The concentration difference of the transported substance on both sides of the membrane is the driving force for diffusion

The permeability of the cell membrane to substances is the resistance to diffusion

The relationship between the two: the greater the concentration difference, the higher the permeability and the greater the amount of diffusion.

The carrier is a membrane protein

Mode: Binding-Conformational Change-Dissociation

characteristic

Gating properties

Ion selectivity

sodium pump

cotransport

Antiport

exocytosis

The process of removing large molecules from cells

also called endocytosis

The process in which macromolecular substances enter cells after being wrapped by the cell membrane

Recognize and bind ligands

transmembrane signal transduction

produce corresponding physiological effects

membrane receptor

cytoplasmic receptor

nuclear receptor

1. In the recent state, the distribution inside and outside the cell is uneven (high potassium inside the membrane, high sodium outside the membrane)

2. The membrane has selective permeability to ions in the resting state (potassium ions are the highest)

3. Potassium ion efflux

all or nothing phenomenon

pulse type

threshold potential

local potential

absolute refractory period

relative refractory period

supernormal period

Low normal period (return to normal)

action potential - local potential - action potential

jump conduction

Made of ribonucleic acid and protein

Function: Condensate amino acids into proteins

Known as the "protein assembly machine"

Free ribosomes: maintain the growth of the cell itself

Attach ribosomes: synthesize secreted proteins

Provide energy for cell life activities

Known as the "power factory of cells"

Classification (according to the presence or absence of ribosomes attached)

Related to the accumulation and processing of some substances in cells and the formation of secretory granules

Known as the "digester of cells"

If the lysosomal membrane is broken, hydrolytic enzymes are released, causing tissue breakdown

Detoxification

Prevent cells from being oxidized and damaged

Able to replicate itself and participate in cell division activities

Flagella and cilia that produce cells

Microfilaments: microtubules that power cell movement

microtubules

controlled exchange of substances

Participate in the synthesis of biological macromolecules

Important assembly site for ribosomal RNA synthesis

Related to protein synthesis

carrier of cellular genetic material

Composition is nucleic acid

Normal chromosome number is constant

Interval (longer time)

Division phase (shorter)