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MindMap Gallery Enter the world of chemistry

Enter the world of chemistry

The first unit of the ninth grade Chemistry People's Education Edition goes into the world of chemistry. The properties of substances are the main factors that determine the uses of substances. The uses of substances reflect the properties of substances.

Edited at 2023-10-14 17:06:11

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Outline

Enter the world of chemistry

changes and properties of matter

physical changes and chemical changes

definition

physical changes

A change in which other substances are not produced during the change

Chemical changes

Changes that produce other substances when they change

Differences and connections

Physical and chemical properties

Compare

Differences and connections

The relationship between the properties and uses of substances

The nature of a substance is the main factor that determines the use of the substance, and the use of the substance reflects the nature of the substance.

Chemistry is an experiment-based science

An exploration of candles and their burning

Explore topics

Candles and their changes before and after burning

provide information

Clarified lime water turns turbid when exposed to carbon dioxide gas. Clarified lime water can be used to test for the presence of carbon dioxide gas.

Inquiry activities

in conclusion

Candles can burn in the air, emit yellow-white flames, release heat, produce water, and produce carbon dioxide, a gas that turns clear lime water into turbid water.

Enter the chemistry laboratory

Common chemical instruments

reaction vessel

directly heated

test tube, evaporating dish, burning spoon, crucible

Can be heated indirectly

Beaker, flask, Erlenmeyer flask (need to be lined with clay mesh)

Storing instruments

Wide-mouth bottle (solid), narrow-mouth bottle (liquid), dropper bottle (small amount of liquid), gas bottle (gas)

Heating instrument

alcohol lamp,alcohol blowtorch

Access instruments

Tweezers (lumps or larger particles), medicine spoon (powder or small particles), glue tip dropper (a small amount of liquid)

Holding instruments

Test tube clamps, iron clamps, crucible clamps

Separation instruments

Funnel (ordinary funnel, separatory funnel, long-neck funnel)

Other instruments

Clay mesh, glass rod, sink, test tube brush, thermometer, etc.

Basic operations of chemical experiments

Medication access rules

The "Three No's" Rule: Don't touch, don't smell, don't taste

Saving rules: Take the medicine according to the prescribed dosage; no dosage is specified; take the minimum amount, 1~2ml of liquid, and cover the bottom of the test tube with solids

Processing rules: put into designated container

Taking solid medicines

Storage: Solid medicines are usually stored in wide-mouth bottles

How to take powdered medicines: one tilt, two delivery, three upright

How to take granular or block medicines: one horizontal, two placing, three slow and vertical

Taking liquid medicines

pouring method

Notes: Put the bottle stopper upside down The label faces the palm of your hand The mouth of the bottle is close to the mouth of the test tube

Dropper drip method

Note: Hang vertically above the container

measuring cylinder method

Note: Put the measuring cylinder flat Keep your sight level with the lowest point of the liquid concave surface in the measuring cylinder

heating of matter

Use of alcohol lamp

Two inspections: a. Check whether the wick is flush or burnt. b. Check the amount of alcohol in the lamp. It should be neither less than 1/4 nor more than 2/3 of the volume of the alcohol lamp. Three prohibitions: a. It is prohibited to add alcohol to a burning alcohol lamp. b. It is prohibited to use a burning alcohol lamp to ignite another alcohol lamp. c. It is forbidden to blow out the alcohol lamp with your mouth (please cover it with the lamp cap). 2 Notes: a. Use a match to light the alcohol lamp, and place it in an upright position after removing the lamp cap. b. Cover the lamp cap when the alcohol lamp is not in use to avoid wasting alcohol or leaving moisture on the wick after the alcohol evaporates, making it difficult to ignite next time.

Precautions when heating substances

When heating substances, if there is water on the outer wall of the heated glass container, wipe it dry and heat it to avoid explosion. The bottom of the glass container should not be in contact with the wick. Do not rinse with cold water immediately after heating.

heating of liquids

Heating the liquid in the test tube: a. The amount of liquid in the test tube should not exceed 1/3 of the test tube volume. b. Clamp the test tube clamp about 1/3 away from the test tube mouth. c. When heating, preheat the test tube first, that is, move the test tube up and down. d. Do not point the mouth of the test tube toward yourself or others to prevent the liquid from boiling and splashing, causing injury to others. The mouth of the test tube is tilted upward, making an angle of approximately 45° with the tabletop.

solid heating

The test tube clamp is clamped 1/3 away from the test tube mouth. The mouth of the test tube is slightly tilted downward. First move the alcohol lamp (or test tube) to heat the test tube evenly, and then fix the outer flame to the place where the solid is placed for heating.

Glassware washing

How to wash glass instruments

Pour the waste liquid into the designated container. Pour half of the test tube water into it. Pour out the water after shaking. Repeat several times. If there are substances on the inner wall that are difficult to wash off, use a test tube brush to rotate or move it up and down, but do not use excessive force to prevent the test tube from being removed. damage

Standards for cleaning glass instruments

When the water attached to the inner wall of the washed glass instrument neither gathers into droplets nor flows down in strands, it indicates that the instrument has been cleaned.