Start mark: 1640 Charles I reconvenes Parliament

Intent on restoring the Stuart dynasty

1689 Bill of Rights

1. Promotion of the capitalist system: The establishment of the capitalist system provided a powerful impetus for the development of machine production and factory systems.

2. Integration of urbanization and industrialization: With the popularization of machine production, a large number of farmers poured into cities, forming industrial cities, which promoted the deep integration of urbanization and industrialization.

Beginning mark: 1765 Hargreaves invented the ‘Jenny machine’

Watt's improved steam engine in the mid-18th century

1825 Stephenson invented the steam locomotive --- Railway Age

At the same time, July 14, 1789, was designated as France’s National Day.

1791 The constitution was enacted to establish a constitutional monarchy.

Climax: The Jacobins led by Robespierre

The Napoleonic Code was established in 1804

Root cause: British colonial rule

The first programmatic document to clearly state the political demands of the bourgeoisie in the name of the country

1. The founding of the United States on July 4, 1776, declared the independence of the United States, marking the initial establishment of the capitalist system in North America.

2. The Declaration of Independence emphasized the principles of natural human rights, freedom and equality, laying the foundation for the development of the American capitalist system.

3. In 1783, Washington led the Continental Army to victory at the Battle of Yorktown, officially declaring the end of the American War of Independence.

4. After the Revolutionary War, the United States implemented a federal system to strengthen centralization and promote the further development of the capitalist system.

1. The capitalist system was initially established: The Industrial Revolution promoted the rapid development of productive forces, the feudal society gradually collapsed, and the capitalist system was gradually established in various European countries.

2. The birth of Marxism: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels created the Marxist theoretical system based on absorbing the ideas of their predecessors.

3. The rise of the international communist movement: In the mid-19th century, Marxism was introduced into Russia, China and other countries, triggering the birth of a series of international communist movements.

4. Paris Commune: In 1871, the working class in Paris, France launched an uprising in an attempt to establish proletarian power, marking the initial attempt of the international communist movement.

5. October Revolution: In 1917, the October Revolution broke out in Russia. The Bolshevik Party led the working class to overthrow the bourgeois provisional government and established the world's first socialist country.

6. Second International: In 1889, international socialists held the founding conference of the Second International in Paris, aiming to strengthen the unity and cooperation of the international communist movement.