions
lung neoplastic disease
pathophysiology
The lungs have rich microvascular beds, and epithelial carcinosarcoma is prone to metastasis
Metastatic is more common than primary
Primary tumor in cats may metastasize to toes and tail
Medical history and characteristics
Short-snouted animals may be more susceptible to disease
Coughing, labored breathing, shortness of breath, coughing up blood
Anorexia, weight loss, lameness after transfer
Physical examination
Shortness of breath
Possible pleural effusion, possible pneumothorax
diagnostic findings
Canine primary tumors are usually localized, well-circumscribed, independent masses
X-ray manifestations of canine metastatic lesions: multiple discontinuous stromal nodules of varying sizes, or diffuse stromal infiltration
X-rays of feline metastatic lesions often include ill-defined nodules or diffuse, patchy, or mixed alveolar infiltrates.
treat
surgery, chemotherapy
prognosis
related to the nature of the tumor
Differentiating Heart Disease from Respiratory Disease
The distinction can be difficult, as clinical manifestations, physical examinations and even radiographic changes are consistent. Some animals may have heart and respiratory diseases at the same time. Although clinical symptoms are caused by a single clinical disease in most cases.
Medical history
Airway disease canine cough is chronic, harsh, paroxysmal, and may be dry or wet.
Dog with heart failure presents with mild wet cough
Cats with heart disease don’t necessarily have a cough
Respiratory symptoms associated with pulmonary edema usually appear acutely and are accompanied by lethargy and loss of appetite.
subtopic
Animals with pneumonia have a vague medical history, which may occur acutely or chronically, with anorexia, malaise, and weight loss.
Dogs with chronic bronchitis are usually robust, obese and have good appetites
Dogs and cats with pulmonary fibrosis often exhibit increasingly severe exercise intolerance, and later develop shortness of breath and difficulty breathing.
Basic information about animals
Breed, gender, age
heart murmur
Physical examination
body temperature
Hypothermia and heart disease are common in cats
heart rate
Differentiate dogs with: Respiratory disease has higher vagal tone, causing a lower heartbeat and exacerbating respiratory arrhythmias
Heart failure, sympathetic nervous system activation, increased heart rate
heart murmur
Canine mucinous mitral valve disease
Not sensitive or specific to cats
canine chronic bronchitis
pathophysiology
Definition: A cough that occurs every day for at least two months out of the year for no specific reason
Related to activation of stimulatory receptors in the airways by inflammatory cells
In some cases, chronic bronchitis may also lead to bronchiectasis
Medical history and nature
Diseases of middle-aged and elderly people are possible in both large and small dogs
Clinical manifestations: Constant cough, dry cough or wet cough (producing large amounts of respiratory secretions)
Usually healthy and active, but later in the disease there may be symptoms of exercise intolerance or difficulty breathing
Physical examination
too heavy
Possibly prolonged exhalation, exerting force on the abdomen when exhaling
Auscultation may be normal, and may include diffuse pulmonary crackles and expiratory wheezes.
diagnostic findings
diagnosis by elimination
X-ray
Extensive stroma
Bronchial infiltrates: donuts, parallel lines. Indicates inflammation causing thickening of the airway wall.
Insensitivity: The difference between normal dogs and dogs with bronchitis is the increase in the thickness of the tracheal wall and the increase in the number of visible bronchial walls.
Normal chest x-ray cannot be used to exclude the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis
Recommend ct
tracheal lavage, bronchial lavage
Increase in total cells, as well as non-degenerative changes in neutrophils
Bacterial overpopulation is not an important issue. The entire trachea and large airways are not sterile environments.
Bronchoscopy
Congestion, cobblestone or irregular appearance of airway mucosa, increased mucus
treat
anti-inflammatory drugs
Glucocorticoids: rule out infectious diseases before use
Prednisolone 0.5-1 mg/kg bid 5-7 days, decrease by 1/2 every 5-7 days, and can be changed to once every other day later, and the medication is expected to last 2-3 months. Relapse may occur if medication is discontinued.
Long-acting hormones are not recommended
inhaled hormones
Bronchodilators
Theophylline clinically helps relieve cough or difficulty breathing
and drugs that lower hormones
antibiotic
Doxycycline, fights bacteria and has anti-inflammatory effects
Other treatments
Weight loss, chest and back, reducing respiratory tract irritation, atomized humidification, oral acetylcysteine for those with secretions
prognosis
Controllable, not curable
Remission of 50% is considered a successful treatment outcome
Treatment aims to control inflammation, reduce clinical symptoms, and prevent deterioration
Feline Asthma/Bronchitis
pathophysiology
Feline bronchial disease is a disease not associated with infection but with an inflammatory response to the airways
It leads to increased mucus production, epithelial proliferation, airway smooth muscle contraction, and airway remodeling, leading to airway lumen reduction and fixed blockage.
Clinical symptoms of cough and respiratory distress may be observed
Cause: Undetermined cause, sensitization to antigens or allergens can result in similar clinical and radiographic features
Other causes: genetics, environmental pollutants or irritants, oxidant-mediated, gastroesophageal reflux
Medical history and characteristics
For cats of all ages, the proportion of female cats between 2 and 8 years old will be higher.
Coughing and respiratory distress are common, with persistent dry cough and obvious abdominal straining during coughing.
Some cats cough as often as once a day, but a low frequency does not necessarily correspond to the severity of inflammation
Loud breathing or wheezing, exercise intolerance, and the cat may limit his or her activities to reduce the burden on the respiratory system may be observed.
Cats with bronchoconstriction will exhibit acute respiratory distress, with tachypnea and sometimes cyanosis.
The environment is very important to cats. Environmental aerosol sprays and cigarette pollen can cause irritation.
subtopic
Physical examination
It looks normal at rest, and auscultation is normal, but the trachea is highly sensitive, crackles can be heard when coughing, wheezing during expiration, and expiration time is delayed.
Barrel-shaped chest, increased percussion sounds
Other physical examinations are generally normal
diagnostic findings
May show neutrophilia, eosinophilia, and hyperalbuminemia as nonspecific indicators of chronic inflammation
Differential diagnosis
Parasite
Infectious diseases
On X-rays, airway thickening may also appear normal, but other signs of airway obstruction may be seen, including flat septum, air trapping, and increased radiolucency.
When mucus plugs block large airways, they can cause the lungs to collapse
Tracheal washing: culture (aerobic bacteria and fungi), cytology to rule out infectious causes of cough
Eosinophilic
neutrophils
Small numbers of bacteria can be isolated from the airways of healthy or diseased cats because the airways are not a sterile environment.
treat
cyanotic mouth breathing animals
oxygen
After inhaling albuterol, observe the respiratory rate and exertion level after 15-30 minutes. If it does not improve again, if it does not improve, and it is indeed tracheal disease, which is the primary differential diagnosis, dexamethasone can be used. It is not recommended to use hormones directly at the beginning, as it will reduce the entry of eosinophils into the airway and affect the results of tracheal lavage examination.
Identify cardiopulmonary disease
anti-inflammatory drugs
Prednisolone 1mg/kg bid 5-14d, if the situation improves 0.5mg bid or 1mg/kg sid for 10-20d, the dose is slowly reduced, but most cats require lifelong medication, even if there are no clinical manifestations, airway inflammation persists
If the condition recurs, the dose of steroids needs to be increased and repeated examinations are required to ensure that there is no airway infection due to immunosuppression (low probability)
Combined with oral corticosteroids two weeks before inhaled medicine
Bronchodilators
Relieve smooth muscle contraction
albuterol
adjuvant treatment
lose weight
humidification, atomization
prognosis
Medication can control clinical symptoms in many cats, and most cats require lifelong medication control.
Recurrent cats may be at risk of death, and cost issues may be euthanasia
Short-snouted dog respiratory obstruction syndrome
pathophysiology
Severe shortening of the snout resulting in primary structural defects in the upper respiratory tract structures
Causes crowding of the bony and soft tissue structures of the nose and narrowing of the nostrils, resulting in severe airflow obstruction
Long soft palate and macroglossia can cause further blockage
The soft tissue structures of the pharynx become inflamed due to the large gas flow and pressure.
This then causes the laryngeal pouch to evert, the soft palate to thicken, and eventually the larynx to collapse.
Bullfighting: Tracheal dysplasia is another manifestation
Some are related to systemic diseases: digestive tract problems, hypercoagulable states, and increased production of inflammatory substances
Medical history and basic animal information
Clinical manifestations: snoring, snoring, nasal congestion, vomiting, exercise intolerance, dyspnea
Some dogs develop vomiting or reflux due to concurrent gastroesophageal disease caused by reflux, inflammation, or hiatal hernia.
Physical examination
narrow nostrils
Snoring: A sound produced by disrupted airflow through the nasal cavity, everted throat pouches, or an overly long soft palate.
diagnostic findings
Normal dog: The soft palate should end at the front of the epiglottis
Tracheal dysplasia: compare the height of the trachea in the chest area to the third rib: >3 times normal. Or the height of the trachea at the entrance to the chest and the height of the entrance to the chest, normal >0.204, bullfight normal >0.127
treat
Partial removal of nostril
Soft palate resection