Galton used measurement methods to study individual differences in mental activities and established the "free association" method (1882)

Cattell published his paper "Psychological Testing and Measurement" (1890)

Wetmer opened a child behavior modification clinic at the University of Pennsylvania (1896), which was a pioneering work before the emergence of counseling psychology.

Binet and Simon developed an intelligence measure to help mentally retarded children (1904)

David provides behavioral guidance to prevent students from behavioral problems (1907)

The rise of the Parsons vocational guidance movement (1908)

Professionalized in August 2001 The "National Professional Standards for Psychological Counselors" (Trial Version) was promulgated in 2005

What Counseling as a Profession Is All About

In consultation, the specific connotation of psychological problems refers to (cognition, behavior, emotion, personality, etc.) [without moral aspects]

Rogers: The process of providing psychological help to individuals through continuous and direct contact and striving to promote changes in their behaviors and attitudes.

Williamson: A process in which two people, A and B, meet face-to-face. A, who is professionally trained in psychological counseling, provides assistance to B, who has problems with psychological adjustment and is praying for a solution. Here A is the counselor and B is the seeker

Chen Zhonggeng: Psychological counseling should clarify three issues: the nature of the problem to be solved; the consultant's skills; and the goals to be achieved [early, mid-term, and late]

Psychological counseling: The process in which psychological counselors assist clients to solve psychological problems ((can only assist, not replace))

Psychological counseling in a narrow sense: mainly refers to clinical intervention measures with the guidance of psychological theory and technical application

Materialist perspective: Counseling psychology is a science

universal connection point of view

limiting view

A view of development that integrates history, logic, and reality: pay attention to personal history; treat seekers from a developmental perspective

neutral attitude

Character: Be a person who respects and loves life, and be a person who is beneficial to society and others.

The ability to self-heal and be aware: The counselor’s self-growth and improvement are crucial

Be good at tolerating others: Only by being good at tolerating others can you create a harmonious consultation relationship and a safe and free consultation atmosphere.

Have a strong sense of responsibility: Don’t make the client feel worse, don’t exaggerate the role of psychological counseling, and when you can’t provide help, you should explain and refer [not a strong motivation to help]

Self-knowledge: Know your strengths and weaknesses, and know the limits of your abilities

[Apaport] (founder of Jingfen) believes that psychoanalytic theory can be roughly summarized into 5 viewpoints

Object of study: observable, measurable behavior

Pioneers of behaviorism: Pavlov, Thorndike

[Thorndike] "Trial-Error" Law The process of learning is a process of gradual trial and error.

New behaviorism, [Tolman] proposed the view of intermediate variables: formula: B=f (S, P, H, T, A) S environmental stimulation, P physiological drive, H genetics, T training method, A age

New behaviorism, [Skinner] proposed operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning): formula: B=f (S, A) A The third variable is the experimental variable to be controlled in the research

New behaviorism, [Bandura] proposed "social learning theory", also known as "imitation learning theory"

[Wolpe] defines behavioral therapy: the process of overcoming bad behavioral habits using experimentally established behavioral learning principles and methods.

Behavioral therapy generally includes seven steps: target behavior → quantifiable and observable behavior

6 Characteristics of Behavioral Therapy Techniques

Cognition refers to a person's understanding and opinion of a certain event, including evaluation of past events, understanding of current events, and expectations of future events.

Behaviorism believes that the internal processing of external stimuli after entering the brain is unimportant and is an unexplorable "black box"

Cognitive psychology is not a school of thought, but a research trend. Cognitive Psychology: It is precisely the information processing process in the "black box" that is the most important

Humanism generally refers to an ideological system that mainly emphasizes human interests, values, personal dignity and freedom

Believe that seekers have the ability to realize themselves and emphasize a harmonious therapeutic relationship; Unconditional positive attention to the person seeking help; empathic understanding of the person seeking help

The theory of "self and self-concept" is very important in humanistic psychology

Human nature: As a species, human beings are the qualitative stipulations that distinguish themselves from other animals.

Three basic attributes of human beings

Human psychology is based on human nature and grasps human psychological activities and their laws in the dialectical relationship between three basic attributes.