Cause excitement, alertness, nervousness and anxiety reactions

Overactivation produces emotions such as anxiety, fear, or anger

(Ascending fibers from the locus coeruleus) are associated with elevated levels of dethyroid hormone

Enhance heart function: heart rate ↑ myocardial contractility ↑ → cardiac output ↑ → blood pressure ↑, tissue fluid blood supply ↑

Regulate blood perfusion: redistribute blood to ensure blood supply to the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles

Improve respiratory function: bronchiectasis, providing more oxygen

Promote energy metabolism: glycogen lipolysis↑→energy production↑

Stress ulcer-continuous contraction of abdominal visceral blood vessels, erosion of gastrointestinal mucosa, ulcer bleeding

Hypertension-sustained constriction of small peripheral blood vessels

Myocardial oxygen consumption increases, resulting in relative myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia.

The number of platelets and their adhesion and aggregation are enhanced, increasing blood viscosity and promoting thrombosis.

Appropriate amount of CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) ↑ → Promote adaptation → Excitement and pleasure

Excessive CRH↑→Depression, anxiety and anorexia

During stress, glucocorticoids (GC)↑ fight against harmful stimuli

Animal experiments show that after removal of both adrenal glands, it is almost impossible to adapt to any stressful environment, and slight harmful stimulation can lead to death. But if only the adrenal medulla is removed and the adrenal cortex is preserved, the animals can still survive under stress.

Helps maintain blood pressure: Permissive effect - GC itself has no direct regulatory effect on cardiovascular disease, but the presence of GC is required for the cardiovascular regulatory activity of catecholamines.

Helps maintain blood sugar - gluconeogenesis, raising blood sugar, ensuring glucose supply to the brain and other organs

Conducive to fat mobilization-allowing action, promoting fat decomposition and energy supply

Fight cell damage: The GC-induced product lipodulin inhibits the activity of phospholipase A2 - stabilizing cell membranes and lysosomal membranes and reducing tissue damage

Inhibit inflammatory response: inhibit neutrophil activation and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, reduce inflammation and immune response

suppress immune function

Inhibit thyroid and gonadal function, causing hormone resistance and delayed growth and development

Insulin resistance - target cell responsiveness to insulin, increased blood sugar and blood lipids

Inhibit tissue regeneration

Excessive protein breakdown, resulting in a negative nitrogen balance

Anti-infection: Activate the complement system and participate in the innate immune response

Resistant to damage

Regulate coagulation and fibrinolysis

Integrate transportation functions

Classification

Function: HSP is mainly involved in protein folding, translocation, renaturation and degradation - molecular chaperone