It is the subject that research gene structure and function at the molecular level.

Classical genetics consists of the theory and methodologies of genetics prior to the birth of molecular biology.

Chemical structure, size, morphology and three-dimensional structure of biomacromolecules

The relationship between the structure and function of biological macromolecules, biological phenomena (biogenesis development, development, reproduction, aging and evolution)

The mode of action of biomacromolecules in cells and tissues, and the biosynthesis process of biomacromolecules

Molecular biological processes of biological information transmission and metabolic regulation

(1)HGP (human genome project,): an international scientific research project with a primary goal to①determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and②to identify and map the approximately 20,000-2 5,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint.

(2)RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism):A variation from one individual to the next in the number of cutting sites for a given restriction enzyme in a given genetic locus.

(3)SSLP (simple sequence length polymorphism)

(4)SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism): is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide- . A, T, C, orG- in the genome (differs between members of a species or between paired chromosomes in an individual).

Most of living organisms share conservation on metabolic and developmental pathways related genetic material during the evolution.

Bioinformatics is a subject which build and manipulate of biological databases.

●Genomics: involves all the information of the sequence of the complete genome

●Transcriptomics: is the systematic and quantitative analysis ofcall the transcripts present in a cell or a tissue.

●Proteomics: is the total set of proteins expressed from the genome of a cell.

●Metabolomics: is the study of all the small molecules, including metabolic intermediates (amino acids, nucleotides, sugarsetc.) that exist within a cell l.

●Environmental genomics: to predict how an organism or organisms will respond, to changes in their external environment at the genetic level.

●Nutrigenomics: to explore the effects of nutrients on the genome, proteome and meta bolome

Interactions between the components of biological systems, and how these interactions give rise to the function and behavior of that system (for example, the enzymes and metabolites in a meta bolic pathway). Systems ; biology is about putting together rather than taking apart, integration rather than reduction.