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MindMap Gallery Biochemical glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism

Biochemical glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism

Mind map of biochemical sugar metabolism. The key enzymes include glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, anaerobic oxidation, aerobic oxidation, pentose phosphate pathway, and the synthesis and decomposition of glycogen. Welcome to exchange!

Edited at 2023-10-15 23:34:52

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Biochemical glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism

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Outline

Glucose metabolism

Activator: F-1,6-2P Inhibitor: ATP, alanine (pyruvate)

Activator: ADP, CA2 Inhibitor: ATP

Activator: CA2 Inhibitor: ATP, NADH, CoA succinate

Activators: AMP, ADP, F-2,6-BP (strongest), F-1,6-BP Inhibitors: ATP, citric acid

Location: Mitochondria

summary

reaction key enzyme

Glycolysis

hexokinase

four isoenzymes

Glucokinase

Only found in liver tissue

High Km, insulin regulation

Phosphofructokinase-1

pyruvate kinase

gluconeogenesis

pyruvate carboxylase

phosphoenolpyruvate kinase

fructose bisphosphatase-1

Glucose-6-phosphatase

Found in the liver and can use glucose-6-phosphate to produce glucose

Compared

anaerobic oxidation

Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid

lactate dehydrogenase

LDH

This reaction is a reversible reaction

Aerobic oxidation

Acetyl CoA

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

cofactor

CoA, TPP, lipoic acid, NAD, FAF

tricarboxylic acid cycle

citrate synthase

isocitrate dehydrogenase

alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

pentose phosphate pathway

G-6-P dehydrogenase

Glycogen synthesis and breakdown

glycogen synthase

glycogen phosphorylase

reaction summary

anaerobic oxidation

Glycolysis

Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid

are carried out in the cytoplasm

Aerobic oxidation

Glycolysis

Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

Acetyl CoA enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is oxidatively phosphorylated to provide energy

carried out in mitochondria

concept

Pasteur effect

In muscle tissue, aerobic oxidation of sugar inhibits glycolysis.

Warburg effect

In cells with active proliferation (such as tumor cells), even in the presence of oxygen, glucose is not completely oxidized but is broken down into lactic acid.

pentose phosphate pathway

Generate ribose 5-phosphate

Generate NADFH

effect

Glycogen synthesis and breakdown

Glycogen is the main storage form of sugar in the body

liver glycogen

Utilizes G-6-P enzyme to produce glucose for use by the body

muscle glycogen

Without G-6-P enzyme, it can only perform glycolysis to provide energy.

gluconeogenesis

It is not completely a reverse reaction of glycolysis, there are three energy barriers

raw material

Pyruvate, glycerin, lactic acid, amino acids (except leucine, lysine)

physiological significance

Maintain blood sugar stability

Replenish liver glycogen

Enhanced renal gluconeogenesis helps maintain acid-base balance

Lactic acid produced by muscle contraction causes gluconeogenesis in the liver to form lactic acid cycle

Blood sugar and its regulation

three sources

food digestion and absorption

hepatic glycogenolysis

gluconeogenesis

four ways to go

anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic oxidation

pentose phosphate pathway

converted into fat. amino acids

Synthesize glycogen

hormone

insulin

The only hormone that lowers blood sugar

glucagon

The main hormone in the body that raises blood sugar

Glucocorticoids

hormones that raise blood sugar

Adrenaline

A powerful hormone that increases blood sugar and accelerates glycogen decomposition under stress.

glucose

3. Glucose-6-phosphate

Fructose-6-phosphate

2. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

GDP Pi

GTP

ADPPi

ATP

Exists in mitochondria and cytoplasm so there are two transformation pathways

The only cofactor present in mitochondria is biotin

Oxaloacetate

PEP

1. Pyruvate

It is not completely the reverse reaction of glycolysis. There are three irreversible reactions, which are called energy barriers.

glycogenolysis

Glycogen synthesis

Glycogen (Gn)

Glycogen (Gn 1)

Connected by α-1,4-glycosidic bond

Active glucose, which acts as a glucose donor

PPi

UTP

Uridine diphosphate glucose UDPG

Glucose-1-phosphate

citric-pyruvic acid cycle

Aerobic oxidation

pentose phosphate bypass

Deficiency: Fava bean disease

NADPH

Anabolic hydrogen donor

Participate in hydroxylation reaction

Maintain glutathione in reduced state

Pentose 5-phosphate

NAD

NADH H

NAD

Cofactors: CoA, TPP, lipoic acid, FAD, NAD

main method

tricarboxylic acid cycle

NADH H

NAD

FAD

substrate level phosphorylation

GTP(ATP)

GDP Pi

NADH H

NAD

NADH H

NAD

It is better to be different than to be the same. When tigers and tigers become equal, they can equalize tigers together. Two tigers and one are capable.

Oxaloacetate

malic acid

fumaric acid

FADH2

succinic acid

CoA succinate

alpha-ketoglutarate

Isocitric acid

citric acid

Acetyl CoA

anaerobic oxidation

Location: Cytoplasm

-1ATP

Irreversible reactions are key reactions

2ATP

substrate level phosphorylation

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

lactic acid

Pyruvate

Phosphoenolpyruvate

2-phosphoglycerate

3-phosphoglycerate

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Fructose-6-phosphate

Glucose-6-phosphate

glucose