obelisk

Mainly convex relief

Stigma size - the ratio of column length to column height is 1:5

Imhotep

A kind of wall with wood as the base, a wooden frame on top, and reed bundles as the wall, with mud or no mud on the outside (Lower Egypt)

The other type uses pebbles as the wall base, adobe walls, densely packed logs as the roof, and then a layer of soil, which looks like a rectangular earth platform with side legs. (Upper Egypt)

cajon city

The palaces of Amarna

It reflects the awareness that people in the purely agricultural era gained from the cycle of seasons and the cycle of life and death of crops. The ancient Egyptians were superstitious that after death, the soul is immortal. As long as the body is protected, they will be resurrected in the Paradise of Elysium three thousand years later for eternal life.

It includes a tomb chamber and a sacrificial hall. In addition to the spacious underground tomb, a sacrificial hall was also built with bricks on the ground. It was modeled after the popular residences in Upper Egypt, like a slightly tapered rectangular platform, with an entrance at one end (called the Ma'an). Staba)

Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt

They are all precise square cones with extremely simple forms. The towers are very tall. They are the Pyramid of Kufu, the Pyramid of Khafra and the Pyramid of Menkaure.

1. Mastaba - the prototype of the pyramid

2. The tomb of Nebotka, the first dynasty emperor, at Saqqara

3. The first stone pyramid was the Pyramid of Zhaoser at Saqqara.

4. Giza Pyramids

1. Changes in geographical environment: The widest canyon in the middle reaches is only about 15 kilometers, and the cliffs on both sides are hundreds of meters high. In such an environment, the artistic conception of the pyramid has completely lost its expressiveness.

2. The political situation changed: the emperor's status declined, and the local nobles became domineering. The local nobles dug tombs into caves on the cliffs. The emperor, who was held hostage by the nobles, also followed the tomb mechanism at that time.

Digging a tomb into a cave

pattern

pyramid

colonnade

axis

Pillars of Osiris

1. The walls are thick and the bays are narrow, so the indoor space is long and linear.

2. The river often overflowed, and it was rebuilt on the mounds several times, resulting in the form of high-rise buildings.

3. In order to strengthen the wall and delay its collapse. The outer walls of important buildings are separated by raised forts, forming a fixed shape of a pair of raised forts sandwiching the gate.

4. Delaying the soft collapse of adobe walls has led to many surface decoration techniques.

1. In the city-states of Sicily, Italy and the Peloponnese Peninsula, agriculture was the mainstay. After the establishment of slavery, the clan tribes were not destroyed. The clan nobles enjoyed hereditary privileges and established an oligarchy. City-states are culturally backward and conservative

2. In Asia Minor, the Aegean Sea and Atiga, many civilians were engaged in handicrafts, commerce and navigation, and later established a republic.

It does not seek to be flat and symmetrical, but is willing to adapt to and utilize various complex terrains to form a lively and changeable architectural scenery, with the temple taking over the overall situation.

The acropolis was also the residential area for clan nobles. They are heavily guarded and have no close contact with the civilian population. Although a huge group of guardian temples were also built in the Acropolis, they adhered to the stipulation that the front faces east and were all arranged in parallel without prioritization. This was incompatible with the natural environment and created a heavy atmosphere.

At first: "Main Room (Zhengwan)" (rectangular, with the narrower side facing forward, a door in the middle, and a pair of pillars in front of the door, forming a front porch)

Development: a place for public gatherings and an object of public appreciation

Final shape: Corridor-style temple, with two rows of pillars inside the sanctuary forming a central space and statues of gods.

Wood-Ceramic-Stone

What role did the terracotta material play in the development of column style? (3 points)

Column type: refers to the specific methods of each element of the stone beam and column structure and their combination, from details to the whole.

The Ionic order of the democratic republic city-state

The Doric Order of an Oligarchic City-State

Corinthian order

The Greek name is "Acropolis", which originally means "city on high places", "city-state on high hills"

In the 5th century BC, it became the center of national religious activities. After the Persian War, it became the national symbol.

Artistic achievements of the Acropolis (3 points)

The Acropolis is located on a small isolated hill in the center of Athens. The limestone on the top of the mountain is exposed and roughly flat, 70-80m higher than the surrounding plains. It is about 280m long from east to west and about 130m at its widest point from north to south. The mountain is so steep that there is only one tunnel at the west end that can be climbed. (Picture - General plan of the Acropolis)

Three aspects of the core of the Acropolis

In order to give a more complete and imposing image to the foot of the mountain, it protrudes from the west end of the top of the mountain. And the ground is not leveled, but the western half is 1.43m lower than the eastern half. The roof is also disconnected

Use of Ionic columns in Doric buildings

Designer-Cary Crater

The artistic characteristics of the columns in the front and rear corridors (3 points)

The main designer was Ictinus, Callicrates participated in the design, and the sculpture was created by Fedi and his disciples.

As the center of the complex, it stands out from several aspects (4 points)

Vision Correction (4 points)

The artistic characteristics of carving

Column type

Purpose: To commemorate the legendary ancestor of the Athenians

Shape: Ionic

Architect: Pytheos

Early days

Hellenistic period

Summarize

Represented by the Trophy Pavilion in Athens and the Mausoleum of Mosoleum at Haliknasu in Asia Minor

Trophy Pavilion Composition Techniques (3 points)

Two-story open corridor with stacked columns

The main ingredient is an active volcanic ash, plus lime and gravel

Conditions for rapid development (3 points)

Innovations in concrete technology (4 points)

Cross Arch Advantages (2 points)

most commonly used method

The method of building a vault is to first build a series of arches, and then set up ribbed arches of stone slabs on top of them. The basic principle is to divide a vault into a load-bearing part and an enclosure part.

1. The columns are overly decorated and lose the elegance and dignity of the Greek columns.

2. It is no longer a structural component but a decoration.

3. Column introduction is formulaic and too rigid.

1. It established the basic system of European architectural science

2. A very systematic summary of the practical experience of Greek and early Roman architecture

3. Vitruvius quite comprehensively established the basic principles of urban planning and architectural design, as well as the design principles of various types of buildings.

4. In accordance with the tradition of ancient Greece, Vitruvius combined rational principles with intuitive feelings, combined idealized beauty with beauty in real life, and discussed some basic principles of architectural art.

The first category, serving the invasion of military empires

The second category is those who serve the most decadent and barbaric life of slave owners.

The contradiction between production relations and productivity in slavery society (3 points)

Romanum Square

caesar plaza

At the bottom of the square lies the Urbia basilica of the Trajan family.

Ji Gongzhu

A centralized form covered by a dome

Construction technology of domes (2 points)

Treatment of exterior walls

General map rules

Main function

structural design

heating

Dome, drum base, sail arch

early christian style

Romance style

gothic style

St. John's Church

St. Paul's Church

Reasons for the rise of monasteries and their areas of existence (3 points)

Changes in the form of the monastery (4 points)

1. Different beliefs

2. The relationship between the church and citizens

3. Different sources of funds

4.Builder

5. Internal space

Basically Latin cross

Internal Contradiction (3 points)

First, the Catholic Church regarded centralized planes and domes as the characteristics of heretical temples and strictly rejected them, but the craftsmen actually ignored the precepts of the church. Although the power of the Catholic Church was very weak in Florence at that time, it still required a lot of courage and a high level of consciousness to do this. It is therefore a sign of a breakthrough in architecture from the spiritual tyranny of the Church

Second, the domes of ancient Rome and the large domes of Byzantium are half-exposed and half-covered in appearance, and they are not used as an important modeling method. But this one in Florence draws on the techniques of small Byzantine churches and uses a drum base to express the entire dome. Including the lighting pavilion, it has a total height of 107 meters, becoming the center of the entire city's outline. This was unprecedented in Western Europe and, as such, was a sign of Renaissance ingenuity.

Third, both in terms of structure and construction, this dome is extremely original. , which marked the general progress of science and technology during the Renaissance

Brunelleschi design

Brunelleschi design

Performance (4 points)

A typical representative of the monumental style of High Renaissance architecture is the Tempietto in Rome.

Designer: Bramonte

One tendency is to adhere to the past and worship the past dogmatically

Another tendency is to pursue novelty and ingenuity

“Palladian Motif” Facade Design

manor house

Conceive

Raphael

Paruzzi

little sangalo

The church has a new form (5 points)

Jesuit ancestral hall

Borromini

Representative works of late baroque churches

Bernini

Characteristics of murals (4 points)

Characteristics of engraving (5 points)

Architectural nature of frescoes and sculptures

Piazza Navona

spanish steps

The composition reflects the hierarchical social order centered on the monarch and embodies the blend of French classicism and Italian Baroque.

The largest single palace building in the world

Characteristics of Rococo (3 points)

Representative work: The living room of the House of Soubis in Paris

Christopher Lun

basic composition

Main lessons in bell tower composition (3 points)

St. Paul's Cathedral becomes a monument to the British bourgeois revolution

The difference between the "rationality" of the Enlightenment and the "rationality" of 17th century rationalism

There are mainly two aspects

Europe's largest triumphal arch