Feeling: It is the reflection of the individual attributes of things caused by objective stimulation acting on the sensory organs. It is the basis of other advanced psychological activities, such as shape, color, size, weight and smell, etc.

Perception: It is the overall impression formed by the comprehensive reflection of different attributes of things by the sensory organs.

Perceptual synthesis disorder: An obstacle in the process of perception caused by the integration of various senses. It is manifested in the perceptual image of objectively existing things, which is consistent with reality as a whole, but the reflection of individual attributes is wrong. For example, a cat appears to the patient to be as big as a tiger

Thinking: It is the reflection of the human brain’s indirect generalization of objective things and is the highest form of human cognitive activity. The materials obtained through perception are analyzed, compared, synthesized, abstracted and summarized by the brain to form concepts, and judgment and reasoning are carried out on the basis of the concepts. This whole process is called thinking.

thought form disorder

thought content disorder

Attention enhancement refers to the enhancement of active attention. For example, patients with persecutory delusions are particularly concerned and vigilant about all phenomena around them, and patients with hypochondriacal concepts are overly concerned about their own subtle physiological changes.

Distracted attention: active attention is significantly weakened, manifested as inattention, daze, etc. This symptom is common in the early stages of schizophrenia

Attention shift: Passive attention enhancement is manifested by the inability to maintain an appropriate range and sufficient stability of attention, and is often attracted by small stimuli in the environment. Shifting attention is a core manifestation of shifting symptoms in patients with mania

Distortion: When the patient recalls an event he or she has personally experienced, the patient's memory of place, especially time, is erroneous or confusing, such as recalling something that happened during this time period as something that happened at another time.

Fiction: The patient forgets a certain personal experience, and fills in and replaces it with a completely fictional story, and then believes it. Most of what some patients talk about is the remnants of past memories, which are connected together under the guidance of the questioner. They are rich, vivid and absurd, but are forgotten in a flash. This is clinically called empty talk syndrome. More common in patients with organic brain disorders such as dementia and chronic alcoholism.

Latent memory: also known as distorted memory. Patients recall other people's experiences and what they have seen and heard as their own personal experiences, or recall their own real experiences as what they have seen and heard as the experiences of others.

Forgetting: The inability to recall a certain event or experience is called a memory gap. Divided into: anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, progressive amnesia, and psychogenic amnesia. Psychogenic amnesia is characterized by selective amnesia

Orientation is the ability to detect and identify the surrounding environment (time, place, people) and one's own status (name, age, position, etc.). Disorientation is an important criterion for judging disorders of consciousness

One is the knowledge that has been learned, and the other is the ability to use the knowledge that has been learned to solve problems.

Before the age of 18 (including 18 years old), the brain has not yet matured, and the retardation caused by brain damage is called mental retardation; after the age of 18 (including 18 years old), the brain has matured, and the retardation caused by brain damage is called dementia.

Insight, also known as introspection, refers to patients’ ability to understand and judge their own mental illness.

Determine the degree of impairment of insight: (1) Whether the patient is aware or aware that others around him have observed some of his abnormal behaviors; (2) If the patient notices it, does he think he is abnormal; (3) If he realizes that he is abnormal, does he think it is a mental problem? (4) If he believed he had a mental illness, whether he thought he needed treatment or agreed to receive treatment

Elevated emotions: Positive emotions are significantly enhanced. is a core symptom of a manic episode

Low mood: Negative emotions are significantly enhanced. Is a core symptom of a depressive episode

Anxiety: A state of inexplicable fear and worry that is inconsistent with the objective and has no clear object and specific content. Has both psychological and physical manifestations

Fear: Fear of external things beyond normal limits. The difference between fear and anxiety is that fear has a clear object to be afraid of, while anxiety does not.

Emotional flatness is the decline and loss of emotional activities, which is characterized by the loss of normal volatility of emotional responses and the loss of normal distinctive responses to external stimuli (whether sad or pleasant), especially high-level and delicate emotional activities. Common in schizophrenia and brain organic mental disorders. Note: Low emotion is an increase in the negativity of emotional activity, while flat and indifferent emotion is a decrease and loss of emotion.

Emotional paralysis: refers to the incoherence between cognitive processes and emotional activities. At this time, the patient's emotional response is inconsistent with the content of his thoughts.

Ambivalent emotions: having two mutually opposing emotional experiences about the same thing at the same time, such as thinking that one's relatives and friends are persecuting oneself, and having two feelings of hatred and love for this at the same time, and not seeing any contradiction. This symptom is one of the essential characteristics of schizophrenia

Irritability - sharp and short-lived emotional fluctuations, manifested as strong emotional reactions to minor stimuli, mostly excitement, dissatisfaction, anger, tantrums, etc. It is common in certain personality disorders such as antisocial personality, paranoid personality and emotionally unstable personality, as well as neurasthenia, mania, etc. This symptom is also common in mental disorders caused by hyperthyroidism

Emotional outburst: Emotional outburst is a kind of emotional outburst caused by mental factors. The vented emotions are expressed upwardly as laughter, singing, and dancing; downwardly, they are expressed as crying, scolding, and rolling; they can move upward to express singing, singing, and dancing. Jumping can also move downward to express crying and fussing; it can also be flipped up and down to express crying, laughing and laughing. The onset is short and ends within 20 minutes. The consciousness is clear and the ability to recall afterwards is seen in hysteria (dissociative disorder).

Increased willpower: Pathological volitional activity increases, mostly related to pathological emotions or delusions. It manifests as persistence in certain behaviors and showing perseverance and determination beyond ordinary people. The most typical example of enhanced will is seen in litigious individuals, i.e. paranoid psychopaths.

Decreased will: Will activity is significantly reduced, disinterest in everything around, depressed, unwilling to participate in external activities. Often sitting around and being too lazy to take care of work, study and even personal life. common in depression

Lack of will: Lack of obvious motivation and initiative for any activity, lack of plans and requirements for the present and future. He doesn't care about his studies and work, lacks proper initiative and enthusiasm, is also very lazy in his personal life, and even doesn't care about personal hygiene. Being solitary and withdrawn in behavior. Lack of self-awareness and indifference to one's own situation and situation. More common in schizophrenia, etc.

Intentional perversion: Intentional requirements and volitional activities are contrary to common sense, or contrary to ordinary people's intentions. For example, eating things that ordinary people would not dare to eat, such as urine, feces, dirt, vegetation, stones, etc. These behaviors may be related to other symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions, or they may exist independently rather than being affected by other symptoms. More common in schizophrenia

Conflicting intentions: The original inner will is not unified, which is manifested as opposing will activities for the same thing at the same time, but the pathology and correction cannot be judged. Like paraphilia, it is also one of the essential characteristics of schizophrenia.

Obsessive-compulsive actions: repeated actions that have little practical significance, often together with obsessive thoughts, constitute the main manifestation of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Common clinical symptoms include forced cleaning, forced examination, forced questioning, and forced ritual actions. The patient knows that these actions are unnecessary, but cannot restrain himself from doing them. Otherwise, he will become obviously anxious and unable to proceed to the next step.

Imitation of movements: The patient imitates the movements and expressions of others without purpose or meaning. This symptom often appears together with the following postures and eccentric behaviors, forming a cluster of disordered behavioral symptoms unique to adolescent schizophrenia.

Posturing: Also known as pretense, the patient's behavior and expression show childishness and stupidity that are inconsistent with his age and the environment at the time, such as speaking in a weird tone, acting like a baby in public, etc., giving people a sense of deliberate posturing. The patient has no awareness or awareness of this

Bizarre behavior: Bizarre behavior, such as making faces for no reason, crawling all over the floor, holding a wastebasket on his head, and other bizarre actions and behaviors. Patients' explanations for these actions are equally absurd and bizarre, and more often than not, there is no explanation at all.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Rejection of instructions and requests. Simply refusing is called passive disobedience. For example, if the patient is asked to open his mouth, he still refuses to obey. Refusing to perform the opposite action is called active disobedience. For example, if the patient is asked to stretch out his hand, the patient puts his hand behind his back.

Mutism: Does not respond to questions verbally, but can sometimes use gestures or paper and pen to express meaning. Common in schizophrenia, hysteria, etc.

Stupor: A state characterized by reduced or absent voluntary movements and psychomotor unresponsiveness. Often kept silent. In severe cases, the patient maintains a fixed posture, does not speak or move, does not eat or drink, does not defecate automatically, and does not respond to any stimulation. The most severe form is waxy buckling, which is characterized by the loss of any voluntary movement. The limbs can be moved at will and remain unchanged in any posture after being moved, just like a wax figure.

Excited state: that is, psychomotor excitement, comprehensive enhancement or disinhibition of overall mental activity, and speech, emotion, and behavior are all in a state of excitement. Including (1) manic excitement; (2) youthful excitement; (3) catatonic excitement; (4) organic excitement; (5) reactive excitement.

Impulsive and Aggressive Behavior: Impulsive behavior occurs when behavior is uninhibited or completely uncontrolled. Impulsive behavior often occurs suddenly and is not commensurate with the situation or psychosocial triggers. The behavior is unprepared and unthinking, making it difficult for people to understand. Impulsive behavior can be seen in a variety of mental disorders, and most of them are one of the clinical manifestations of a certain mental disorder. If impulsive behavior is directed at others, it is aggressive behavior.

Self-injury and suicidal behavior: considered to be self-directed aggression. Suicide is a complex mental health problem. The mental disorder in which suicide is more common is depressive disorder. It is not uncommon for patients with schizophrenia to commit suicide under the control of command hallucinations or delusions. Self-injury does not have an intention to end life. Self-injury in patients with schizophrenia should be considered whether it is due to hallucinations or delusions.

subtopic

Awareness of surrounding environment

self and consciousness