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MindMap Gallery Otolology Chapter 17 Applied Anatomy and Physiology of Otorhinolaryngology 1

Otolology Chapter 17 Applied Anatomy and Physiology of Otorhinolaryngology 1

Medicine, Otology, Chapter 17 Applied Anatomy and Physiology of Otorhinolaryngology, briefly introduces the applied anatomy and physiology of the nose, the applied anatomy and physiology of the pharynx, the applied anatomy and physiology of the larynx, and the applied anatomy and physiology of the ear.

Edited at 2023-10-21 09:42:20

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Otolology Chapter 17 Applied Anatomy and Physiology of Otorhinolaryngology 1

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Outline

Applied Anatomy and Physiology of Otolaryngology

Applied anatomy and physiology of the nose

The composition of the nose

external nose

nasal cavity

sinuses

external nose

Bracket

bony scaffold

Frontal bone nose.

Nasal bones.

Nasal process of maxilla.

cartilage scaffold

Lateral nasal cartilage.

Large wing cartilage.

Characteristics of blood supply to external nose

communicates with cavernous sinus

Veins without valves

Cavernous sinus inflammation caused by swelling and squeezing of face (danger triangle area)

external nasal vein passes through

medial canthal vein

Superior ophthalmic vein.

Subocular veins.

Cavernous sinus.

nasal cavity

nasal vestibule

It is rich in sebaceous glands and sweat glands and is prone to boils.

severe pain

proper nasal cavity

medial wall

nasal septum

septal cartilage

median plate of ethmoid bone

vomer

little district

The mucosal arteries in the anterior and lower part of the nasal septum converge into plexuses to form an arterial network.

Common areas for nosebleeds

lateral wall

common nasal passage

The space between each turbinate and nasal septum

Top three

Inferior turbinate and inferior meatus

The posterior end of the inferior turbinate is 1-1.5cm away from the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube

Inferior meatus, with nasolacrimal duct opening in the front and upper part, maxillary sinus puncture and flushing needle insertion site

Middle turbinate and middle meatus

ostomeatal complex

Half moon crack

uncinate process

Sieve funnel

sieve bubble

middle turbinate

Anterior sinus opening

The middle turbinate is the landmark of the medial wall of the ethmoid sinus.

Superior turbinate and superior meatus

The sphenoethmoidal recess opens posteriorly and superiorly to the superior turbinate into the sphenoid sinus

The superior meatus has the opening of the posterior ethmoid sinus

top wall

The lamina cribrosa is thin and brittle, causing rhinorrhea of hydrocephalus

bottom wall

Olfactory groove or olfactory cleft: bounded by the free edge of the middle turbinate, and the space between the turbinate and nasal septum above it

sinuses

anterior sinuses

maxillary sinus

anterior ethmoid sinus

Open into middle meatus

frontal sinus

posterior sinuses

posterior ethmoid sinus

Opens into superior nasal passage

sphenoid sinus

Opening into sphenoethmoidal recess

maxillary sinus

The largest of the sinuses.

Posterior wall: Malignant tumors of the maxillary sinus destroy this wall, resulting in limited mouth opening.

Inner wall: The location of the sinus opening is high and difficult to drain.

ethmoid sinus

Outer wall: weighing paper template

Roof wall: adjacent to the anterior cranial fossa.

frontal sinus

sphenoid sinus

Physiology of nose

respiratory function

Protective function

Clean filter

reflex sneeze

Adherence to dust and microorganisms

Temperature and humidity adjustment function

olfactory function

Resonance

Applied anatomy and physiology of pharynx

divisions of pharynx

Nasopharynx

Also known as adenoids, pharyngeal tonsils, and proliferative bodies.

Location

Located between the base of the skull and the free surface of the soft palate.

The main route of intracranial invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is the rupture hole

The posterior wall of the pharyngeal recess is a common site for nasopharyngeal cancer

Oropharynx

isthmus

uvula

free surface of soft palate

dorsum of tongue

palatoglossal arch

Velopharyngeal arch

hypopharynx

laryngeal entrance

From top to bottom in front, there is an entrance surrounded by the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds and arytenoid cartilage.

Pyriform fossa

There is a deep crypt on each side of the laryngeal entrance (the place where foreign bodies are impacted)

epiglottis valley

There is a shallow pit on the left and right between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis (where foreign bodies are retained)

The structure of the pharyngeal wall

pharyngeal wall delamination

Mucosal layer

fiber layer

muscle layer

Adventitia

lymphatic tissue of pharynx

inner ring

Lymph follicle

pharyngeal lateral cord

tonsil

outer ring

Submandibular, submental, lymphatic, mandibular angle

adenoids

palatine tonsils

The largest of the pharyngeal lymphoid tissues

physiology of pharynx

Applied anatomy and physiology of the larynx

Applied Anatomy of the Larynx

The larynx is the gateway to the lower respiratory tract

laryngeal cartilage

single

epiglottis cartilage

The tongue surface tissue is loose.

In childhood, the epiglottis becomes roll-shaped and soft.

Thyroid cartilage

The largest cartilage in the larynx

The thyroid cartilage notch is the landmark of the midline of the neck.

cricoid cartilage

The only complete cricoid cartilage in the laryngotrachea

in pairs

arytenoid cartilage

Triconical shape.

corneal cartilage

wedge cartilage

laryngeal muscles

Glottic opening - cricoarytenoid muscle

Glottic closure - cricoarytenoid and arytenoid muscles

Vocal cord tension – cricothyroid muscle

Vocal cord relaxation - thyroarytenoid muscle

Muscles that move the epiglottis - aryepiglottis, thyroidepiglottis

laryngeal cavity

Concept: from the throat to the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage.

glottal area

Glottic cleft: the narrow cleft between the vocal cords on both sides, which is the narrowest part of the larynx and airway

supraglottic area

Lymphatic vessels are abundant.

Laryngeal inlet, laryngeal vestibule, false vocal cords, laryngeal chamber.

subglottic area

In early childhood, the submucosal tissue is loose, and severe edema during inflammation can easily cause laryngeal obstruction.

Blood vessels, lymph and nerves of larynx

The tissues of the supraglottic area are rich in lymphatic vessels.

physiology of larynx

breathe

speak out

Protect

Hold your breath

Anatomical characteristics of the larynx in children.

The submucosal tissue is loose and rich in lymph.

The laryngeal cavity and glottis are both narrow

Cartilage is soft.

The location is higher.

Epiglottis roll-shaped

Vocal cords are 6-8mm shorter

Applied anatomy and physiology of the ear

external ear

auricle

skin

perichondrium

cartilage scaffold

external auditory canal

In adults, the outer 1/3 is cartilage and the inner 2/3 is bone. S-shaped

Blood vessels, nerves and lymph of the external ear

middle ear

Tympanum, antrum mastoid and Eustachian tube

tympanum

The part above the upper edge of the tympanic membrane tension is the epitympanum.

The part below the level of the lower edge of tension is the hypotympanum

sinus tympani

3 ossicles, 2 muscles, and 1 nerve.

Eustachian tube

Communicates between the tympanum and nasopharynx, 1/3 is bone and 2/3 is cartilage

Children with short, straight Eustachian tubes and relatively large diameter are prone to otitis media

mastoid

inner ear

bony labyrinth

Vestibular (sense of balance)

Bone semicircular canals (sense of balance)

Cochlea (hearing)

membranous labyrinth

utricle

Balloon

membranous duct

membrane semicircular canals

inner ear blood vessels

auditory nerve

cochlear nerve

vestibular nerve

Ear physiology

auditory function

afferent pathway

Mainly air conduction

bone conduction

Physiology of outer ear

Collect sound waves to identify sound sources

Sound transmission and amplification

Middle ear physiology

Sound amplification

Eustachian tube physiology

Adjust middle ear air pressure

Drainage effect

Anti-sound effect

Preventing retrograde infection

balance function

Rely on vestibule, vision, proprioception