semen

The testes are male reproductive glands, one on each side, oval in shape, with a smooth surface. They are suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cord. Their main functions are to produce sperm (produced from the testicular seminiferous tubules) and secrete male hormones (testosterone).

Located on the lateral part of the posterior edge of the testis. It is divided into three parts: head, body and tail, one on each side. The main function is to promote sperm development and maturation, secrete fluid to supply sperm nutrition, and store and transport sperm.

It is one of the main structures in the spermatic cord. It originates from the tail of the epididymis and enters the pelvic cavity through the inguinal canal. The main function is to transport and excrete sperm. During ejaculation, the sympathetic nerve endings release a large amount of adrenaline substances, causing the vas deferens to contract in a coordinated and powerful manner, resulting in ejaculation.

The ejaculatory ducts are paired on the left and right. They are formed after the ampulla end of the vas deferens merges with the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle. Its main function is: ejaculation.

The main function is to excrete urine and semen, and is the common channel for urine and semen. There is a pair of bulbourethral glands next to the bulb of the urethra, which secrete a small amount of liquid, which is also a component of semen. At the same time, when the penis is erect for sexual intercourse, it first flows out of the urethral opening to lubricate the head of the penis, which facilitates the insertion of the penis into the vagina.

The seminal vesicles are paired on the left and right, located at the bottom of the bladder and outside the ampulla of the vas deferens. The main function is to secrete a mucus that neither produces nor stores sperm.

The largest solid organ in the accessory gonads of the male reproductive system. 4X3X2cm, composed of 30 to 50 acini , located in the pelvic cavity, unpaired (only one), at the junction of the urethra and the bladder, the prostate surrounds the urethra, and is adjacent to the rectum behind. The prostate is shaped like a chestnut, with the base pointing upward and close to the bottom of the bladder, and the tip pointing downward. The main functions are to promote the formation of fertilized eggs, stimulate sperm motility, promote semen liquefaction, improve sperm survival rate, and control urination and ejaculation.

The diameter is about 0.5~0.8cm, like a pea. Located behind and above the bulb of the urethra, embedded in the membranous urethral sphincter in the urogenital diaphragm, one on each side. It is a small branched compound duct-alveolar gland. The gland secretes mucus and a variety of enzymes and has the ability to promote sperm activity.

It is the enlarged part of the front end of the penis, with the external urethral opening at the tip.

The slightly thinner part behind the head, the part between the root and the neck

Hidden deep in the skin and fixed on the inferior pubic and ischial ramus

Gonorrhea (NG) - Neisseria gonorrhoeae, incubation period 2-14 days Symptoms: burning of urethral orifice, frequent urination, urgency of urination, painful urination, redness and swelling of urethral orifice, pus (yellow-white substance), life (chronic) Harm: Ascending infection of the prostate, causing bacterial prostatitis, epididymitis, and infertility (vas deferens adhesion, obstruction, abnormal semen quality) to be passed on to children. Examination: secretion smear, bacterial culture, drug sensitivity test.

Feile (mycoplasma uu chlamydia ct): incubation period: 1-3 weeks Symptoms: Itching of the urethral opening, mild urinary urgency, painful urination, burning sensation, redness and swelling, and symptoms in the morning, and some are even asymptomatic. In male patients, it mostly occurs on the inside of the foreskin, while in female patients, it mostly occurs on the skin and mucosa of the vulva. The initial symptoms are light red papules, and a few people have itching and burning sensations. Most people have no obvious symptoms. After a few weeks, the papules gradually begin to spread. In severe cases, they may be accompanied by itching, erosion, and secretion of foul-smelling purulent fluid. ·Hazards: It causes orchitis, decreases sperm quality and makes it difficult to conceive. If transmitted to women, it may easily cause miscarriage or fetal arrest after pregnancy. .Examination: secretion test (mycoplasma, chlamydia) bacterial culture, drug sensitivity test.

A sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum (Treponema pallidum) infection, which invades the skin and mucous membranes and causes damage to various organs throughout the body. Stages: Stages 1 and 2 are early stages, with the greatest contagion (bacterial activity is the highest); stage 3 is late stage, with low infectivity. Incubation period: 3-4 weeks Stage I: Symptoms appear in 3-4 weeks, with hard chancre (dark red oval-shaped ulcerated lump), protruding surface, hard texture, neither painful nor itchy. Second stage: The chancre heals itself in 6-8 weeks, enters the blood circulation through lymph, and syphilis rash appears all over the body, which can damage joints, bones, and enlarge the liver and spleen. The symptoms may disappear on their own, and then enter the incubation period. Stage III: After 4 years, damage to the skin, mucous membranes, cardiovascular, and nerve organs appears, and gum-like swelling appears. Hazards: Damage to skin, mucous membranes and internal organs, life-threatening. Serum test: Treponema pallidum test, syphilis serum RPR titer, TPPA antibody

It is a sexually transmitted disease caused by human papillomavirus HP infection and is a DNA virus. Prevalent parts: glans, coronary sulcus, inside of foreskin, frenulum, urethral opening, perianal, etc. Incubation period: 1-8 months, average 3 months Manifestation: It is not painful or itchy on the surface, but after infection, the skin bleeds easily when touched, and also emits a very bad smell. At first, it is a flesh-red papule that grows from the surface of the skin, and gradually grows into small diced/granuloplasty-like thorns. , after increasing in size, they become cauliflower-shaped, comb-shaped, and nipple-shaped, and are uneven and prone to malodor, bleeding, exudation, erosion, and pain or itching for a long time.

Sexually transmitted diseases caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 HSV-2 infection, and a few sexually transmitted diseases caused by type 1 infection disease-borne DNA virus Manifestations: Local skin becomes red and hot, multiple small blisters appear in groups, and occasionally a single one is seen, with burning and severe pain. Painful and itchy feeling, which turns into pustules after a few days, and then heals after spontaneous ulceration Incubation period: 2-10 days Test: Serum test Hazard: Cancer (penis cancer)

Common symptoms include cold, fever, weakness, night sweats, cough, loss of appetite, swollen lymph nodes, etc.

Definition: It is a parasite that is visible to the naked eye, mostly appearing at the roots of pubic hair in the vagina. Clinical symptoms: Mainly (itching), pubic louse bites (rash), and skin allergies to saliva from pubic louse bites (blue-gray spots). How long can pubic lice survive in the human body: Adult lice live for about 30 days and die within 24 hours after leaving the host Treatment: 1. Because the eggs are parasitic in the hair follicles, treatment first requires professional vulva cleaning to remove the eggs in the hair follicles. 2. Because pubic lice survive by sucking blood. In order to prevent blood from coagulating, pubic lice excrete chemicals that irritate the skin and cause local itching symptoms. Therefore, after cleaning the vulva, you need to choose topical drugs based on the severity of the disease. If necessary, you need to cooperate with physical therapy to completely cure pubic lice.

It is caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus and is more common in children and young adults. The virus is transmitted through direct contact, and the incubation period is about 14-50 days. It starts out as a hemispherical papule the size of a rice grain, and then gradually grows to the size of a pea, with a slightly concave center, a waxy luster on the surface, and an off-white or pearl color. After the top is broken, a white tofu-like substance can be squeezed out. The number of rashes is variable, often occurring on the trunk, limbs, scrotum, etc., with conscious itching. It heals slowly and leaves no scars.

Refers to skin diseases caused by fungal infections on the inner thighs, perineum, and buttocks. The fungus of tinea cruris can be spread through underwear, bath towels, etc., and can also be spread through sexual intercourse, so tinea cruris is also included in the sexually transmitted diseases. The main symptom is obvious local itching. The disease is easy to relapse. It is usually transmitted through contact with patients suffering from tinea pedis or through cats, dogs, etc., or indirectly through clothing and utensils, or the person may first suffer from tinea pedis and then spread the infection through scratching. For example, when underwear and socks are washed together, the main species are Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton gypseum, Epidermophyton floccosum and a small number of Candida albicans.

The age of onset is mainly 18-40 years old, and the incidence rate is 16-18%. It manifests as papules 1-2MM in size, light red, clustered without fusion, smooth, caviar-like or villi-like in shape, and granular to touch. Generally there are no subjective symptoms or only mild itching.

Balanitis of the penis is divided into balanitis and balanitis. Because they often occur at the same time, it is called balanitis of the penis. It can be infectious (unclean sexual intercourse, infection with Candida albicans, Trichomonas, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and Gonorrhoeae). , or other bacteria) and non-infectious (the foreskin is too long, not clean enough, the unclean things between the foreskin and the glans, that is, smegma, will accumulate, stimulating local inflammation of the foreskin and mucosa.

Acute clinical manifestations: The external urethral orifice is red and swollen, with everted edges. The mucosal surface is often adhered by serous or purulent secretions, and sometimes there are shallow ulcers. Chronic clinical manifestations: Mainly in the posterior urethra, bladder neck and bladder trigone area, sometimes spreading to the entire urethra. The surface of the urethral mucosa is rough and dark red granular. Due to scar contraction, the external urethral orifice is smaller than normal. Common infection-causing bacteria 1. Non-specific urethritis. The most common pathogenic bacteria are Escherichia coli, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. 2. Specific urethritis, also known as gonorrheal urethritis (gonorrhea for short), the causative bacterium is Neisseria gonorrhoeae 3. Non-gonococcal urethritis, the causative bacteria are Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Haemophilus Brevibacterium, fungi, Trichomonas vaginalis, genital warts and herpes simplex virus, etc. Clinical examination of urethritis: 1. Urine routine Routine urine examination showed leukocytosis or pyuria, accompanied by an increase in red blood cells, and a few showed gross hematuria. A three-cup urine test shows that there are a large number of pus cells and red blood cells in the first cup, while the second and third cups are basically normal. 2. Urethral secretions Gonococcal urethritis can show intracellular or extracellular gonococci. Non-specific urethritis can be cultured from secretions or anterior urethral swabs, and a large number of bacterial growths can be seen. If no bacteria are found in secretion smears and culture, there is a possibility of mycoplasma or chlamydia infection. Special methods of culture or PCR examination can be used.

Orchitis is an inflammatory lesion of the testicles caused by various pathogenic bacteria Symptoms: 1. High fever, chills, and testicular pain. 2. Local redness and swelling of the scrotum and enlargement of the testicles. 3. Often accompanied by scrotal skin redness and swelling and intrascrotal hydrocele. 4. Elevated white blood cells Epididymitis refers to an inflammatory disease of the epididymis caused by pathogenic bacteria entering the epididymis retrogradely from the ejaculatory duct. Symptoms: 1. High fever, chills, scrotal swelling, pain and discomfort on the affected side 2. Local scrotal redness and surface heat. The spermatic cord radiates pain to the lower abdomen and perineum. 3. The epididymis, testicles and spermatic cord are enlarged and thickened. Examination of orchitis and epididymitis: mainly color ultrasound of testicles and epididymis. Determine whether there is inflammation by judging the size and shape of the testicles and epididymis and whether there are space-occupying changes. [Testicular tuberculosis] Testicular tuberculosis is mostly caused by the mutual spread of tuberculosis in the prostate, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and epididymis. The main clinical manifestations of testicular tuberculosis, in addition to the general symptoms of tuberculosis poisoning, general fatigue, and low fever, are mild and dull pain in the testicles. Falling feeling is difficult to diagnose in the early stage. A few cases have acute onset, and epididymal tuberculosis is often present at the same time. It can manifest as enlarged testicles with obvious pain. The testicles are swollen and have a slightly hard and smooth texture. Sometimes, when accompanied by thickening of the vas deferens, nodules or beads may be palpable. When combined with testicular hydrocele, the testicles may be palpable. Cystic sex, obvious enlargement. [Epididymal cyst] refers to a cystic mass in the epididymis, mostly located in the head of the epididymis. Those in which the cyst fluid contains sperm are also called seminal cysts. There are generally no obvious symptoms, but sometimes testicular swelling and pain can be felt. A cystic mass can be palpated in the head of the epididymis when touched, and the light transmission test is positive. Asymptomatic patients do not need treatment, but those with severe symptoms or large cysts who are married with children can undergo surgical removal. Surgery may damage the epididymal duct and affect fertility, so unmarried patients should be cautious.

The vas deferens is connected to the prostatic urethra, and vas deferens often coexists with epididymitis. Vas deferens definition: Due to the communication between the vas deferens and the prostate urethra, infection of the urinary and male reproductive systems, pathogenic bacteria can invade the vas deferens and cause vas deferens. Clinical manifestations: scrotal swelling and pain, radiating pain in the thigh roots, perineum, and lower abdomen Diagnosis: The palpable scrotal segment of the vas deferens is thickened, hardened and tender. Seminal vesiculitis: It is divided into two categories: non-specific and specific seminal vesiculitis. The former includes acute seminal vesiculitis and chronic seminal vesiculitis, and the latter includes seminal vesiculitis, tuberculosis and gonococcal seminal vesiculitis. Clinical symptoms: Mainly hematospermia, sometimes painful ejaculation.

Ejaculatory duct definition: The duct after the excretory ducts of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles join at the upper level of the prostate is called the ejaculatory duct. (1) Ejaculatory duct obstruction Atresia of the ejaculatory duct orifice is also one of the causes of obstructive azoospermia. Its causes are divided into congenital abnormalities and acquired factors, such as non-specific urethritis adhesions or prostatic cysts and huge prostate cysts that compress the ejaculatory duct orifice. . Manifestations include: azoospermia, asthenozoospermia or oligozoospermia. However, patients all have an obvious vas deferens and a small amount of semen. When there is no or very low fructose in the semen, it should be suspected that the ejaculatory duct is blocked. (2) Ejaculatory duct cyst Seminiferous duct cysts are caused by obstruction of the seminal tract and dilatation and enlargement of the ejaculatory ducts, and the cysts are connected to the seminal vesicles, vas deferens and posterior urethra. Most of them are secondary, the cyst fluid contains fructose and/or normal sperm, and there are often stones in the cyst.

Mainly caused by specific and non-specific bacterial infections, there are other specific types of cystitis. Specific infection refers to bladder tuberculosis. Non-specific cystitis is caused by Escherichia coli, Paracoli, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical manifestations: There are two types: acute and chronic. The former onset is sudden, with burning sensation during urination and pain in the urethra area. Sometimes there is urgency and severe frequency of urination. Terminal hematuria is common, and in severe cases, gross hematuria and blood clot discharge may occur. The symptoms of chronic cystitis are similar to those of acute cystitis, but there is no high fever. The symptoms can last for several weeks or occur intermittently, causing the patient to feel weak, lose weight, and experience discomfort or dull pain in the waist, abdomen and bladder-perineum area.