Lukács "History and Class Consciousness"

Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

Heidegger "Being and Time"

Schimmel

Max Weber

Lukács subsequently wrote a collection of essays, Mind and Form.

Later Lukács wrote "Theory of the Novel"

Together with Benjamin's "The Origin of German Tragedy", it is also known as a model of modern Western literary criticism.

"History and Class Consciousness"

"Aesthetic Characteristics"

died of cancer

theoretical resources

rational criticism

philosophy of history

Theoretical basis: reaction theory

Origin of art: witchcraft→The essence is imitation

Theoretical core: typical theory

theoretical principles

Period: 1934-1938

Lukács works

Debate opponent

Lukács' view

Wrote for 2 progressive working class newspapers

Wrote 33 notebooks → "Prison Notes"

background

"Complete" country

The connotation of civil society

Differences between Eastern and Western Proletarian Revolutions

concept

feature

premise

background

feature

The difference between traditional intellectuals and organic intellectuals

Mobile Warfare: Violence

Positional warfare: molecular infiltration → ideological infiltration (schools, media, trade unions)

new literature

Literature and Social Relations

Literary Evaluation Criteria

How to Treat Literary Heritage

Highly affirmative of popular literature

Two Paradigms of Cultural Studies

Gramscian Paradigm

economy

politics

Thought

literature

Lukacs

Piaget

marx

social judgment tradition

Conversation object

propose

Meaningful structure?

How to grasp meaningful structure?

Analyzing Racine

It is the relationship between the part and the whole, not the decisive relationship

The rise of rationalism/individualism

Religious belief fades

Published "Literary Production Theory"

art production theory

ideology theory

The gaps and unsaid content in the text are the backbone of literary meaning.

Creation and production

Literary production also requires raw materials

Writers also produce with their current understanding and thinking of society.

What is structure?

centrifugal structure

Two ways of criticizing errors

scientific literary criticism

Critical Practice→"Lenin's Analysis of Tolstoy"

A historical examination of the relationship between literature and philosophy

There is no pure literature and no pure philosophy. Philosophy expressed through literature

Literary philosophy: There is no pure literature. Literature is literature because literature contains philosophical thoughts.

humanitarian

scientism

Studied by Lipps

Contact with Husserl

Studied under experimental psychologist Kulpe

Get to know Lukacs

Representatives of Expressionism in the 20th Century

Published "Subject-Object: Hegel"

industrialization

romanticism

assimilated into society

Protect religious spirit

The basic state of life: scarcity

essence of life

Why does scarcity occur?

The Essence of Marxist Philosophy

fantasy

present

Transformation of daydreams

Works of art inspire people to imagine future possibilities

Art is not only a representation of reality, but also a premonition and creation of the future.

Antonyms: Online "=" performance

Emotional, unrealistic and fragmented works present people’s inner emotions

Lukács (denies expressionism)

Bloch/Bracht

Point of contention

"The Threepenny Opera"; "St. Joanna in the Slaughterhouse"; "Mother Courage and Her Children"; "The Life of Galileo"

Dramas related to China: "The Good Man of Sichuan"; "The Caucasus"

Decadence: The purpose of drama is to entertain people who are working in reality and forget their worries.

Radical: Drama should present people’s living conditions, alienation, loneliness, etc.

The dramas of the above two tendencies do not reflect the contradictions and true face of society.

Proletarian drama can reflect the contradictions of society. But the proletarian drama at that time was immature

In view of the current immaturity of proletarian drama, we create a "people's drama"

A drama that is close to people's real life, exposes various problems in real society, and arouses people's thinking.

educational drama stage

The stage of epic drama (the core of Brecht’s theory)

Negation of the principle of resonance in traditional drama

The connotation of the principle of alienation

Lu: Emphasis on Marxist humanism

Bu: Emphasis on Marxist class theory

Lu: Realism is the true reproduction of real life, allowing the audience to realize the true face of real life.

B: In any case, the description of life in a work of art must be compared with the life itself being described, not with another description.

Lu: Taking characters as the center and presenting social reality

Bu: Focus on the event and trigger the audience to think. On the contrary, being character-centered can easily give the audience a sense of involvement and weaken the subject's ability to think.

Lu: The unity of content and form

Bu: Content over form, without using techniques to get the audience into the drama

His Irish and working-class background was fully reflected in his later theory.

Studied under F.R. Leavis, a representative figure in cultural studies

Later, he studied under Raymond Williams, the originator of cultural studies.

In the past five years, Raymond Williams published "Culture and Society" and "The Long Revolution". These two books had a profound impact on Eagleton.

There are obvious influences from Williams' "Culture and Society" in the work.

He followed Williams' research method: conducting historical knowledge archeology and genealogy on key concepts to examine the evolution and use of this concept in different social histories and further explore its unique connotations.

The concept of "culture" was sorted out and analyzed, and it was suspected of copying Williams' research methods.

Williams was one of the first representatives of the British New Left

Later, Eagleton became a representative figure of the second generation. He is also the most representative New Left literary theorist and critic in contemporary Britain.

It marked his ideological turn to Althusser, thus showing a tendency to deviate from his teacher (culturalism, which is a bottom-up approach that restores the organic integrity of culture based on individual experience) (scientism)

Of course, he also recognized some problems with Althusser's theory and began to seek to find his own way.

Evaluated 19th-century British literary research and 20th-century Western literary theory, reflecting his anti-essentialist stance

Evaluate the aesthetics from modern British empiricism to today's postmodern aesthetics, explore the relationship between aesthetics and ideology, and even believe that everything in society is related to ideology.

Sort out the historical evolution of the term "ideology"

Tragedies range from the ancient Greeks showing heroic figures to the contemporary showing lower class citizens. This transformation is highly politically revolutionary and a force against bourgeois ideology (a kind of "sweet violence")

"Literary Events" and "After Theory" are considered to be new thinking on literature in the new era.

"Literary Events" - "Event Philosophy": The Relationship between Literature and Events

"After Theory" - "Post-Theory": With the development of the times, theory has lost its explanatory significance

The debate between nominalism and realism

Five "Universals" of Literature

Basic point of view: Ideology has complex and profound connotations

Objections to Reflectionism and Naturalism

Basic point of view: Literary texts reflect not history, but ideology

Methods of studying texts: Literature is essentially a way of observing and grasping the world

Demonstration with examples: specific ideologies presented in literary phenomena at specific historical stages

Basic point of view: Art belongs to the category of ideology, and changes in literary and artistic forms also reflect changes in ideology

The relationship between the art genre of oil painting and ideology

The ideological nature of literary form is mainly reflected in literary language

Theoretical basis: Marxism "The economic base determines the superstructure"

Basic point of view: Literature is the production of an aesthetic ideology

Production mode level

ideological level

Text: specific literary and artistic work

The relationship between literary production mode and general production mode

The relationship between literary production mode and general ideology

Aesthetics is the most profound ideological reason

Aesthetics is the most profound ideology

Two Wrong Literary Values

Marxist literary values

The true realization of literary value—socialism

Basic point

Specific methods of literary criticism

Frankly state the value judgment attribute of literary criticism and reveal the production and reproduction laws of the value, meaning or ideology of literary texts.

Opening up new areas for literary research: Through the scientific explanation of literary value, Marxist literary criticism has opened up a broad new dimension for literary research.

Scientific Marxist literary criticism that contributes to human liberation is not just criticism for the purpose of seeking knowledge and truth, but for the liberation of human beings and paying close attention to the projection of real social problems in culture and literature.

Use phenomenological methods to analyze the stylistic style and ideological characteristics of Sartre, a leftist master, leftist theorist and litterateur. The purpose is to correct a narrow critical method derived from Russian formalism and structuralism

Western Marxism since Lukács was reviewed, and Benjamin, Adorno, Marcuse and others were analyzed. The purpose was to use the German speculative tradition to combat the positivist methods of the British and American New Criticism at that time, and to propose the methodology of "dialectical criticism."

Raising the ideological issue of language criticism

All literary texts can be seen as a kind of political unconscious; All literary texts, especially narrative texts, are a social symbolic act. Therefore, all literary works can find their roots and causes in society.

The trilogy known as Jameson-Marxist cultural criticism

After the 1980s, Jameson's research entered postmodernism. This book is regarded as his manifesto into postmodernism

a model of postcolonial analysis

Perry Anderson: "Jameson's best book"—one of the best of his postmodern works

object of criticism

Basic theory: content and form are inseparable

Theoretical Deepening: "Meta-Criticism"

Criticism of Structural Linguistics (Saussurean Linguistics)

Critique of Russian Formalism

Critique of French Structuralism

Summarize

The basic idea of ​​"Political Unconscious"

Dialectical Criticism "Marxist Hermeneutics"

Further expanding Marxist literary theory into a cultural theory

To counter postmodernist and poststructuralist attacks on Marxism

Uncovering the cultural logic of late capitalism

Lukács’s Hegelian Marxism

Mandel's theory of bourgeois stages

Althusser's social hierarchy theory

poststructuralism

Cultural forms (characteristics) of capitalism

cultural characteristics of postmodernism

"Cognitive Identity"

Marxist Cultural Revolution Strategy

conquer

plunder

comminicate

The essence of allegory: the representational theory of "knowing that something is impossible but doing it" - reconstructing the totality of society in a fragmented and differentiated way

The emergence of allegory in modern society: stemming from the fragmentation of capitalist society

"Diary of a Madman"

"medicine"

"The True Story of Ah Q"

Summarize

The first world: confined to majors and studies. It makes no sense to Jameson

He is both a cultural intellectual and a political intellectual - a cultured person and a political fighter. Gramsci-like "organic intellectuals"

The theory of national allegory provides an important dimension of thinking - examining works from the perspective of the nation-state, which means that works that appear to represent personal desires actually reflect the entire nation-state.

Therefore, all literary texts must be "historicized" and pay attention to the historical background in which the text was born.

Jameson fails to explain how politically effective this kind of fiction really is? What is its relationship to the power of orthodox culture to co-opt?

Jameson falls into a logical paradox

The translator's preface written in the translation shows her understanding of deconstruction, so she is regarded as a deconstructionist, and her preface is also regarded as an important entry point for studying Derrida.

Against the Arrogance of Centrism

Abandoning personal privileges: mainly reflected in her feminist thoughts

Adopt deconstructive reading: many deconstructive possibilities can be found in literary works

Kant's "Theory of the Sublime"

Deconstruction of aesthetic commonality

Rethinking Strategies: Deconstructing Feminism through Marxism and Freudian Theory

Marxist Perspective: Re-examining the nature and history of alienation, labor and wealth creation in the light of women’s labor and reproduction – women bring surplus value to men

Freudian angle: Freud's famous definition of the nature of female sexuality is penis envy, which is incomplete and contemptuous of women. In fact, the nature of human beings is the interaction of "castration anxiety" and "penis jealousy"

From feminism to postcolonialism: Spivak intervenes historical, political, and psychological factors in feminism, thereby steering the issue towards racism and postcolonialism

Summarize

Reflections on Kristeva's "On Chinese Women"

Reflections on Jameson's Allegory of Third World Nations

The "silence" problem of third world women: Traditional feminist criticism has a "new imperialist operating mechanism" to control third world women, so third world women are silent

The "other" problem of third world women: The starting point of traditional feminist research is to define third world women as "others" and forget the diversity of third world women.

Common people and proletariat

Reflections on the discourse of common people

Criticism Method: Dissolution Center

Focus of criticism: focus on race and nationalism in feminist literature, and the process of how the third world is operated by the hegemonic ideology of the first world

Postcolonial Criticism of Charlotte Bronte's "Jane Eyre"

Postcolonial Criticism of Joan Rhys's "The Endless Sea of ​​Algae"

1994. "The Positioning of Culture" (Collected Essays)

"Nation and Narrative"

"The Colonizer and the Colonized"

"Cosmopolitanism"

Said: Continuing the Conversation

Doubts about Fanon

Doubts about Said

fetishism

From fetishism to colonial issues

Foucault: The more content a statement has, the stronger its configuration

Derrida: Characteristics of Writing

Introduced by the memoirs of Indian missionaries

Introduced by Conrad "Heart of Darkness"

Further Discussion: Why does the symbol "English book" appear repeatedly in colonial culture? Why does it symbolize some kind of hope and progress?

The breakdown of binary oppositions

Simulation: The process of cultural colonization is a simulation process

The third space: a mixed space, a space without binary opposition

Identity negotiation: Emphasis on the mixing and negotiation of different identities to reflect the fluidity of identity

gilbert

Ahmed: "The Politics of Cultural Postcoloniality"

Derek: Hybridity ignores specific context

Patriarchy/patriarchal system

From biological sex to the power relations behind gender, to the constructive role of cultural differences in gender

Feminist thought: trends of the times, ideas

Feminist creation and theory: Representing women in artistic works and literary theory

Feminist politics: conducting a range of social movements

Marxism

Psychoanalysis: The involvement of "sex" makes feminism unexpectedly involved

Deconstruction

Reflect on the current situation and position of women in society

Sorting out, sorting out, and discarding male-dominated norms and themes

Create a classic for women

Connect feminism with a variety of different discourses (such as psychoanalysis, race theory, postcolonial theory, ecocriticism, etc.) to form a more dynamic discourse network

Biological sex (sex) and social gender (gender)

Gender Essentialism and Gender Constructionism

Subject and object, self and the other

Replenish

feminism = feminism = women's liberation

Mid-19th century-1960s

Core: Seeking common ground in differences

representative work

1960s-1980s

Core: seeking differences in common ground

major schools

two camps

1990s-present

Core: seeking differences within differences

representative work

Basic thinking

1937 Born into a Jewish family in French colonial Algeria

1968 PhD thesis "Joyce's Exile"

1975 "The Laughter of Medusa"

1976 "Castration or Beheading"

Feminism means the exclusion of men and another kind of autocracy, and she consciously alienates herself from any political ideas and political groups, so she transcends feminism to some extent

The development of physical problems

The purpose of body writing

Theoretical connotation of body writing

body writing content

The impact of body writing on China

Theoretical Limitations of Body Writing

Woolf's "androgyny"

Sisu: Another Androgyny

Cixous tried to make writing revolutionary, but she gave women's writing too heavy a mission.

1973. "The Language of the Lunatic"

1974. "The Endoscope of the Other Woman"

1977. "This Nature Is Not One"

"The Endoscope of the Other Woman" → A Critique of Psychoanalysis

A critique of the rationalist tradition of Western philosophy since Plato

1977 "This Nature Is Not One"

Late 1960s - early 1970s

feature

Mid to late 1970s

feature

Late 1970s to present

feature

Gender relationship is a power relationship

The Origins of Gender Inequality: Patriarchy

The real differences between the sexes are cultural (economic, educational)

1830s - 1960s

The first stage: the revolutionary development period of sexual politics/early women’s movement period

Phase Two: The Counter-Revolutionary Period of Sexual Politics

Literary Reflections on "Sexual Politics"

Summarize

1941. Born into a Jewish family in the United States

1971. "Female Liberation and Literature"

1977. "Literatures of Their Own: British Women Novelists from Brontë to Lessing"

1979. "Toward a Feminist Poetics"

1981. "Feminist Criticism in the Wilderness"

1985. "Women·Madness·English Literature"

1990. "Sex and Anarchy"

1991. "Sisters' Choice"

2001. "Creating the Female Self: Constructing the Female Intellectual Heritage"

Core: Digging into the Feminist Literary Tradition

Three stages of female writers’ creation

The construction of female criticism

Foucault’s theory of knowledge (discontinuity and fractured view of history) and power discourse theory

Goltz's cultural anthropology theory

British ‘Cultural Materialism’

New criticism; deconstruction; hermeneutics; Western Marxism; postcolonialism, etc.

Breaking the binary opposition structure of text and history

Differences from historical nihilism

Differences from traditional historicism

Emphasis on the textuality of history (historicity and textuality have a restrictive relationship, and both have equal status)

The complexity and multiplicity of single-line history and the lowercaseization of capitalized history (discovering history that is obscured and silenced by grand history)

The subjectification, subjectivity, ideology of objective history and the contingency of inevitable history

The Ideology of History and Literature

Emphasize that critics should use their own subjective consciousness

Pursue "anecdotism" and explore deep cultural significance

Capturing historical reality

"Contextualization" and "lifestyle" of historical interpretation

Important works that use New Historicism to study literary texts

Largely because of the interdisciplinary nature of New Historicism

Literary texts are products of cultural politics

interdisciplinarity

political attributes of culture

historical ideology

The connotation of cultural criticism

Specific strategies and basic practices of cultural criticism

Give examples

Open both text and history dimensions at the same time

It embodies a dialectical perspective on history, that is, a dialectical understanding of the relationship between text and history.

Has an interdisciplinary hybrid quality and at the same time has a critical stance

Interpret works from two dimensions: literary and non-literary (more of a cultural dimension)

Not yet finalized, with many possibilities

Attitude towards history: If New Historicism emphasizes the textuality of history, In fact, while bridging the differences between the two, it also constructs the differences between the two.

As a research method, the ideology implicit in New Historicism

"Wild" - Anthropology

"Archaeology of Thought" - Foucault: Archeology of Knowledge

In the introduction to the book, he proposed the concept of "metahistory" and believed that the deep structure of history has a poetic quality.

Speculative philosophy of history: emphasizing reflection on the historical process

Analytic-critical philosophy of history: emphasizing the intellectual nature of history

Emphasis on historical interpretive frameworks

The emphasis is on the way history is told

"Historical Text as Textual Fiction": History has a textual structure

"Discourse Metonymy": History has a poetic structure

Text is the starting point and final destination of history

The linguistic characteristics of historical writing determine the textuality of history

The meaning of historical texts is not transparent

Benjamin, Adorno, Horkheimer

Habermas