Intelligence is the abbreviation for natural intelligence

Different concepts of cognitive intelligence

Artificial intelligence is the discipline of how to construct intelligent machines or intelligent systems so that they can simulate, extend and expand human intelligence.

In an article published in 1950, British mathematician Turing proposed the idea that "machines can think" and designed a famous experiment to test machine intelligence, called the "Turing experiment" or "Turing test"

recent goals

long term goals

The prototype of artificial intelligence is initially formed

represent: 1. In 1943, American neurophysiologist McCulloch and Pitts developed the world's first artificial neural network model, the MP model. 2. In 1948, the famous American mathematician Wiener founded cybernetics. 3. In 1950, Turing published a paper entitled "Can Computers Think?" 》's famous paper, which proposed the idea that "computers can think"

Artificial intelligence was born at a historic gathering

Summer 1956.

Representative: 1.1956 Samuel Checkers Program 2. In 1957, Newell, Shaw, Simon and others developed a mathematical theorem proving program called the Logic Theory Machine (LT). 3.In 1958, McCarthy established the Action Planning Advisory System 4. Robinson proposed the principle of reduction in 1956 5. In 1968, the research team led by Feigenbaum of Stanford University successfully developed the chemical expert system DENDRAL

setbacks and lessons

knowledge-centered research

Symbolism, also known as logicism, psychology or computerism, is based on the assumptions of physical symbol systems (i.e. symbolic operating systems) and the principle of limited rationality.

Representative achievements: Heuristic program LT logic theorist, proved 38 mathematical theorems, demonstrated that computers can be used to study human thinking and simulate human intelligent activities

Representative figures: Newell, Simon and Nilsson, etc.

Heuristic algorithm->expert system->knowledge engineering theory and technology was also developed.

Connectionism is also called bionicsism or physiology. Its main principles are neural networks and the connection mechanisms and learning algorithms between neural networks.

1. Representative results: It is the brain model created by the physiologist McCulloch and the mathematical logician Pitts in 1943, namely the MP model. 2. In the 1960s and 1970s, connectionism, especially the research on brain models represented by perceptrons, became overzealous. Due to limitations of the theoretical models, biological prototypes and technical conditions at the time, brain model research was limited in the 20s. It fell into a low ebb from the late 1970s to the early 1980s. It was not until Professor Hopfield published two important papers in 1982 and 1984 that proposed the use of hardware to simulate neural networks that connectionism resurfaced. 3. In 1986, Rumelhart and others proposed the backpropagation algorithm (BP) algorithm in multi-layer networks.

Behaviorism, also known as evolutionism or cybernetics, is based on cybernetics and perception-action control systems.

It is believed that artificial intelligence originates from cybernetics.

The representative author of this school first recommends Brooks' six-legged walking robot, which is regarded as a new generation of "cybernetic animals" and a control system based on the perception-action model that simulates insect behavior.