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MindMap Gallery Chapter 1 Information Technology and Computer Culture

Chapter 1 Information Technology and Computer Culture

2022 Computer Notes for Junior College Upgrading - Chapter 1 Information Technology and Computer Culture. Information is something that eliminates uncertainty and is an attribute of all things and substances; data is the specific manifestation of information, and information is the result of data processing.

Edited at 2023-10-16 15:08:41

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Chapter 1 Information Technology and Computer Culture

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Outline

Chapter One

Information and data

Information is what eliminates uncertainty and is an attribute of all things and substances

Data is data symbols, including letters, numbers, letters, graphics, images, video and audio

Data is the specific manifestation of information, and information is the result of data processing.

first electronic computer

ENIAC

1946

electron tube

decimal

fourth generation computers (Differences in main components or physical devices)

1. 1946-1956, tube computer electron tube

2. 1956-1964, transistor computer transistor

Three, 1964-1971, Integrated Circuit Computer Small and medium scale integrated circuits

IV, 1971-present, VLSI computers Large scale or very large scale integrated circuit

Characteristics of computers

Fast computing speed

High calculation accuracy

Ability to make logical judgments

Work automation

Large storage capacity

Strong versatility

Classification of computers

Classify by object

analog computer

digital computer

hybrid computer

Classification by use

general computer

dedicated computer

Classification by size

supercomputer

Mainframe

minicomputer

Microcomputer

workstation

computer applications

Scientific Computing

information management

process control

unmanned

face recognition

robot

expert system

translation system

Voice input

Computer Networks and Communications

computer aided system

Embedded Systems

Multimedia technology application system

Computer development trends

Gigantic

miniaturization

Networking

Intelligent

1.3

Number system: counting by carry method

Number: number system symbol

Base: number of digits

Position weight: the weight of different positions

Binary B Octal O Decimal D Hexadecimal H

data unit

Bit

bit

smallest unit

byte

Byte

basic unit

1B=8bit

1KB=2¹ºb 1MB=2²ºb 1GB=2³ºb 1TB=2⁴ºb

Character

Word

Word length: the number of bits of binary data that the computer's computing unit can process simultaneously

Word lengths are 32 bits and 64 bits

Representation of numerical values

In computers, numerical values are represented in binary

The highest bit represents the sign bit, 0 represents positive, 1 represents negative

Representation of text information

data

numerical data

non-numeric data

Character Encoding

ASCII code

seven

eight bits

Usually a seven-digit ASCII code is used to represent a character

The highest bit is 0

A, 65D a,97D The difference between A and a is 32D

Chinese character encoding

Chinese character exchange code

Usually 16 bits (2 bytes) represent a word

National standard code GB2312-80

Chinese character internal code

Chinese character encoding uniquely recognized by the computer

The highest bit is 1

Chinese character glyph code

Display on screen or print on paper

Classification

dot matrix code

The larger the dot matrix, the clearer the text

Easily distorted after amplification

calculate

vector code

No distortion after amplification

Chinese character input code

Also called Chinese character external code, referred to as external code

Classification

serial code

Difficult to remember, no duplicate codes

National standard code, location code

sound code

Smart ABC

Shape code

Input

sound-shape combination code

Reduce code repetition rate

Natural code, public code

1.4

instruction

opcode

address code

How "stored procedures" work

von Neumann

The basis for computers to automatically complete calculations or processing processes

Basic idea

stored procedure

Program control

computer working process

fetch instructions

Analysis instructions

Execute instructions

Hardware system (CPU=calculator controller)

A computer without any software is called a bare metal computer

Classification

input device

Convert data into binary

Examples: Mouse, keyboard, digital camera, digital camcorder, barcode reader, scanner, digitizer, A/D converter (analog to digital, microphone)

operator

Composed of arithmetic logic operation units and registers

processing, calculation

Arithmetic and logical operations

controller

control, direct, coordinate, translate

memory

It is composed of storage units. Each storage unit has a unique number, called the address of the storage unit.

Memory

The CPU is accessible, the currently running program and data are stored in the memory, the host part = memory CPU

Classification

ROM read only memory

Readable, not writable, not lost after power outage

RAM random access memory

Readable, writable, lost after power failure

Memory in microcomputers generally refers to RAM

Cache cache

Solve the problem of CPU and memory speed mismatch

External storage

Slow speed, low price, inaccessible to CPU, large storage capacity, long-term storage

output device

Examples: monitors, printers, speakers, plotters, digital/analog converters (D/A converters, digital to analog)

Disk drives and disk machines can be regarded as input devices or output devices.

Software system

Software basics

software

program data documentation

Classification

system software

Manage, monitor, and maintain computer resources

operating system

The most important thing is the interface between the user and the hardware system

language processor

assembler

interpreter

Compiler

System support and service programs

database management system

application

All except system software

programming language

Program = Algorithm Data Structure

low level language

machine language

The only language that computers can recognize

Features: The program runs fast, is difficult to remember, write, program, error-prone, and has poor versatility and portability.

Assembly language

The "symbolization" of machine language, using mnemonics and symbolic addresses to represent instructions

Features: Intuitive, easy to read, easy to check, easy to change, poor versatility and portability

Translating the original program written in assembly language into machine language is called assembler

high level language

Fortran, Pascal, C, Basic

Classification

Interpretive

Translate and execute at the same time, no target program is generated

Compiled

Translated into target program

Features: Intuitive, easy to read, easy to check, easy to change, high programming efficiency, strong versatility, good portability, translation required, relatively slow running speed

1.5

Main performance indicators of microcomputer

Main frequency

Also called clock frequency

Determines to a large extent the computing speed of the computer

Unit: Hertz (hz)

word length

Number of cores

Memory Capacity

Generally refers to the size of RAM

calculating speed

Unit: MIPS and BIPS

Common microcomputer hardware equipment

microprocessor

A very large scale integrated circuit chip composed of a controller, arithmetic unit and CPU, which is the core component of the computer

memory

Memory

Generally refers to RAM size

External storage

harddisk

floppy disk

flash memory

optical disk storage

input device

Input/output devices (I/O devices) are tools for computer systems to communicate with the outside world.

output device

display system

Necessary output devices

Main performance indicators: display resolution, color quality, refresh speed, etc.

include

monitor

Cathode ray tube display (CRT), liquid crystal display (LCD), plasma display, etc.

Display adapter (graphics card)

printer

Dot matrix printer, inkjet printer, laser printer

sound system

sound card

motherboard

The largest circuit board in a microcomputer, also called the motherboard or system board

Chipset is the soul of the motherboard

bus

A public communication trunk that transmits information between functional components of a computer

Classification

Address bus, data bus, control bus