MindMap Gallery Pathophysiology-Hypoxia
This is a mind map about pathophysiology - hypoxia, oxygen supply!/Oxygen use disorder - the pathological process of changes in metabolism, function, and morphological structure.
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This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
hypoxia
Note
↑
increase/expand/activate/promote
↓
reduce/shrink/suppress
-
No change/little change
concept
Oxygen supply↓/Oxygen use disorder-pathological process of changes in metabolism, function, and morphological structure
blood oxygen index
Blood oxygen partial pressure PO2
physically dissolved blood oxygen tension
Arterial blood oxygen partial pressure PaO2 (100mmHg) - depends on inspired oxygen partial pressure and lung function
Venous blood pressure partial pressure PvO2 (40) - reflects tissue oxygen uptake
Oxygen partial pressure difference - reflects the driving force of O2 diffusion
Blood oxygen capacity CO2max
The maximum oxygen carrying capacity of 100ml of blood (20ml/dl)
Blood oxygen content CO2
The actual oxygen carrying capacity of 100ml of blood
Arterial blood oxygen content CaO2 (19ml/dl)
Venous blood oxygen content CvO2 (14)
Arterial-venous oxygen content difference CaO2-CvO2 (5) - reflects tissue oxygen uptake
Hemoglobin oxygen saturation SO2
Oxygenated Hb/Total Hb≈CO2/CO2max
Arterial oxygen saturation SaO2 (95-98%)
Venous oxygen saturation SvO2 (70-75%)
oxygen dissociation curve
SO2 mainly depends on PO2-S-shaped curve
P50 - partial pressure of oxygen when blood oxygen saturation is 50% - reflects affinity
When blood oxygen saturation is constant, oxygen partial pressure is high and affinity is low.
H↑, T↑, PCO2↑, 2,3-DPG↑-curve shifts to the right-P50↑, affinity ↓, release O2↑
type
Insufficient oxygen supply
Hypotonic hypoxia (hypoxic hypoxia)
concept
PaO2↓-insufficient oxygen supply to arterial blood
reason
Inhaled gas PO2↓
External respiratory dysfunction (ventilation, ventilation)
venous reflux
blood oxygen changes
PaO2↓, blood oxygen capacity-, blood oxygen content↓, blood oxygen content difference↓, SaO2↓
chronic hypoxia
Red c, Hb↑-blood oxygen capacity↑
Tissue oxygen use↑-blood oxygen content difference remains unchanged
Cyanosis
Deoxygenated hemoglobin>50g/l-bruising of skin and mucous membranes
Blood hypoxia (isotonic hypoxia)
concept
Hb quantity↓/denaturation-oxygen carrying/oxygen releasing↓
reason
Hb↓
Anemia - pale skin and mucous membranes
CO poisoning (carboxyhemoglobinaemia) - cherry color of skin and mucous membranes
Intestinal nitrate->nitrite->methemoglobinemia (enterogenic cyanosis) - brown color of skin and mucosa
Blood oxygen affinity↑
Transfusion of stored blood/alkaline solution
blood oxygen changes
PaO2-, blood oxygen capacity ↓, blood oxygen content ↓, blood oxygen content difference ↓, SaO2-
Carbon oxygen, hyperferremia-blood oxygen capacity-, SaO2↓
Cyclic hypoxia (hypodynamic hypoxia)
concept
Tissue blood flow↓-insufficient oxygen supply
AInsufficient blood flow-ischemic hypoxia
V reflux disorder-congestive hypoxia
reason
systemic circulatory disorder
heart failure, shock
local circulatory disorder
thrombus
blood oxygen changes
PaO2-, blood oxygen capacity-, blood oxygen content-, oxygen content difference↑, SaO2-
Circulation disorder - time for blood to flow through capillaries ↑ - continuous oxygen uptake by tissues, CO2 ↑ shifts the curve to the right - difference in oxygen content ↑
oxygen impairment
organizational hypoxia
concept
Tissue oxygen impairment-hypoxia
reason
Drugs inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation-cyanide
Respiratory enzyme synthesis↓
mitochondrial damage
blood oxygen changes
PaO2-, blood oxygen capacity-, blood oxygen content-, oxygen content difference↓, SaO2-
Compensation and Impairment
respiratory system
compensation
Acute-PaO2<60-deep and fast breathing
Chronic-Peripheral Allelopathy Sensitivity to Hypoxia↓
Entering the plateau - pulmonary ventilation ↑ - peaking in 4-7 days - staying for a long time ↓
Early stage
PaO2↓-deep and fast breathing-hyperventilation-hypocapnia, respiratory alkali-respiratory depression (offset)
4-7 days
The kidneys excrete HCO3 - ventilation reaches its peak
Live for a long time
Peripheral allelopathic sensitivity to hypoxia↓
decompensation
high altitude pulmonary edema
Plains-quickly enter >2500m plateau
Pulmonary A↓-Pulmonary A pressure↑-Intracapillary pressure↑-Macromolecule extravasation
Vascular endothelial permeability↑
Peripheral blood vessels↓-cardiac blood return volume, pulmonary blood flow↑
Impaired lung water clearance (alveolar epithelium)
PaO2<30-respiratory center↓-respiratory failure
Teochew breathing (Chen-Shi breathing) - alternating between crescendo and decrescendo
Apneas (Bio's respirations) - strong breaths followed by alternating pauses in breathing
circulatory system
compensation
Heart-Positive Effect-Cardiac Output↑
Decompensation-PaO2↓↓-negative effect
Heart rate↓-arrhythmia
Myocardial contractility↓
Blood volume returned↓
Cardiac output↓
Lungs-blood vessels↓
Maintain ventilation-to-blood flow ratio
hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
Vascular smooth muscle-Kv opening↓-membrane depolarization-Kca opening↑
Potassium channel Kv, calcium channel Kca
Mitochondrial function↓-Reactive oxygen species ROS↑-Kv opening↓, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release↑
Vasoconstrictor substances ↑, vasodilator substances ↓
αR Density↑-Sympathy↑
Decompensation - pulmonary hypertension
K outflow↓, Ca influx↑-SMC shrinks and proliferates
ROS-SMC shrinks and proliferates
Vasoconstrictor substances-SMC, Fb proliferation↑, extracellular matrix deposition↑
Blood vessels persist↓-skeletal stress changes-proliferation↑
Redistribution of blood flow - heart and brain↑, skin, internal organs, skeletal muscles and kidneys↓
capillary proliferation
blood system
compensation
EPO↑-RBC, Hb↑
2,3-DPG↑-curve shifts to the right
Glycolysis↑-Generation↑; Hyperventilation-PH↑-Decomposition↓
decompensation
RBC excess↑-blood viscosity-blood flow resistance↑-afterload↑
Central Nervous System
decompensation
high altitude cerebral edema
Cerebral blood vessels↑-hydrostatic pressure↑-external leakage↑
Endothelial damage-permeability↑-external leakage↑
Brain energy metabolism disorder-ATP↓-Na pump disorder-sodium and water retention
tissue cells
compensation
Cell oxygen capacity↑
Mitochondria↑
Anaerobic glycolysis↑
Oxygen carrying protein↑
Myoglobin↑
hypometabolic state
decompensation
cell membrane damage
Mitochondria
lysosome