MindMap Gallery Cell Biology Chapter 1 Introduction Cell Identity and Diversity
This is a mind map about the introduction to Chapter 1 of Cell Biology: The Identity and Diversity of Cells
Edited at 2023-10-18 11:58:49This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Cell identity and diversity
Basic characteristics of cells
Cells are the basic units of life activities 6 points
Basic common features of cells 3 4
cell identity
basic types of cells
prokaryotic cells
concept
Prokaryotic cells refer to cells that do not have a typical nuclear structure, only a naked DNA nucleoid structure, and no other complex organelles except ribosomes.
Features
① Cells are small in size, reproduce quickly, and have strong ability to utilize environmental substances;
② There are no membrane-based organelles in the cell, nor is there a nuclear membrane;
③The genome is very small, and the main genetic material is only a circular DNA;
④The regulation of gene expression is simple and cannot carry out complex cell differentiation;
⑤ Low evolutionary status.
category
① Mycoplasma - the smallest and simplest cell ② Chlamydia ③ Rickettsia ④ Actinomycetes
⑤Bacteria
Surface structure
plasma membrane
Substance exchange, enzymes, receptor proteins
cell wall
Both contain peptidoglycan and G-peptidoglycan. G-peptidoglycan is thick and contains teichoic acid (strong antigenicity). G-peptidoglycan is thin and has a thin film on the outside, containing lipopolysaccharide.
specialized structure
mesosome, capsule, flagellum
Nuclear region and genome
Nucleoid: irregular shape, no nuclear membrane and nucleolus
The genome is an independent unit with an origin of replication
Extranuclear DNA
Plasmid
ribosomes of cells
Full of cells, a small part attached to the intracellular membrane
endospore
G+ bacteria form spores when exposed to unfavorable conditions
⑥Cyanobacteria
cell structure
a. Sheath: A gelatinous layer outside the cell wall.
b. Cell wall: The peptidoglycan layer is thin, has an outer membrane, and the inner layer of the cell wall contains a cellulose layer.
c. Thylakoid: Photosynthetic pigments and electron transport chain are located here.
d. Centrosome or centrosome: The site where the genetic material DNA is located.
Cell division
Fission, budding, fragmentation and metastasis
heterocyst
Concept: The cell structure transformed by part of the cells of filamentous cyanobacteria when the nitrogen source is insufficient.
Characteristics: Large individual, thick cell wall, and has discarded photosystem II to synthesize nitrogenase
archaeal cells
category
① Methanogens (first discovered); ② Halobacteria; ③ Pyroplasts; ④ Sulfur-forming bacteria.
plasma membrane
Lipids are combined with glycerol through ether bonds instead of ester bonds. Membrane lipids often contain non-polar lipids - squalene derivatives.
DNA and gene structure
Similar to bacterial cells
DNA is circular, has an operon structure, most genes have no introns, and multi-gene mRNA exists
Similar to eukaryotic cells
DNA and histones are combined into a nucleosome-like structure. There are introns in tRNA, rRNA and some genes encoding proteins. RNA polymerase is a complex polymer, and the amino acid that starts translation is Met, etc.
Ribosome
70S, between eukaryotic cells and eubacteria, and the properties of RNA and proteins are closer to those of eukaryotes
eukaryotic cells
Basic structural system of eukaryotic cells Three major systems
①Biological membrane structural system based on lipid and protein components;
② Genetic information transmission and expression system with nucleic acids and proteins as main components;
③A cytoskeletal system composed of specific protein assemblies.
Comparison of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
Comparison of plant cells and animal cells
Factors affecting cell size
Relationship between cell volume and surface area
IGF-PI3K-mTOR pathway
Content of key substances in cells
Protein and ribosomal RNA content
nuclear DNA content
other factors
category
plant
Unique structures: cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast
animal
Unique structure: centrosome
protist
single cell fungus
Non-cellular life forms - viruses
Characteristics of viruses
Classification of viruses
①Classification based on the components of viruses
a. True virus nucleic acid + protein
b. Subviruses Subviruses are infectious particles that contain only nucleic acids or proteins, including viroids, mimiviruses, satellite viruses and satellite RNA, and prions.
②Classification according to the host of virus infection includes: a. Animal viruses; b. Plant viruses; c. Bacterial viruses (phages)
③Classification according to the type of nucleic acid
a. DNA virus
double strand
single chain
b. RNA virus
Positive chain
Negative chain
double strand
④Classification based on the morphology of the nucleocapsid
a. stereosymmetric virus
b. spiral symmetry virus
multiplication of virus
The relationship between viruses and cells in their origin and evolution