The relative stability of personality traits over time

Personality traits are stable across situations

[G.W. Allport] Three-level trait theory Personality traits

[Cartell] Personality Trait Theory Personality traits are divided into two types

Formula: NC, AOE

Neuroticism N: Also known as emotional stability. Characteristics of people with low scores: less prone to extreme emotions

Extraversion E: the intensity of people’s mental activities

Openness O: The degree of openness and exploratory attitude towards experience. High scorers are non-conformist and independent thinkers

Agreeableness A: refers to the characteristics of interpersonal interaction. Those with high scores are helpful, trustworthy, compassionate, and approachable

Conscientiousness C: involves self-control and self-discipline. Characteristics of people with high scores: being organized, planned, and perseverant, having a high sense of responsibility for work, and being reliable.

Type A → Competition, time pressure, challenge, frustration, anger, hostility

Type A personality: A typical Type A personality has a strong motivation to overcome difficulties, likes competition, power, and enjoys the pleasure of rewards. This type of person is irritable and aggressive, preferring a passionate and efficient way of doing things.

On the contrary, Type B personalities are more relaxed, do things in a leisurely manner, and do not like competition.

There are three main components of Type A personality traits:

Trait measures are poor predictors of behavior

There is no evidence to support cross-situational consistency

Extraversion E

Neuroticism N: Emotional stability

Psychoticism P: Self-centered, cold, and unconcerned with others

Emotionality: The intensity of an individual’s emotional response.

Mobility: An individual’s general level of energy release.

Sociability: Refers to the general tendency to connect and socialize with others

well adjusted children

unmanageable children

inhibited children

Inhibited children → children with good self-control, gentleness and courtesy, and good behavioral control

Non-inhibited children → When entering a new environment, they will quickly explore new things and start talking quickly

Novelty anxiety: Inhibited children show a special kind of anxiety, are uncomfortable in new environments, and have a withdrawal reaction pattern.

Electrical activity and brain asymmetry

Self: Representative of humanism [Rogers] regards "self" as the main structure of personality. Rogers believes that self is the impression of all aspects of oneself.

Ideal self: The ideal self is the characteristics that an individual hopes he or she can have and the qualities that the individual considers important and valuable.

Rogers believes that the real self and ideal self of mentally healthy people want to conform to

Personality motivation: Maslow, the representative figure of humanism, believes that the driving force for people's efforts to develop is needs, and proposed the famous hierarchy of needs theory [Memory formula: Li, An, love, respect, self]

Deficient needs: Whether they can be met is directly related to individual survival (low)

Productive needs: good for health, longevity and energy (high)

The reason why most people are unable to realize themselves

Self-coordination: A mentally healthy person should have self-consistency, be able to adopt an open attitude, accept one's own strengths and weaknesses, and assimilate them into the self-structure

Self-dissonance: A state of dissonance when there is a gap between self-concept and actual experience

Perceptual style: When people process the same information, they tend to follow their personal preferences or habits.

Mental representation: after individuals perceive information, they convert the information into a way that they can understand

Explanation and attribution: Individuals use perceived information to explain and attribute it, and different people have different ways

Goals and expectations: expectations of event results, life goals and life ideals

Tip: terminal illness return date

Definition: Information processing theory mainly explores how people organize information and express experiences, and mainly explains individual differences from the perspective of perceptual style and mental representation.

Perceptual style: Analytical-Somatic Perceptual Style, Field-Independent-Field-Dependent

Mental representation: Mental representation refers to the way information or knowledge is expressed and recorded in mental activities. It is the internal representation of external things in mental activities.

Mental representations include