MindMap Gallery vertebra
Detailed test points of the vertebrae, their number: 32 or 33 in childhood, divided into 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 sacral vertebrae, and 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae; in adulthood, the 5 sacral vertebrae are combined into the sacrum. , 3-4 tail vertebrae are fused into the coccyx.
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This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
vertebra
quantity
In childhood, there are 32 or 33 vertebrae, divided into 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 sacral vertebrae, and 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae.
In adulthood, 5 sacral vertebrae merge to form the sacrum, and 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae fuse to form the coccyx.
Common characteristics of vertebrae
The vertebrae are composed of the vertebral body in front and the vertebral arch in the back.
The vertebral body and vertebral arch form a vertebral foramen, so the vertebral foramina of the vertebrae are connected to form the spinal canal, which houses the spinal cord.
The part where the vertebral body connects with the vertebral arch is the vertebral pedicle. There are notches above and below each, called the "supraspinal notch" and "infravertebral notch". The upper and lower notches of adjacent vertebrae form the intervertebral foramen. , spinal nerves and blood vessels pass through the hole.
The pedicle of the vertebral column expands and widens posteriorly and medially, and is called the lamina. There is a spinous process, a pair of transverse processes, a pair of superior articular processes, and a pair of inferior articular processes on the vertebral arch.
cervical vertebra
The vertebral bodies are small and oval in cross-section.
transverse process foramen
It is the most important and distinctive feature of the cervical spine.
The 1st cervical vertebra (atlas) has no spinous process, the 2nd-6th cervical vertebra have shorter spinous processes with bifurcated ends, and the 7th cervical vertebra has a longer spinous process.
thoracic
The vertebral body gradually increases from top to bottom, and the cross-section is heart-shaped.
The back part of the vertebral body and the end of the transverse process have articular surfaces connected to the ribs, called costal recesses. The upper and lower costal recesses of the vertebral body and the transverse process costal recesses are the most important and prominent features of the thoracic vertebrae.
The spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae are long, tilted backward and downward, and arranged in an imbricated manner.
lumbar spine
The vertebral bodies are thick and heart-shaped in cross-section.
Lumbar vertebrae have no costal recesses and no transverse process foramen
The spinous process is a rectangular bone plate, which is in the sagittal position and extends horizontally to the rear. The gap between adjacent spinous processes is large, and lumbar puncture can be performed clinically here.
sacrum
Definition: It refers to the longitudinal tube of the sacrum called the sacral canal. The sacral canal opens downward into the sacral canal hiatus. The downward protrusions on both sides of the sacral canal hiatus are called sacral angles. They are the positioning landmarks of clinical sacral canal anesthesia.
Features
It is formed by the direct fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae and is a bony combination.
The bottom is upward, the tip is downward, the basin surface (front) is concave, and the back (back) is convex.
The middle part of the upper edge of the base of the sacrum bulges forward and is called the sacral promontory.
The sacral promontory is an important landmark for women to measure their pelvis
Both the anterior and posterior sacral foramen communicate with the sacral canal
The sacral canal leads to the spinal canal. sacral canal hiatus
Structures belonging to the front of the sacrum: sacral promontory, 4 transverse lines, 4 pairs of anterior sacral foramina
Structures belonging to the back of the sacrum: sacral hiatus, sacral angle, median sacral crest, posterior sacral foramen
Structures belonging to the side of the sacrum: auricular surface, sacral tuberosity.
The clinical symbol of sacral anesthesia is the sacral angle.
coccyx
It is formed by the fusion of 3-4 tail vertebrae