Terms that serve as subjects and predicates of categorical propositions

connotation

denotation

Single/normal terms/empty terms

Set/non-set terms

Identical relationship (different connotation, same denotation)

Truth consists in the relation (the entire extension of S is part of the extension of P)

True inclusion relation (part of the extension of p is the entire extension of s)

Cross-relationship (partial extensions of S and P overlap)

Dissimilar relations (irrelevant: opposition and contradiction)

contravariant relationship

Clarify extension, limit (extension decreases), generalize (extension increases before extension), divide

Clear connotation and definition

Categorical proposition = quantity term, subject term, associated term, predicate term

Universal proposition Everything is (A) or not (E)

Particular propositions: some are (I) or not (0)

Singular proposition something is (a) or not (e)

SAP: The subject is distributed, the predicate is not distributed

SEP: The subject and predicate are both spread and deceived.

SOP: The subject is not distributed, the predicate is distributed

SIP: The subject and predicate are not distributed.

Summary: full name subject distribution, negative predicate distribution

A/E: They cannot be both true and false.

I/O: Can't be the same as false, can be the same as true

A/O: They cannot be both true and false.

E/I: cannot be both true and false

E/O: E true O true, 0 false E false

A/I: A is true and I is true, I is false and A is true

Deductive reasoning that takes a categorical proposition as the premise and directly derives a conclusion as a new categorical proposition

There is an opposition relationship. They cannot be the same as true and can be the same as false.

The relationship between the two is opposite. The two cannot be the same as false but can be the same as true.

Contradictory relationship: one false and one true

Differential relationship: What is true above must be true below, and what is false above must be false.

mass exchange method

transposition method

three terms

three propositions

The middle term is extended at least once in the premise

Terms that are not distributed in the premise must not be distributed in the conclusion.

The number of negative propositions in the premises and conclusion must be equal

Neither premise can be a negative proposition

Two particular premises cannot lead to a conclusion

If one of the premises is particular, then the conclusion must be particular

The first rule of the square is that the minor premise is affirmative and the full name of the major premise is

Second figure rule: There must be one premise to negate, the full name of the major premise

Rule of the third figure: the minor premise is affirmative and the conclusion is special

Fourth square rule