The contradiction between the psychological sense of adulthood and the semi-mature status (the root cause of conflicts in adolescent psychological activities)

Memory span reaches its peak in life: Memory span in junior high school: 11.04, able to effectively use various memory strategies

The scores for memorizing various materials have reached high values, peaking at the age of fifteen or sixteen, and then declining at the age of seventeen or eighteen (high school).

Adolescence: Formal Operations Stage

Significant development of abstract logical reasoning abilities

Adolescence (pubertal development) is the second leap in the development of self-awareness [infancy → first leap]

Characteristics of self-awareness development

changes in mood

Characterization of egocentricity in children and adolescents

The second rebellious period: the manifestations of the rebellious period in adolescence

(Adolescence) Increasing abstraction of self-concept

Self-concept is more organized and integrated

The structure of self-concept is more differentiated

Self-differentiation is the differentiation of the whole self into "subject self" and "object self"

Achieve the integration and unity of self-understanding through self-acceptance (positive affirmation) and self-rejection (negative negation)

Unable to establish a sense of self-identity

Ways to solve the crisis of self-identity (scholar Marcia): Identity establishment; Identity continuation; Identity closure; Identity confusion (diffusion)

Society gives young people the opportunity to suspend their adult responsibilities and obligations. This buffer period is called a moratorium, such as during college studies. During this period, they have to go through complex and difficult efforts to establish their identity and make choices about social life.

They have an inner need to avoid premature completion of the identity process (psychological delay) Society also gives young people the opportunity to defer their adult responsibilities and obligations (social deferment)

Preconventional level stage: (external standard control, judging behavior by its consequences) level of moral development of children before the age of 10

Customary level stage: (based on compliance with social norms, social rules and regulations) The level of moral development in adolescence

Post-conventional level stage: (internalization of moral standards into oneself) level of moral development in adolescence

Key points of Kohlberg’s theory of moral cognitive development

Liquid intelligence: the ability to process information and the basic processes of problem solving → perceptual speed, mechanical memory → playing with mobile phones Development trend: It increases with age in adolescence and declines in adulthood.

Crystallized intelligence: Intelligence acquired through mastering social and cultural experience, such as language understanding, social common sense, etc. →Speech understanding, social common sense →Experiential intelligence Development trend: relatively stable, with middle-aged and elderly people still showing a certain upward trend;

Adherent level: Act according to the rules. Individual behavior is subject to social rules. If social rules are violated, there will be a sense of self-blame.

Fairness level: Internalizing social and external rules into individuals’ own rules

Autonomy level: able to recognize and accept contradictions and conflicts in interpersonal and social relationships, and show a high degree of tolerance

Integration level: not only able to face up to internal contradictions and conflicts, but also actively resolve these conflicts

perspective on loss in old age

Memory impairment in the elderly is mainly due to difficulty in retrieving information

life-long development concept

Degenerative changes in cognitive activities are the general trend of psychological development in old age

Sensory perception is the earliest to decline, and the changes are the most obvious→Visual loss, hearing loss, taste, smell and touch are dull.

Memory impairment in the elderly is the result of the interaction between encoding, storage and retrieval processes

Older people are less active in using memory strategies and methods

Cultural factors have a significant impact on memory

Processing speed theory: Slowed processing speed is the main cause of cognitive (memory) decline in the elderly

working memory theory