MindMap Gallery Water, inorganic elements and vitamins
Mind map about water, inorganic elements and vitamins. The types of trace elements are: 14 types of zinc, iron, boron, copper, molybdenum, manganese, iodine, cobalt, chromium, nickel, selenium and vanadium.
Edited at 2023-10-21 15:35:41This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Water, inorganic elements and vitamins
water
Main physiological functions of water
Maintain tissue and cell morphology
Transport substances
Participate in metabolism
lubrication
regulate body temperature
Good specific heat capacity, heat of evaporation, and thermal conductivity
Effects of lack of water on the body
Hypertonic dehydration Isotonic dehydration Hypotonic dehydration
inorganic elements
macroelements trace elements
constant elements
Calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, sodium, magnesium, etc.
The role of calcium and phosphorus in the body and its metabolic characteristics
The role of calcium in the body
Phosphorus is an important component of many biomolecules in living organisms
Bones, tissue cells, body fluids
Product of Ca*P concentration in blood = 35-40
Calcium is the main component of bone and plays an important regulatory role
When the pH value decreases, free calcium changes to protein-bound calcium; when the pH increases, protein-bound calcium changes to free calcium.
Calcium and phosphorus metabolism characteristics
The main site of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the human body is bone
Calcium and phosphorus metabolism is regulated by three hormones
Main regulatory hormones: Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin
Vitamin D promotes intestinal calcium absorption and bone salt deposition (stimulates calcium-binding protein production and bone matrix maturation)
Parathyroid hormone can increase blood calcium and lower blood phosphorus (promotes bone salt dissolution and increases blood calcium)
Calcitonin is the only hormone that lowers blood calcium concentrations
Calcitonin is synthesized by thyroid C cells
CT inhibits osteoclasts, activates osteoblasts, and reduces blood calcium and phosphorus.
CT inhibits renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus
The overall effect of CT is to reduce blood calcium and blood phosphorus
Main regulatory target organs: small intestine, kidney and bone
Absorption and excretion of calcium and phosphorus
calcium
kidney
The amount of calcium reabsorbed by the renal tubules is related to the blood calcium concentration
Renal tubular calcium reabsorption is regulated by parathyroid hormone
small intestine
Acidic foods facilitate calcium absorption
Alkaline foods oxalate phytate are not conducive to calcium absorption
Calcium absorption decreases with age
Vitamin D promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption
phosphorus
Parathyroid hormone inhibits blood phosphorus reabsorption and lowers blood phosphorus
Lowering pH promotes phosphorus reabsorption
Calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorders
Vitamin D deficiency, rickets in children, bone softness symptoms in adults
Vitamin D promotes blood calcium absorption and bone matrix deposition
Hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D poisoning
Hypercalcemia Urinary tract stones
Promote the increase in blood calcium and inhibit renal tubular reabsorption of blood phosphorus
Potassium
Physiological function
Maintain normal cell metabolism
Maintain intracellular liquid crystal osmotic pressure
Maintain extracellular acid-base balance
Maintain muscle tissue excitability
Maintain normal function of myocardium
Serum potassium below 3.5mmol/L is hypokalemia and above 5.5mmol/L is hyperkalemia.
The functions of sodium and magnesium in the human body and the impact of metabolic disorders on the human body
sodium
Maintain extracellular fluid osmotic pressure
Participate in regulating acid-base balance of body fluids
Participate in various metabolisms such as energy metabolism
Digestive juice and other components
Enhance neuromuscular excitability
magnesium
The kidneys and some hormones play an important role in stabilizing blood magnesium.
Magnesium ions can regulate the activity of many enzymes
A lack or excess of magnesium can cause discomfort in the body
trace elements
Types: 14 types Zinc Iron Boron Copper Molybdenum Manganese Iodine Cobalt Chromium Nickel Selenium Vanadium The bronze Buddha enters nirvana, his iron bones return to the west, and his Mexican friend is a typical vigorous figure. gg
iron
Inorganic iron is absorbed as ferrous iron
Transferrin and ferritin are the transport and storage forms of iron, respectively
Iron in the body is mainly found in iron porphyrin compounds and other iron-containing compounds.
Iron deficiency can cause microcytic hypohemochromic anemia Excessive iron intake causes hemochromatosis
zinc
Albumin and metallothionein are involved in zinc transport and storage, respectively
Zinc refers to the component of zinc-containing metalloenzymes and zinc finger proteins
Zinc deficiency can cause dermatitis, slow wound healing, hair loss, mental disorders, stunted growth in children, and testicular atrophy.
copper
Copper is transported in the blood mainly through ceruloplasmin binding
Copper is a prosthetic group for many copper-containing enzymes
Copper deficiency causes microcytic hypochromic anemia
manganese
Most manganese is bound to gamma globulin and albumin in plasma and transported
Enzymes are components and activators of various enzymes
Manganese is needed for normal immune function in the body, blood sugar and cell energy regulation, reproduction, digestion and bone growth, and against free radicals.
Excessive intake of manganese can cause poisoning (excessive production of oxygen free radicals, leading to psychosis and Parkinson's disease) Manganese deficiency can affect growth and development
selenium
Most selenium is transported bound to alpha and beta globulins
Selenium participates in the composition of many important selenoproteins in the form of selenocysteine
Selenium deficiency can cause diabetes cardiovascular disease neurodegenerative diseases certain cancers Eg: Keshan disease
vitamins