① Leeuwenhoek discovered microorganisms using a microscope

② Pasteur and the gooseneck bottle experiment concluded that fermentation is caused by microorganisms

③Koch, the invention of solid culture media

①Production of alkaloids and foxglove drugs

②Add acyl group using penicillin acylase

③Synthesis of amino acids and organic acids

Immobilized enzyme: A water-soluble enzyme immobilized on an "insoluble" membrane or granular polymer.

Immobilized cells: Cells are fixed on a specific water-insoluble carrier under conditions that maintain cell viability for the purpose of reuse.

① Can be used repeatedly with improved stability

②Improve the polarity of enzyme (stability, economy)

①In 1966, Japanese Sendenichiro successfully immobilized amidase

② Fix the yeast in the trehalose particles, and then place the immobilized yeast in a specific reactor to allow the sugar liquid to slowly and continuously pass through to achieve continuous alcohol fermentation.

Concept: The process of merging two or more cells to form one cell under natural conditions or artificial methods.

Results: "Create" special microorganisms and produce "special products"

Concept: Cutting, combining and splicing different genetic materials in vitro to recombine the genetic materials, and then transfer them into recipient cells through vectors, and express the required genes in the recipient cells to produce what humans need. products or new biological types

Result: Generation of engineering bacteria

①Animal feed additives

②Microbial pesticides

③Microbial antibacterial agents

④Microbial fertilizer

⑤Used for specific biotransformation

⑥Edible and medicinal fungi

Treat human diseases such as digestive tract and nervous system

The scale of AA production through fermentation has been continuously expanding in the past 30 years, and 17 types of AA can be directly produced by fermentation and enzymatic methods.

⑥ Organic substances produced by ① organisms (microorganisms, plants and animals) during their ② life processes and can ④ selectively inhibit the growth of ⑤ other organisms (microorganisms, tumor cells) at ③ low concentrations ④

① Penicillin has excellent clinical effects

②Industrial production can generate huge economic benefits

①Amino acids, peptides, sugar derivatives

③ Derivatives based on acetic acid and propionic acid

①Easily mass-produced by fermentation method

②Breeding enzyme-producing strains is relatively simple and has high enzyme specificity

③Can greatly increase enzyme activity and enzyme production, short production cycle and low cost