MindMap Gallery Massage therapy—explanation of terms
The 14th Five-Year Plan textbook explains the terms of spinal diseases and limb diseases and introduces them in detail. I hope it will be helpful to everyone in preparing for the exam. Still being updated...
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This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Spondylosis
Stiff neck (stiff neck)
Cause
Neck muscle injury, invasion of wind, cold and dampness
parts
neck
Pathological changes
Muscle spasm, neck muscle fiber or ligament damage
clinical manifestations
Soreness, stiff neck, difficulty moving
Cervical spondylosis (nauchi, dizziness, impotence, headache)
Cause
Cervical disc degeneration, injury, developmental cervical spinal stenosis
Pathological changes
Spinal cord, nerve, and blood vessel damage
clinical manifestations
Pain in the neck, shoulders, arms, upper back and chest area, arm numbness, muscle atrophy or even paralysis
Cervical disc herniation (bi syndrome)
Cause
Cervical disc degeneration and external force injury
Pathological changes
Rupture of the annulus fibrosus, protrusion of the nucleus pulposus, irritation or compression of nerve roots or spinal cord
clinical manifestations
Neck soreness, limited movement, shoulder and back pain, numbness and pain in upper limbs
Circumaxial joint instability/subluxation (bone misalignment, tendon injuries)
Cause
The atlanto-axial joint loses its normal alignment and the gaps between the atlas and teeth are asymmetrical.
Pathological changes
Joint instability, irritation or compression of surrounding nerves and blood vessels
clinical manifestations
Headache, dizziness, tinnitus, blurred vision, nausea and limited head movement
Anterior scalene syndrome (muscle injury)
Cause
Trauma, strain or congenital cervical ribs or high ribs
Pathological changes
Spasm, hypertrophy, and degeneration of the anterior scalene muscle cause stimulation or compression of the vascular nerve bundles of the brachial plexus and subclavian artery, resulting in a series of symptoms of nerve and blood vessel compression.
clinical manifestations
Pain, numbness, swelling, swelling, coolness, whiteness, and purple in upper limbs
Chest and hypochondrium injuries/breath-holding/breath-holding injuries (qi injuries, physical injuries, tendon injuries)
Cause
Improper exertion and uncoordinated breathing
Pathological changes/pathogenesis
Qi stagnation in the chest and hypochondrium
clinical manifestations
Chest and hypochondriac pain, unsteady movement, chest tightness, breathlessness, and breath holding
Supraspinous and interspinous ligament injuries (injury to tendons)
Cause
Sudden exposure to external force when bending down, sudden weakness of the psoas muscle when bearing weight, sitting for a long time
Pathological changes
Acute and chronic ligament injuries
clinical manifestations
Low back pain and limited movement
Spinal facet joint disorders (cervical, thoracic, lumbar spine) (bone misalignment)
Cause
Acute and chronic injuries, improper posture
Pathological changes
Misalignment of the facet joints of the spine
clinical manifestations
local pain, dysfunction
acute lumbar sprain
Cause
Sudden exposure to direct or indirect external forces such as twisting, flashing, and frustration
Pathological changes
Soft tissue injuries such as waist muscles, fascia, and ligaments
clinical manifestations
Low back pain and limited activity
Chronic lumbar muscle strain
Cause
Acute lumbar sprain, mistreatment or incomplete treatment, congenital dysplasia, weakened waist endurance, body deficiency, and feeling of wind, cold, and dampness
Pathological changes
Injuries to soft tissues such as waist muscles, fascia, and ligaments cause local aseptic inflammation
clinical manifestations
Diffuse pain on one or both sides of the lumbosacral area
Lumbar back myofasciitis/low back myofasciitis (paralysis)
Cause
cold, dampness, chronic strain
Pathological changes
Inflammatory exudation, edema and fibrosis occur in the muscles and fascial tissues of the lower back
clinical manifestations
Dull pain in the lower back, obvious tenderness in the lower back muscles on both sides and above the iliac spine
Third lumbar transverse process syndrome (injured tendons, low back and leg pain)
Cause
Acute and chronic injuries to the tissues surrounding the transverse process of the third lumbar vertebra
Pathological changes
Causes tearing and bleeding of the attached muscles at the transverse process, inflammatory exudation, scar adhesion, fascial thickening and contracture, causing friction, stimulation and compression of the blood vessel and nerve bundles
symptom
Chronic low back pain, localized tenderness
Degenerative osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine (bone paralysis, bone weakness)
Cause
With age, lumbar joint degeneration and bone hyperplasia at the edges of the vertebral bodies and facet joints occur.
clinical manifestations
waist and leg pain
Spondylolisthesis (spondylolisthesis)
Cause
Congenital developmental abnormalities or lumbar degeneration, trauma, chronic strain
Pathological changes
The bony connection between the upper and lower vertebral bodies is abnormal, and the upper vertebral body partially or completely slips relative to the lower vertebral body.
Clinical symptoms
Lumbosacral pain, increased physiological curvature of the lumbar spine, and in severe cases, sciatic nerve involvement
Lumbar disc herniation (low back pain)
Cause
Lumbar intervertebral disc is subjected to external force after degenerative changes
Pathological changes
Partial or complete rupture of the annulus fibrosus, bulging or herniation of the nucleus pulposus, irritation or compression of the sinus vertebrae nerves, nerve roots or cauda equina nerve
clinical manifestations
Low back and leg pain (most common in young adults, 20-50 years old, with the highest incidence at L4-L5 and L5-S1)
Lumbosacral strain (low back pain)
Cause
Acute and chronic injuries, physiological curvature changes, congenital developmental abnormalities
Pathological changes
Injuries to lumbosacral joints, ligaments, muscles, and tendons
clinical changes
Low back pain and lumbosacral pain, worsened by exertion and relieved by rest
Idiopathic scoliosis/compensated/functional scoliosis (spinal stiffness)
Cause
Unexplained scoliosis during growth and development
Pathological changes
Multiple vertebral bodies in the coronal plane continuously deviate from the midline of the spine to form a curvature laterally, often accompanied by spinal rotation, increased or decreased kyphosis or lordosis in the sagittal plane, rotational tilt deformity of the ribs and pelvis, and paravertebral deformity. Ligament and muscle abnormalities
Sacroiliac joint injuries (bone misalignment, hip bone misalignment)
Cause
The sacroiliac joint is subjected to external force, and the sacroiliac joint surface malalignment in women during pregnancy and childbirth
Pathological changes
Sacroiliac joint ligament injury or lumbosacral joint misalignment
clinical manifestations
Lumbosacral pain and dysfunction (persistent low back pain or waist and hip pain, leg length, claudication)
The reasons why lumbar disc herniation is more likely to occur in the L4-L5 and L5-S1 segments:
① This part is further down, is under greater pressure, and is the center of gravity.
②Extensive range of motion, frequent bending and stretching, resulting in greater strain
③This segment is relatively thick and more susceptible to irritation
④The lower section of the posterior longitudinal ligament is weak, which is the upper half
⑤The L5 and S1 nerves respectively cross the two lower intervertebral discs in the spinal canal and are more susceptible to compression.
Lumbar spondylolisthesis is most common at L4, followed by L5 and L3
Favorite areas for facet joint disorders
Cervical vertebra > Lumbar vertebra > Thoracic vertebra
Thirteen acupoints in the fifth line and fifth area
fifth line
Du Vein Line
Fengfu-Dazhui
jiaji line
Fengchi-neck root (1 inch apart from Dazhui)
paracervical line
Mastoid-cervical arm (missing 1 inch in the pelvis)
District Five
scapular girdle area
supraspinatus region
dorsal scapular area
infraspinatus region
interscapular area
Inner side of both scapulae
Thirteen points
Fengfu, Fengchi (double), Jinggen (double), Neck Arm (double), Jianjing (double), Jianwaiyu (double), Tianzong (double)
Cervical spondylosis classification
cervical spondylosis
cervical spondylotic radiculopathy
cervical spondylotic myelopathy
Vertebral artery cervical spondylosis
Sympathetic cervical spondylosis
mixed cervical spondylosis
Anterior cervical type (esophageal type): compression of trachea and blood vessels
Diseases of the extremities—upper limbs
Shoulder periarthritis/frozen shoulder/rheumatic shoulder/frozen shoulder (shoulder paralysis)
Cause
Injury and degeneration of soft tissues such as muscles, ligaments, tendons, bursae, and joint capsules around the shoulder joint
Pathological changes
Chronic nonspecific inflammation of the joint capsule and periarticular soft tissue
clinical manifestations
Shoulder pain and limited shoulder joint movement
Supraspinatus tendonitis/supraspinatus syndrome/abduction syndrome (bi syndrome)
Cause
Strain, minor trauma, feeling wind, cold and dampness
Pathological changes
Aseptic inflammation of tendon
clinical manifestations
Pain on the outside of the shoulder, pain arc produced by shoulder abduction 60°-120°
Rotator cuff injury (muscle injury)
Cause
Acute: More common in shoulder impact injuries. Chronic: tendon degeneration, rotator cuff injury due to extrusion and friction.
Pathological changes
Acute: rotator cuff tear, severe tendon rupture. Chronic: produces sterile inflammation.
clinical manifestations
Pain, mobility impairment
Tenosynovitis (muscle injury) of the long head of the biceps brachii (tendon)
Cause
Acute and chronic injury and degeneration of shoulder joint, feeling of wind, cold and dampness
Pathological changes
chronic sterile inflammation
clinical manifestations
Pain in the intertubercular groove of the humerus and limited movement of the shoulder joint
Subacromial/subdeltoid bursitis (shoulder paralysis)
Cause
Direct or indirect trauma, supraspinatus tendon injury or degeneration, long-term compression and irritation
Pathological changes
Aseptic inflammation of subacromial bursa
clinical manifestations
Shoulder pain, limited movement, and localized tenderness
Lateral epicondylitis/tennis elbow (muscle injury, elbow strain)
Cause
acute and chronic injuries
Pathological changes
Aseptic inflammation of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and its surrounding soft tissues
clinical manifestations
Lateral elbow pain, local tenderness, and wrist extension resistance pain
Medial epicondylitis/golfer’s elbow/student’s elbow (elbow strain)
The etiology and pathological changes are the same as those of lateral epicondylitis of humerus
clinical manifestations
Local pain, forearm pronation, and limited active wrist flexion
Ulnar olecranon bursitis/miner's elbow (elbow strain)
Cause
damage
Pathological changes
Aseptic inflammation of ulnar olecranon bursa
clinical manifestations
Local pain, limited activity, localized tenderness
Stenosis tenosynovitis of the radial styloid process (muscle paralysis, muscle condensation)
Cause
Excessive force or strain on the wrist and thumb
Pathological changes
The abductor pollicis longus tendon and the extensor pollicis brevis tendon at the radial styloid process are rubbed or injured within the tendon sheath.
clinical manifestations
Swelling and pain at the radial styloid process, limited movement, and weak thumb movement
Wrist sprain (wrist tendon injury)
Cause
Improper force or sudden violence on the wrist joint
Pathological changes
Soft tissues such as ligaments, muscles, tendons, and joint capsules around joints are damaged due to excessive stretching.
clinical manifestations
Swelling, pain and dysfunction around the wrist
Ganglion cyst (muscle, muscle knot)
Cause
Joint hypermobility or repeated chronic strain
Pathological changes
Degeneration of connective tissue around joint capsule
clinical manifestations
A cystic mass near a joint capsule or tendon sheath, containing colorless and transparent or white or light yellow thick frozen mucus, which can be divided into single-locular and multi-locular.
Carpal tunnel syndrome/median nerve entrapment syndrome (muscle injury) in the wrist
Cause
Decreased volume or increased pressure within the carpal tunnel
Pathological changes
Median nerve compression in the carpal tunnel
clinical manifestations
Pain and numbness in the thumb, index finger, and middle finger, sometimes accompanied by failure of thumb movement
Digital flexor tendon stenosing tenosynovitis/trigger finger/snap finger (muscle injury)
Cause
Inflammation of the tendon sheath caused by obstruction of the sliding movement of the digital flexor tendon at the origin of the fibrous sheath
Pathological changes
Tendon sheath inflammation
clinical manifestations
Pain, stiffness, and popping sound in the affected finger during flexion and extension activities
Interphalangeal joint sprain (muscle injury)
Cause
Under the action of external force, the interphalangeal joint exceeds the normal range of motion or exceeds the maximum load that the joint cord can withstand.
Pathological changes
Varying degrees of damage to the collateral ligaments, joint capsules, tendons and articular cartilage of the interphalangeal joints
clinical manifestations
Swelling around the interphalangeal joints, significant pain, and mobility impairment
Stage by symptoms
acute phase
pain
Persistent pain in the shoulder, mostly chronic pain that is lighter during the day and worse at night, is mostly localized to the anterolateral side of the shoulder joint and can extend to the insertion point of the deltoid muscle.
Restricted activities
Some people only feel discomfort and a sense of restraint in their shoulders. They cannot comb their hair or wash their face, and they cannot touch their backs with their hands on the affected side.
Chronic phase
pain
Shoulder pain gradually reduces or disappears
Restricted activities
The contracture and stiffness of the shoulder joint gradually worsens and becomes a "frozen state", with limited movement in all directions.
duration
Longer, usually 2-3 months
recovery period
pain
The shoulder pain has basically disappeared and the shoulder joints have gradually relaxed.
mobility
Gradually increase, external rotation is restored first, followed by abduction and internal rotation
recovery time
It is related to the time between acute phase and chronic phase, ranging from 1 to 2 months to several years.
Staged by development process
inflammatory phase
Pathological changes
Local congestion, inflammatory exudation, and obvious edema
pain
severe
Restricted activities
Active movement is obviously restricted, passive movement is not obvious
adhesion period
Pathological changes
Extensive adhesions of the joint capsule and surrounding soft tissues
pain
Significantly lessened
Restricted activities
Joint movement dysfunction, active and passive limitations
Muscle atrophy period
As time passes, disabling muscle atrophy occurs. The deltoid and supraspinatus muscles are obviously atrophied