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Education Comprehensive Knowledge Pedagogy Chapter 1 Mind Map 1
This is a mind map about the first chapter of comprehensive knowledge on education. All activities that purposefully enhance people's knowledge and skills, influence people's thinking quality, and enhance people's physical fitness can be regarded as education.
Edited at 2024-04-09 08:18:48
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Education Comprehensive Knowledge Pedagogy Chapter 1 Mind Map 1
- bacteria
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- Reproductive development of animals
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- Outline
Education and Pedagogy
education and its nature
education concept
In a broad sense: everything that purposefully enhances people's knowledge and skills, affects people's thinking quality, and enhances people's thinking quality. Activities that strengthen a person’s physique can be regarded as education
social education
school education
family Education
Narrow sense: refers specifically to school education, that is, educators provide education to students in a purposeful, planned and organized manner according to certain social requirements. A social practice activity that exerts influence on the minds and bodies of educators and prompts them to develop in the desired direction.
school education
The origin of education
In our country, it is generally believed that the word "education" first appeared in "Mencius: Endeavor to the Heart" in "To obtain the world's talents and educate them, these are the three joys"
attributes of education
essential attributes of education
Education is a social activity that cultivates people with purpose. This is what distinguishes education from other phenomena. The fundamental feature is the essence of education, that is, the qualitative stipulation of education
social attributes of education
eternity
historic
Times: refers to the fact that education is subject to the level of social productivity in different eras. Education in different eras has different characteristics
Class nature: refers to which class the educated are trained to be successors of. That is, the question of who does education serve?
relative independence
Education has historical heritage
Unbalanced development of education, social politics, economy, etc.
Education lags behind a certain level of political and economic development
Education is ahead of a certain level of political and economic development
structure of education
Structure of educational activities (basic elements)
educator
Educated person (learner)
educational content
Educational activities
structure of education system
Educational hierarchy: pre-school education, primary education, secondary education, higher education
Education type structure: general education, professional education, special education
School structure: full-time, work-study schools, part-time schools, correspondence, radio and television schools
Education management system structure: public, private, social groups, enterprises and institutions, and private schools
Education function
meaning
Educational functions are the various influences and effects of educational activities and systems on individual development and social development.
type
From the perspective of the object of action
individual function
social function
Judging from the nature of the action
forward function
negative function
From the perspective of the presentation form of the function
explicit function
Hidden functions
origin theory of education
myth origin theory
Representative: Religious figures
Viewpoint: Education was created by a personal god (God or Heaven)
Evaluation: It is the oldest view on the origin of education, but lacks scientific basis
Biogenesis
Representative figures: Litourneau of France in the 19th century, Thorndike of the United States, Percy Neng of the United Kingdom, etc.
Viewpoint: It is believed that human education originated from the survival instinct activities of the animal kingdom
Evaluation: The first formally proposed theory on the origin of education in the history of education, marking the beginning of a divine approach to the origin of education. From verbal explanation to scientific explanation. But the fundamental mistake of this view is that it fails to grasp the purpose and social nature of human education.
psychological origin theory
Representative figures: American educator Meng Lu, etc.
Viewpoint: It is believed that education originates from children’s unconscious imitation of adults.
Evaluation: It is more reasonable than the theory of biological origin in that it limits education to the scope of human social activities. But the theory of psychological origins and biology The common flaw of the origin theory is that they fundamentally obliterate the consciousness of education and deny the social attributes of education.
labor origin theory
Representative figures: Soviet educators such as Midinsky and Kailov
Viewpoint: Education originates from labor and the need to transfer experience in the process of production and labor.
Evaluation: It was formed under the guidance of Marx's theory of historical materialism and provides us with a "golden key" to understand the origin and nature of education.
theory of origin of life
Representative: Yang Xianjiang
Viewpoint: Originated from the needs of social life and human development
historical development of education
education in primitive society
Common feature
Education mainly serves productive labor
Education has no class character
carried out in the entire social production and life
Educational methods are extremely primitive
Education in slave society and feudal society
(1) The emergence of specialized educational institutions and full-time educational personnel
The earliest human school appeared in 2500 BC, called the Sumerian school
Our country’s school education sprouted in the Xia Dynasty
Our country’s school education officially emerged in the Shang Dynasty
Conditions created by the school
The improvement of the level of social productivity provides the necessary material basis for the emergence of schools
The separation of mental labor and physical labor provided the emergence of schools with intellectuals specialized in educational activities.
The creation of words and the massive accumulation of knowledge about social production and life have become the school’s products. Provide students with educational content and social conditions for imparting knowledge and skills
The emergence of state machinery requires specialized educational institutions to cultivate officials and intellectuals who safeguard the interests of the ruling class.
(ii) Has a distinct class character
Learning in the Western Zhou Dynasty was in the government
In addition to being class-based, education in feudal society was also strictly hierarchical.
The Six Schools and Two Schools of the Tang Dynasty in my country strictly stipulated that children of the ruling class should receive corresponding official education based on their parents’ official position and grade.
(iii) Educational content is rich and education is separated from productive labor.
(4) The form of educational organization is mainly individual teaching or collective individual teaching.
(5) An education system that combines official and private education
(VI) School education adapts to the development of ancient thought and culture, showing orthodoxy, authoritarianism, rigidity and symbolism
education in modern society
(1) The state has strengthened its emphasis on and intervention in education and the rise of public education
(ii) Secularization of education
(iii) Universal implementation of compulsory primary education
(IV) Legalization of education
Education after the 20th century
(1) Lifelong education
Paul Langland of France was the first to systematically discuss lifelong education
In 1996, UNESCO proposed in the report "Education - The Wealth Contained in It" that "education should enable educated people to learn to recognize and learn to do things." things, learn to live together and learn to survive", that is, the four pillars of education
(ii) Universalization of education
It means that education must be open to all people, that is, everyone has the right to receive education and must receive a certain level of education.
In March 1990, UNESCO organized the World Conference on Education for All (also known as the Jomtien Conference) in Jomtien, Thailand, and formally proposed the idea of Education for All.
(iii) The democratization of education
(IV) Diversification of education
(5) Modernization of education
Pedagogy and its emergence and development
Pedagogy is a social science that takes educational phenomena and educational issues as its research objects, and its fundamental task is to reveal the laws of education.
1. The budding stage of education
(1) Chinese educational thought
Confucius
His educational thoughts are reflected in the book "The Analects of Confucius"
education doctrine
social function of education
Confucius believed that population, wealth and education are the three elements of building a country. He put forward the famous thesis of common people, wealth and education.
individual function of education
Confucius believed that acquired education and social environment have an important impact on human development. It is proposed that "sexuality is similar, but habits are far apart"
Educational objects
Confucius advocated education without distinction and expanded the scope of education to common people. He proposed "If I can do more than self-cultivation, I will not be without teachings."
educational purposes
Confucius advocated cultivating gentlemen and politicians with both ability and political integrity, and put forward the idea of "learning to excel The famous conclusion of "Zheshi"
educational content
Confucius regarded "Poems", "Books", "Li", "Music", "Yi" and "Spring and Autumn" as basic subjects, and "Benevolence" and "Li" as the main contents of moral education. However, He ignores the teaching of natural knowledge and science and technology; he is divorced from social productive labor
Teaching Principles and Methods
"If you seek, you will retreat, so you advance; if you seek, you will retreat, so you will retreat."
Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude
"If you are not angry, you will not be enlightened; if you are not angry, you will not be angry."
Heuristic induction (the first to propose heuristic teaching)
"Learning without thinking will lead to failure; thinking without learning will lead to peril"
Combining learning, thinking and doing
"Reviewing the past and learning the new can make you a teacher."
Review the past and learn the new
"Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, this is knowing"
Seek truth from facts
"Study Notes"
status
The earliest work in human history (in the world) that specifically discusses education issues
education doctrine
social function of education
"If a gentleman wants to transform the people into customs, he must learn from them." "He is the ancient king who founded the country and ruled the people, and teaching came first."
The relationship between education and politics
individual function of education
"If a jade is not polished, it will become useless; if a man does not learn, he will not know."
The relationship between education and people
Teaching Principles and Methods
"If you don't give to the mausoleum festival, you're called a grandson" "You don't have to learn from others"
step by step
"When it can be called"
Provide timely teaching
"The Tao cannot be restrained, the strong cannot be suppressed, the open can be reached" "The teachings of a gentleman are metaphors"
inspirational induction
"When you teach, you must have a proper career; when you retire, you must have a place to study." "
Hiding and breathing complement each other
"Those who teach are those who develop good deeds and save those who have lost their abilities."
Be good at saving the lost
"That's why after learning, you will know your shortcomings; after teaching, you will know your difficulties. If you know your shortcomings, you will be able to reflect on yourself; if you know your difficulties, you will be able to improve yourself. Therefore, it is said: Teaching and learning can lead to mutual development."
Teaching and learning
The social value of teachers
ancient educational thought
Socrates
The question-and-answer method, also known as the midwife technique, is the earliest heuristic teaching method in the West.
Midwifery can be divided into four steps, namely satire, midwifery, induction and definition
plato
"Utopia" was the first to propose integrating learning into games
Aristotle
For the first time, he proposed the view that education follows nature, advocating that children should be educated in stages according to the laws of children's psychological development; he was the first to propose free education (elegant education)
Quintilian
The first educator in the history of Western education to specifically discuss educational issues
His "On the Education of Orators" (also translated as "Principles of Oratory" or "On the Cultivation of Orators") is the earliest educational monograph in the West and the first work on teaching methods in the world. It is known as one of the oldest works in ancient Europe. The highest achievement in the development of educational theory
Summarize the learning process into three stages: "imitation, theory, and practice"
2. The independent form stage of pedagogy
Comenius
Czech educator, known as the father of education, he praised teaching as the most glorious profession under the sun.
The publication of his "Grand Teaching Theory" in 1632 marked the beginning of education as an independent discipline. This book is considered to be the first educational work in modern times
Teaching principles
Education must adapt to the principles of natural and intuitive teaching
Teaching organization form
For the first time, the class teaching system was systematically discussed theoretically
Teaching ideas
Pan-intellectual thought, the idea of universalizing primary education, believes that all young men and women should enter school. He believes that education is to teach all things to all human beings All Art, advocating the establishment of pan-intelligence encyclopedia-style courses
Rousseau
The French Enlightenment thinker published the novel-style educational work "Emile" in 1762. At the beginning of the book, he mentioned that "all things from the hands of the Creator are good, but once they come into the hands of people, they are all bad." gone bad”
naturalistic educational thought
Advocating a child-centered education concept, he is considered to be the first to discover children in the history of modern Western education.
Kant
The first to teach education as a course in universities
Pestalozzi
Promote naturalistic education
The first person to clearly put forward the idea of "education psychology"
Locke
Published "Educational Essays" in 1693
Put forward the "blank slate theory"
Advocate for gentleman education
Herbart
The German educator is known as the father of modern education and the founder of scientific education. He is regarded as a representative of the traditional school of education
In 1806, the publication of Herbart's "General Pedagogy" marked the official birth of pedagogy as a standardized and independent discipline. At the same time, the book is also considered to be the first modern education work
Theoretical basis
He proposed for the first time to base education on psychology and ethics. laid the foundation for scientific pedagogy
Old Third Center
Classroom Center, Textbook Center, Teacher Center
Four-stage teaching theory (teaching form stage theory)
The four stages are understanding (clearness), combination (association), system and method.
educational teaching principles
In the history of Western teaching, Herbart proposed the concept of "educational teaching" for the first time. He said, "I can't think of any education without teaching Principles of educational teaching. Just as on the contrary, I do not admit that there is any teaching without education.”
educational purposes
possible purpose
i.e. purposes related to the child’s future occupation
necessary purpose
3. Diversified stages of pedagogy development
spencer
British educator, whose representative work is "Education"
Spencer was a positivist who opposed speculation and advocated that science is the description and recording of empirical facts.
The task of education is to prepare for a full life
In terms of teaching methods, he advocated inspiring students' learning consciousness, opposed formal education, and valued practical education.
In terms of educational content, he believes that scientific knowledge is the most valuable and advocates the development of a curriculum system with scientific knowledge as the core.
experimental educator
A theory that used natural science experimental methods to study child development and its relationship with education that emerged in some European and American countries at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.
In 1901, German educator Meijmann proposed the term "experimental pedagogy" Meijman believed that experimental methods must be used to study children's life and learning.
In 1908, German educator Rai published "Experimental Pedagogy"
pragmatic pedagogy
American educator Dewey is the founder of pragmatist philosophy and one of the representatives of pragmatist pedagogy. Representative figure of modern education school. His representative works include "Democracy and Education" (also translated as "People-orientedism and Education"), "My Educational Creed", etc. His theory is representative of modern educational theory
essence of education
Dewey believed that education is life, education is growth, and education is the reorganization of experience. or transformation. In addition, Dewey also proposed that school is society
educational purposes
Dewey derived his theory of the aimlessness of education from the idea that education is life. He admits As: "The process of education has no purpose outside itself, it is itself The purpose of education is its own purpose.” In fact, he emphasized the intrinsic purpose of education.
teaching method
Learn by doing
New Third Center
children, activities, experiences
five step teaching method
difficulty, question, hypothesis, verification, conclusion
Marxist educator
"Pedagogy" edited by Soviet educator Kailov is recognized as the world's first Marxist educational work
The first book in my country that attempted to discuss education from a Marxist point of view was the "New Education Outline" written by Yang Xianjiang under the pseudonym of Li Haowu in 1930.
4. The theoretical deepening stage of pedagogy
Bloom
American educator, whose representative work is "A Taxonomy of Educational Objectives". He divided educational goals into three categories: cognitive, emotional, and motor skill goals.
Bruner
American pedagogy, the main representative of structuralist educational thought, author of "The Educational Process". He emphasized the subject structure and proposed the structuralist teaching theory, believing that the subject structure should be compatible with children's cognitive structure; he valued the cultivation of students' abilities and advocated discovery teaching methods
Zankov
Soviet educator, author of "Teaching and Development". The theoretical core of the book is "to enable students to achieve the most ideal development level with the best teaching effect."
Babanski
Author of "Teaching Process Optimization", he proposed the theory of teaching process optimization.
3D target
Knowledge and skills
Process and Method
Emotions, attitudes and values
Chinese modern educational thought
Cai Yuanpei’s educational thoughts
Propose "promoting five educations at the same time"
Reform Peking University
Tao Xingzhi's educational thoughts
life is education
society is school
Teaching and doing as one