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MindMap Gallery The growth and spread of tumors

The growth and spread of tumors

A mind map of the growth and spread of tumors. For example, tumors grow slowly, do not invade surrounding tissues, are often nodular, have a complete capsule, and have clear boundaries with surrounding tissues. They mainly squeeze or block surrounding organs and tissues. effect.

Edited at 2023-10-21 21:49:28

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The growth and spread of tumors

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Outline

Growth/spread of tumors

tumor growth

Growth rate: different estimates

Add time

The time it takes for a cell to divide and reproduce into two daughter cells, the doubling time of most malignant tumor cells is no faster than that of normal cells.

growth score

The proportion of tumor cells that are in a proliferating state.

The production and loss of bell tower cells

To a certain extent, it determines whether the tumor can continue to grow and grow at a multiple speed. Promoting tumor cell death and inhibiting tumor cell proliferation are two important aspects of tumor treatment.

growth pattern

Expansive growth

Mainly benign tumor growth pattern

Features:

Tumors grow slowly, do not invade surrounding tissues, are often nodular, have a complete capsule, and have clear boundaries with surrounding tissues. They mainly squeeze or block surrounding organs and tissues.

Growth:

solid organs and tissues

Prognosis:

Easy to remove and no recurrence

Influence:

Squeezing and blocking have no obvious destructive effect

exophytic growth

nature:

good, malignant

Features:

It often grows on the surface or cavity to form protruding papillae, polyps, mushrooms, and ulcers.

Growth:

Body surface, cavity

infiltrative growth

nature:

Malignant and a few benign

Features:

Tumor tissue invades and destroys surrounding tissues like a tree root growing into the soil. It is ulcer-shaped, crab-foot-shaped, tree-root-shaped, unencapsulated, unclear boundaries, fixed tumor, and small mobility.

Growth:

Both of the former

Prognosis:

Difficult to cut off, easy to relapse

Influence:

Great destructive effect, cachexia

Tumor evolution and heterogeneity

Evolution

Malignant tumors become more and more aggressive as they grow. It manifests as accelerated growth, infiltration into surrounding tissues, and distant metastasis.

Heterogeneity

The process in which tumor cells derived from one clone form subclones that differ in invasion ability, growth rate, response to hormones, sensitivity to anticancer drugs, etc. during the growth process.

Spread of tumors: one of the main characteristics of malignant tumors

Local infiltration and direct spread

As malignant tumors continue to grow, tumor cells continuously infiltrate and grow along tissue gaps, lymphatic vessels, blood vessels or nerve bundles, invading and destroying surrounding normal tissues or organs, which is called direct spread of the tumor, also known as invasion.

transfer

meaning

Malignant tumor cells invade lymphatic vessels, blood vessels or body cavities from the primary site and are taken to other places to continue growing and form secondary tumors of the same type as the primary tumor, which is called metastasis. Tumors formed by metastasis are called metastases or secondary tumors; the original tumors are called primary tumors. Metastasis is conclusive evidence that the tumor is malignant, but not all malignant tumors metastasize.

way

lymphatic metastasis

Malignant tumor cells invade lymphatic vessels, reach local lymph nodes with lymph fluid, stay there, and grow to form metastases.

way:

Tumor cells → lymphatic vessels → marginal sinus → lymph nodes (common in cancer)

Notice:

1. Note that it can enter the blood from the thoracic duct and cause hematogenous metastasis; in clinical practice, the most common left supraclavicular lymph node is mostly located in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract.

Features:

The lymph nodes are swollen, hardened, often grayish-white on cut surface, and multiple fused lymph nodes form a mass.

hematogenous metastasis

Cancer cells spread through blood vessels to tissues or organs other than the cancer tissue, forming metastatic cancer

way:

Systemic circulation—right heart and lungs

Portal vein-liver

Lungs - left heart - body organs

Thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic veins—vertebral venous plexus—spine and brain

Features:

Metastases are often multiple, diffusely distributed, spherical and nodular, close to the surface of organs, vary in size, and have clear borders. The most common metastatic organs are the lungs and liver. It is the main mode of metastasis of sarcoma.

Notice:

Metastatic tumors located on the surface of organs can form a "cancer umbilicus" due to bleeding and necrosis in the center of the tumor nodule.

Implantation transfer

When malignant tumors of intracavity organs invade the surface of the organ, the tumor cells can fall off like seeds and plant on the surfaces of other organs in the body cavity, forming multiple metastases. This mode of dissemination is called implanted metastasis.

Notice:

Extracting body cavity fluid for cytological examination to detect malignant tumor cells is one of the important methods for diagnosing malignant tumors, especially for patients with advanced tumors who are not suitable for biopsy and surgical resection.