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MindMap Gallery Chapter 8 Psychological Counseling Skills Section 3 (3) [Sunshine Strengthening Method, Reasonable (rational) Emotional Therapy]
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Chapter 8 Psychological Counseling Skills Section 3 (3) [Sunshine Strengthening Method, Reasonable (rational) Emotional Therapy]
Preparation materials for psychological counselors, Chapter 8 Psychological Counseling Skills Section 3 (3) [Sunshine Strengthening Method, Reasonable (rational) Emotional Therapy], purely hand-made, thank you for your support, please pay more attention~
Edited at 2023-10-21 12:53:01
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Chapter 8 Psychological Counseling Skills Section 3 (3) [Sunshine Strengthening Method, Reasonable (rational) Emotional Therapy]
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Reproductive development of animals
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- Outline
Chapter 8 Psychological Counseling Skills Section 3 Implementation of Individual Psychological Counseling Plan (Simple behavior modification - positive reinforcement method) (Rational (rational) emotional therapy)
(Simple behavior modification - positive reinforcement method)
Fundamental
Theoretical basis of positive reinforcement method: behaviorism theory The basic principle of positive reinforcement → operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)
If you want to establish or maintain a certain behavior, you can provide it with positive stimuli (rewards). Strengthen the behavior through rewards, thereby promoting the occurrence and frequency of the behavior, so that the behavior can eventually be produced or changed.
Positive reinforcement is a treatment technique or correction method for establishing and training certain good behaviors, also known as "positive reinforcement" or "positive reinforcement" Promote the generation of target behaviors by promptly rewarding target behaviors and ignoring or downplaying abnormal behaviors.
Suitable for help seekers who have behavioral disorders and wish to change their behavior
The operation process of positive reinforcement method
Clarify target behavior
Monitor target behavior: Observe and record in detail the frequency, intensity, duration and constraints of the target behavior to determine the basic level of the target behavior. Pay special attention to the reinforcing effect of the direct consequences of the target behavior on the bad behavior
Design an intervention plan and clarify positive reinforcers: The standards for positive reinforcers are realistic, feasible, attainable, attractive enough to the client, what they need, like, pursue, are willing to accept, and need to be used at the same time Internal and external reinforcers (internal and external reinforcements need to be used at the same time)
Implement reinforcement: Closely combine behavior with positive reinforcers. When the client exhibits the target behavior, immediately reinforce it. Without delay, explain to the client the specific behavioral methods and purpose of the reinforcement, understand how to do it, and establish self-confidence.
Things to note about positive reinforcers
The target behavior is single, specific and very clear. If there are multiple target behaviors to be changed, they need to be carried out one by one and cannot be carried out at the same time.
Positive reinforcement should be timely and appropriate. Positive reinforcement should be given to the target behavior, not in advance or in the wrong place.
Over time, the reinforcer can change from material stimulation to spiritual reward. After the goal is solidified into a habit, the reinforcer can eventually be withdrawn.
related information
Basic theories of behavioral therapy
Behavior therapy, also known as "behavior modification" or "behavior therapy", is a psychological treatment method that corrects behavioral disorders through learning and training.
Representative figures: Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, Skinner, Bandura, Eysenck, Volpe, Beck
Behavior therapy is established and developed on the basis of psychological experiments; that is, on the premise of following science, based on classical conditioning, operant conditioning, learning theory and reinforcement theory [social learning theory, cognitive behavioral theory] principles, using programmed operating procedures to help clients eliminate bad behaviors and establish new adaptive behaviors [the first systematic behavioral therapy model → systematic desensitization]
Common methods of behavior modification
reinforcement method
Positive reinforcement: giving a stimulus that the individual likes
Negative reinforcement: Withdrawal of an aversive stimulus
punishment law
Positive punishment: giving reinforcements or stimuli that the individual does not like
Negative Punishment: Withdrawal of positive reinforcers that an individual still enjoys
Commonly used punishment methods
General punishment: criticism, fines, reform through labor
Special punishment: body restraint, isolation, aversion therapy
A softer aversion technique: saturation strategy [aversion therapy] Proactively provide a large amount of the object sought by the seeker, allowing the seeker to enjoy it to the limit, causing physical discomfort, thereby eliminating the seeker's inappropriate request, or weakening the adverse reactions
Both methods can inhibit or block undesirable behavior
Extinction method: refers to paying no attention to bad behavior and not providing reinforcement, so that it gradually weakens until it disappears.
Token control method: It is a method that uses the principle of reinforcement to promote the emergence of more adaptive behaviors. Tokens can refer to securities that can be exchanged for items within a certain range, in the form of small red flags, small iron plates, small coupons, etc.
Common techniques for establishing new behaviors
behavior shaping techniques
Definition: Intensive treatment technology that uses reinforcement methods to correct people's behavior and gradually bring them closer to a certain adaptive behavior pattern.
In the process of shaping behavior, positive reinforcement methods are often used. Once the desired behavior occurs, reinforcement is given immediately. Selection of reinforcers: the most powerful stimulus for the seeker Reinforce those behavioral responses that pass and do not reinforce those that fail.
Behavior Shaping Technology → Good Behaviors Increase
Behavioral fading technology
Definition: A method of changing non-adaptive behavior and establishing new adaptive behavior by using obvious stimuli (cues)
Principle: First use obvious clues to help form the correct response, then gradually fade these clues to bring them to the same level as the natural environment, and then let the actor use these natural clues to make the correct response
Rational (rational) emotion therapy
Fundamental
Reasonable Emotion Therapy was founded by American psychologist [Ellis]. Its theory is that it is not the events that cause people's emotional distress, but people's attitudes, opinions, evaluations and other cognitive contents about the events. To change emotional distress is not to change external events, but to change cognition. By changing cognition, one can then change emotions and behavior. The core theory is ABC theory. A is the triggering event, B is the cognition, and C is the emotional and behavioral response.
Rational Emotive Therapy Operation Process
In the psychological diagnosis stage, clarify the ABC of the person seeking help
The main tasks of this stage
Identify specific manifestations of the client’s emotional distress and behavioral discomfort (C)
Find the triggering event that corresponds to the above reaction (A)
Analyze unreasonable beliefs about the relationship between the two (B)
Preliminary analysis and diagnosis of the client's problem based on the ABC theory is a matter of finding the ABC of the client's problem and analyzing the irrational beliefs that cause the client's emotional distress. In fact, it is a process of explanation [the main work of the diagnosis phase]
Comprehension stage
Main task: Help seekers understand the principles of rational emotional therapy and achieve three understandings
It is B (belief) that causes C (emotional and behavioral consequences), not A (inducing events) that causes C (emotional and behavioral consequences)
Only by changing B can their current symptoms be reduced or eliminated.
Clients take responsibility for their own emotional and behavioral responses
The main work: The counselor should further clarify the client's unreasonable beliefs, and the counselor should pay attention to distinguishing them from the client's superficial views on the problem, that is, clearly point out the characteristics of the unreasonable beliefs (analysis) To enable the seeker to further understand (analyze) his or her own problems and the relationship between existing problems and their own irrational beliefs [Main tasks in the understanding stage]
The breakthrough stage (the most important stage in rational emotive therapy)
Repair: The counselor uses a variety of techniques to enable the client to modify or abandon the original irrational beliefs and replace them with reasonable beliefs, so that the emotional symptoms can be reduced or eliminated. Rational Emotive Therapy does not encourage the release of emotions, believing that this will intensify the client's problems.
Main work: The counselor applies various methods and techniques to modify and change the irrational beliefs of the seekers [Main work in the repair stage]
Common methods
Debate with irrational beliefs
Debate is the most commonly used and distinctive method in rational emotional therapy. It originates from the dialectics of ancient Greece [Socrates]: the "midwife's technique" debate technique [midwife's technique three-stage debate: as you say → therefore →Therefore】
Step 1: Let me tell you your point of view first
Step 2: Then reason based on your point of view
Step 3: Finally, draw out the fallacies in your point of view (So that you can realize the unreasonable aspects of your previous cognition and take the initiative to correct them)
Socrates' "Midwife Technique" belongs to: a kind of cultivation technology and guidance technology. Techniques through proactive questioning by counselors
The debate is mainly conducted through the counselor's proactive questioning, which is obviously challenging and questioning. The content closely focuses on the irrational components of the client's beliefs.
During the debate, when it comes to the client’s unreasonable beliefs about the people or environment around him, the golden rule can be used to refute the absolute request.
Golden Rule: Treat others as you would like to be treated
Anti-golden rule: As I treat others, others must treat me Others must like me and accept me (mostly unreasonable and absolute requirements)
Resistance you may encounter during the debate
From a consultant: The core of the issue was not grasped during the debate or the attitude was too implicit and euphemistic.
From the seeker: Believing that eliminating current beliefs may also eliminate achievement motivation
Reasons for impedance: The counselor should have clear goals for the debate issues The consultation attitude should be objective, and the unreasonable beliefs of the seeker should be treated tit for tat without mercy, and should not be tolerated out of fear of rejection.
Reasonable emotional imagination techniques (methods of emotional control)
Definition: Reasonable emotional thinking technology is a way to help people seeking help stop spreading unreasonable beliefs.
Specific steps
Put the seeker into situations or situations that have produced inappropriate emotional reactions and experience negative emotional reactions
Help the client change this inappropriate emotional experience and enable him to experience a moderate emotional response
Stop imagining and let the client talk about his or her emotional changes and thoughts.
homework
Common methods of rational emotive therapy include cognitive homework assignments, which are an extension of the counseling session.
Homework mainly comes in two forms: RET self-help form and reasonable self-analysis report
RET self-help form: It is actually a process in which a help seeker performs ABCDE work on his own A-Inciting events B-Perceptions and explanations of events C-Emotional reactions and behavioral consequences D-Debating unreasonable beliefs E-The effect of counseling
RSA (Reasonable Self-Analysis Report): The main form that allows clients to debate their unreasonable beliefs on their own outside the consulting room.
Other Methods Behavioral Techniques
Self-management program: Based on the principle of operant conditioning, the client uses self-reward and self-punishment to change bad behavior.
Stay here: Stay in an undesirable situation to combat avoidance behavior and terrible thoughts
Other behavioral techniques: relaxation training, systematic desensitization
Re-education stage: counselors can apply training skills to improve their ability to deal with various problems [Main tasks in the re-education stage: strengthening and consolidating] During the re-education stage, you can continue to use the previously used techniques and training methods.
4 specific training methods
Confidence training and relaxation training: improve the ability of help seekers to cope with anxiety-type emotional reactions
Problem-solving training: Improve the client’s ability to solve problems in the most “optimal” way
Social skills training: improve the client’s ability to communicate socially
Limitations of rational emotive therapy
It is believed that people have a biological tendency to think in unreasonable ways of thinking, which requires people to spend their entire lives efforts to overcome. Therefore, the effect is limited for help seekers with severe emotional and behavioral disorders.
It is more effective for those who are younger and have higher levels of intelligence and education; for those who are overly paranoid, it is difficult to comprehend However, the help provided to patients with autism and acute schizophrenia is also limited.
The effectiveness of counseling is related to the counselor himself. The counselor must constantly debate with his or her unreasonable beliefs. The criteria for distinguishing reasonable and unreasonable beliefs →→→
The main characteristics of irrational beliefs: absolute requirements (must), overgeneralization (overgeneralization), extremely bad (unfounded worries) Overgeneralization: leading to self-guilt, self-abasement, and feelings of anxiety and depression. Once this evaluation is directed towards others, they will blindly blame others and produce anger and hostility. Mersby concluded that unreasonable beliefs include: containing more subjective conjecture elements, causing people emotional distress, making it difficult for people to achieve realistic goals and distressing, actively intervening in other people's troubles, and being unable to eliminate or alleviate emotional distress for a long time. cause maladaptive reactions
Goals of Rational Emotive Therapy: Self-compassion, self-direction, tolerance, acceptance of uncertainty, flexibility, participation, dare to try, self-acceptance
The rationale emotion therapy view of human nature believes that people are both rational and irrational. Therefore, in a person's life, anyone may have some irrational beliefs to a greater or lesser extent
The main goal of rational emotive therapy has two meanings
Imperfect goal: Aiming at the change of the patient’s symptoms and minimizing the emotional distress and pain caused by unreasonable beliefs. Consequences of bad behavior [change emotions, change cognition, change behavior] (change must be in the category of psychology)
Perfect goal: Focus on bringing about a longer-term and deeper cognitive and personality integration for the seeker. not only to eliminate Symptoms, but also to reduce the possibility of emotional distress appearing in later life, and learn a realistic and rational way of thinking The key to beauty goals is to help clients change the irrational elements of their life philosophy and learn a realistic and reasonable way of thinking.
The role of the counselor in rational emotive therapy
The counselor is a guide, persuader, analyzer, and an authoritative information provider and debater who confronts the irrational ideas of the seeker.
Consultants play a proactive role