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Psychology overview mind map
About psychology overview mind map, teacher recruitment examination materials, psychology is a marginal/intermediate/interdisciplinary subject that has the nature of both natural science and social science.
Edited at 2024-03-03 21:24:03
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Psychology overview mind map
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- Outline
Chapter 1 Overview of Psychology⭐⭐
subjects of psychological research
Psychology is a marginal/intermediate/interdisciplinary subject that has the nature of both natural science and social science.
①Human psychological phenomena and their occurrence and development rules
②The rules of human behavior and psychological activities
③Implicit behavior
Psychological phenomena/psychological activities and structures
Psychological phenomena (psychological activities) are common to both humans and animals, but humans are the predominant
Psychological processes (common characteristics, dynamics)
① Cognitive process (information processing process): perception, nostalgia (feeling, perception, memory, imagination, thinking), speech
②Emotional process: emotions, emotions
③The process of will
④Attention: psychological state, transitional stage
Personality Psychology (Personality, Differences)
① Personality tendency (dynamic system, the most active): needs, motivations, interests, ideals, beliefs, outlook on life, world view (highest), values
②Personal psychological characteristics: ability, personality (temperament, character [core], self-regulation system)
The historical background of the emergence of psychology
Modern philosophy (theoretical basis)
① Aristotle: "On the Soul" - the first part discusses various psychological phenomena, "the soul cannot think without intention"
② Locke: "Empirical Theory"
③Descartes: Rationalism
Experimental Physiology (Methodological Fundamentals)
① Fechner: "Principles of Psychophysics" - pioneered scientific experimental methods and laid the foundation of experimental psychology
②Wundt: Established the world's first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879 - marking the birth of scientific psychology/marking the birth of psychology as an independent science
A. Achievements: independence of psychology, establishment of experimental psychology, and establishment of an international psychology team
B. Works: "Principles of Physiological Psychology" - Declaration of Independence of Psychology, "Outline of Psychology", "Ethnopsychology", "Contribution to the Theory of Sensory Perception"
C. Status: The father of psychology, the father of scientific psychology, and the independent standard-bearer of psychology
Major schools of psychology in the West
①Constructivism
Wundt, Titchener
introspection
A. Study of human consciousness (direct experience)
B. Study the structure/component elements of consciousness: feelings, representations, emotions (feelings, images, passions)
Correspondence of three constituent elements: perceptual elements, conceptual elements, and emotional elements
②Functionalism
James (founder), Dewey, Angel, Hall
introspection
A. Study the stream of consciousness (consciousness is a continuous, flowing process)
B. Emphasis on the role of consciousness: adapting organisms to the environment
③Behaviorism (the first force, the first revolution)
Watson published "Psychology from a Behaviorist's Perspective" in 1913 - marking the birth of behaviorism.
Watson, Skinner
Experimental Method
A. Studying explicit behavior - "brainless psychology" (opposed to studying consciousness)
B. Use experimental methods to conduct objective research (opposed to introspection methods)
Advantages: Psychology begins to move towards a scientific path; Disadvantages: Completely opposed to consciousness, too extreme.
Black box work: (Watson, S-R) Psychology should only study stimuli and responses that are observed and can be measured objectively, regardless of intermediate links. (Abandon subjective things such as consciousness and imagery)
⭐Behaviorism ≈ Connectionism (Thorndike)
④Gestalt Psychology (Gestalt Psychology)
Koffka published "Experimental Studies on Motion Perception" in 1912 - marking the official birth of Gestalt psychology.
Wertheimer, Kohler, Kofka
Introspection, objective observation
Advocates the study of consciousness as a whole (opposes the decomposition of psychological phenomena into elements).
A. The whole exists better than the parts and restricts the nature and significance of each part;
B. The sum of the parts does not equal the whole;
C. The whole cannot be reduced to the sum of its parts and elements.
[Evaluation] Contributed greatly to the study of perception; laid the foundation for the development of cognitive psychology.
⑤Psychoanalysis (the second force)
Freud, Erikson, Jung, Adler
Hypnosis, dream interpretation, free association
Freud - "The Interpretation of Dreams"
A. Emphasize the subconscious (unconscious) and study abnormal behaviors. "Iceberg theory": subconscious level (fear, violent motivation, unacceptable sexual desire, immoral desires, unreasonable wishes, selfish needs, shame experience), preconscious level (knowledge storage, memory), conscious level (thoughts ,perception)
B. Personality dynamics - libido (theory of sexual desire). The unconscious and most fundamental motivation that affects personality development is sexual instinct.
C. Three levels of personality structure: Id (original self) - pleasure principle, ego - reality principle, superego - moral principle
⑥Cognitive Psychology (Information Processing) (Second Revolution)
Piaget (representative of early cognitive psychology), Neisser (the father of modern cognitive psychology), Gagne
information processing
The research scope is relatively broad, and it also studies consciousness.
⭐Knowledge is the representation of external reality in the human brain - Bruner
⑦Humanism (the third force, the third revolution)
Rogers, Maslow
Psychotherapy method: client-centered therapy
Focuses on the study of personality.
Critical psychoanalysis is disability psychology, based on the psychological phenomena of mentally ill patients, while critical behaviorism is infantile psychology, based on the psychological phenomena of animals and children.
A. Value people’s own value and advocate giving full play to people’s potential;
B. Human nature is good and kind ("Positive Psychology")
C. People have free will and the need for self-realization.
Advantages: dilutes the purely rational color of psychology.
Keywords: value, potential, emotion, personality
psychological nature
Psychology is the function of the brain, and the brain is the organ of the mind
structure of nervous system
Neuron (nerve cell): The basic unit of nervous system structure and function.
Composition and function
①Cell body-integrates information;
②Dendrites (multiple) - receive stimulation;
③ Axon (one) - transmits information; dendrites and axons are collectively called processes.
Classification
①Sensory neurons - afferent neurons
②Interneurons - contact neurons
③Motor neurons - efferent neurons
nervous system
Central Nervous System (Command)
1.brain
(1) Brain
①The two hemispheres of the brain—higher centers. (left and right crosses, united by the corpus callosum)
A. Left hemisphere: speech, reading, writing, mathematical operations, abstract logical thinking
B. Right hemisphere: Perceiving spatial relationships of objects, pictures, emotions, appreciating music, art, imagination, and creation.
Verification experiment: "Split-brain experiment - Sperry" (Split-brain patients are patients who have undergone corpus callosum surgery, and the left and right hemispheres exist completely independently.)
②Four brain areas
A. Frontal lobe - motor center (occupies 30% of the total area of the cerebral cortex, has thinking functions - planning, setting goals)
B. Parietal lobe - sensory center
C. Occipital lobe - visual center
D. Temporal lobe - auditory center
③Four central mechanisms
A. Motor speech center (Broca’s area): expressive aphasia, telegraphic language (unable to speak)
B. Auditory speech center (Wernicke's area): receptive aphasia (unable to understand)
C. Visual speech center (angular gyrus): alexia (unable to read) - able to see but unable to understand the meaning of words
D. Writing center (Eixler area): agraphia - able to move but unable to write or draw.
(2) Cerebellum: Assists the brain in maintaining body balance and coordinating movements.
(3) Diencephalon
①Thalamus
②Hypothalamus
(4) Brainstem
①Brain oblongata (medulla oblongata)-life center;
②The pons (pons);
③Midbrain
(5) Limbic system
①Hippocampus-memory function;
②Amygdala-emotion
2. Spinal cord-lower center
Peripheral nervous system (communication network)
1. Somatic nervous system
(1) Cranial nerves (12 pairs);
(2) Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
2. Autonomic nervous system
(1) Sympathetic nervous system (excitement): It comes into play during struggle, fighting, fear, and anger. Such as speeding up the heartbeat; ordering the liver to release more blood sugar so that the muscles can use it.
(2) Parasympathetic nervous system (suppression): Suppresses excessive excitement in the body and allows it to get necessary rest. (balancing effect)
Nervous system activity - reflexes
(1) Unconditioned reflex (innate, shared by humans and animals): that is, instinct, a reflex that can be learned without learning.
It is completed with the participation of nerve centers below the cerebral cortex.
eg: sucking reflex, blinking reflex, grasping reflex, defensive reflex, tasting plums to quench thirst, weeping at the sight of wind, alerting snakes, salivating with plums in hand, shrinking hands when exposed to needles
(2) Conditioned reflex (acquired): a reflex that is learned.
Completed by the cerebral cortex.
①The first signal system (specific signal, physical stimulus, common to humans and animals)
eg: Looking at the plum blossoms to quench thirst, being moved by the sight, being bitten by a snake once, being afraid of ropes in wells for ten years, being afraid of snakes, being intimidated by the sound of wind and cranes, and being surrounded by grass and trees, the driver driving according to the traffic signs (speaking generally, there are many traffic signs), the driver sees the traffic lights of different colors and takes the following actions Different operations (talking generally), the dog runs over when the director calls its name, the dog can salivate in response to the bell, the guide asks to stop when he sees the red light, and the student runs into the classroom when he hears the bell.
②Second signal system (abstract signal, language, unique to humans)
Function: Generalize and regulate
Language: spoken language, written language, traffic language, mute language, semaphore
eg: Allusions: "looking at plum blossoms to quench thirst", painting cakes to satisfy hunger, smelling it makes you happy, talking about plums to stimulate fluids, talking about tigers turning pale, drivers slow down when they see the slow down sign (specifically, traffic language), drivers stop when they see a red light (specifically, traffic language)
Paramecium's pursuit of advantages and avoidance of disadvantages - not a reflex (single-celled organism, no nervous system)
Replenish:
According to Pavlov's theory of two signal systems, signals that can cause conditioned reflexes can be divided into: concrete signals (sound, light) and abstract signals (language, words)
Classical conditioning (S-R): first signaling system and second signaling system
Operant Conditioning (R-S): Internet Addiction
basic processes of neural activity
①Excitement: the activity state of nerve cells.
eg: watch a movie
② Inhibition: Nerve cells are temporarily weakened or stopped.
eg: sleep
Basic laws of neural activity
(1) Diffusion and concentration of excitement and inhibition
①Diffusion: spread from the origin to all directions
②Concentration: spread from all sides to the origin
eg: dancing for joy upon hearing good news - diffusion of excitement, concentration of inhibition
eg: The good news just now is false, calm down - diffusion of inhibition, concentration of excitement
(2) Mutual induction of excitation and inhibition
①Positive induction: ultimate excitement
②Negative induction: final suppression
③Simultaneous induction: different parts, happening at the same time
④ Sequential induction: the same site, occurring one after another
Example
When listening to music, the listening effect is better with eyes closed - positive simultaneity induction;
I slept well yesterday and am in good spirits today - following the induction of positive sex;
From sleep to waking - positive induction of succession;
Exercise can relieve the fatigue of cognitive activities - simultaneous negative induction;
Children are nauseous - sequential positive induction
Psychology is the active reflection of the human brain on objective reality
①Objective reality is the source of psychology - objectivity
Objective reality includes natural reality and social reality. Human psychology comes from social reality. Social environment and social living conditions play a decisive role in human psychology.
eg: wolf boy; I am happy today because I encountered something happy (objective reality); there are trees in reality, but there are trees in the mind.
②Psychology is the human brain’s subjective image of objective reality - subjectivity (different)
eg: The benevolent sees benevolence and the wise see wisdom; a thousand readers will have a thousand Hamlets
③Psychology is the active reflection of the human brain on objective reality - initiative (control)
eg: Transform the world and divert water to the mountains