Cognitive process: perception, memory, imagination, thinking

Affective Processes: Emotions, Affections

volitional process: volition

Notice Psychological Characteristics Accompanying Mental Processes (just a state of mind)

Personality tendencies (Dynamic changes)

personality psychological characteristics (Stablize)

Aristotle's "On the Soul" The first book in history to discuss various psychological phenomena

Locke's Essay on Human Understanding - Empiricism

Descartes - Rationalism

Fechner's "Principles of Psychophysics" He pioneered scientific experimental methods and laid the foundation of experimental psychology.

Wundt, Titchener

Introspection (experimental introspection) Ask you directly what is on your mind and report it proactively

1. Study direct experience—consciousness 2. Consciousness structure/component elements: [Version 1] Feeling, image, passion (emotion) [Version 2] Feeling, appearance, emotion Three compositional correspondences: perceptual elements, conceptual elements, and emotional elements

James (founder), Dewey, Angel, Hall

introspection

1. Study consciousness, but do not view consciousness as a collection of individual elements "Stream of consciousness": a continuous, flowing process. Consciousness is dynamic 2. Emphasis on the role and function of consciousness: adapting the organism to the external environment

1. Watson (1913, "Psychology from a Behaviorist's Perspective" marked the birth of behaviorism) 2. Skinner (New Behaviorism) 3.Bandura

Experimental Method It is believed that consciousness cannot be seen, so we do not study consciousness directly, but we can directly observe behavior

1. Oppose the study of consciousness and advocate the study of explicit behavior ("brainless psychology") 2. Oppose the introspection method and advocate the experimental method for objective research. 3. Only study the stimuli and responses that can be observed and measured, and ignore the "black box operations" in the intermediate links (S——R) 4. Behaviorism≈Connectionism (Thorndike)

Wertheimer: The formal symbol produced - 1912 "Experimental Studies on the Perception of Motion" Kohler, Kovka

Introspection, objective observation

1. Advocates studying psychological phenomena as a whole (the whole of consciousness) and opposes the decomposition of psychological phenomena into elements (opposite to structural attention) (1) The sum of the parts does not equal the whole (2) The whole precedes the parts and restricts the nature and significance of each part (3) The whole cannot be reduced to the sum of its parts and elements. (4) The overall determining part (5) Emphasize the integrity of experience and behavior, and advocate using the overall dynamic structure to observe and study psychological phenomena 2. Evaluation: He made a great contribution to the study of perception, laying the foundation for the subsequent development of cognitive psychology.

Research methods: hypnosis, dream interpretation, free association, catharsis

(Founder) Freud (the Duke of Zhou in the West) "Interpretation of Dreams"

Erikson

Jung

Adler (Founder of Individual Psychology)

Piaget: early representative of cognitive psychology Neisser: The father of modern cognitive psychology - 1967 "Cognitive Psychology" marks the birth of modern psychology Gagne

information processing

1. Also studies consciousness, advocating the study of human subjective initiative and the initiative of consciousness 2. Knowledge is the representation of external reality in the human brain (Bruner) 3. In the late 1950s, the emergence of the three major theories of information theory, cybernetics, and systems theory promoted the development of cognitive psychology that analyzes and explains human psychological activities from the perspective of information processing.

Rogers, Maslow

Phenomenology: Directly studying the state of people

1. Focus on personality research: diss psychoanalysis is disability psychology; diss behaviorism is infantile psychology 2. Pay attention to people’s own value and advocate giving full play to people’s potential 3. Human beings are inherently good and kind ("Positive Psychology") 4. People have free will and the need for self-realization. Advantages: Dilutes the purely rational color of psychology 5. Advocates the study of consciousness—the initiative of consciousness and human free choice

Neurons (nerve cells)

god through Tie system

Physiological structure/material basis/basic structure (reflex arc)

Basic form/activity method (reflection)

excited

inhibition

diffusion

concentrated

Diffusion of excitement = concentration of inhibition/Concentration of excitement = diffusion of inhibition

positive induction

negative induction

Simultaneous induction

sequential induction