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MindMap Gallery environment and health
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environment and health
The environment and health content of preventive medicine and hygiene summarizes air environment and health, indoor environment and health, drinking water and health, soil and health, etc.
Edited at 2024-01-19 17:12:08
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
environment and health
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
environment and health
Air environment and health
properties of air
physical properties of air
The physical properties of air include solar radiation (ultraviolet), air ions (negative oxygen ions, superoxide ions) and meteorological factors (temperature, humidity, air flow, air pressure)
chemical properties of air
Air is a colorless, odorless and tasteless mixed gas. The composition is almost constant
biological properties of air
There are generally no natural microorganisms in the air
air pollution
Concept: Due to man-made or natural reasons, the air contains one or more pollutants and reaches a certain concentration, exceeding its self-purification ability and causing adverse effects on humans, animals and plants.
Source: production, traffic and domestic pollution
Factors affecting air pollution levels
Emissions of pollution sources: emission volume, emission height, distance from pollution sources
Meteorological factors: wind, temperature, air pressure, humidity
Terrain: mountains and valleys, land and water, urban heat islands
Health hazards of air pollution
direct harm
acute poisoning
chronic inflammation
Long-term inhalation of air pollutants can cause chronic inflammation of the eyes and respiratory system
allergy
carcinogenesis
Teratogenicity
Frequent non-specific diseases
indirect harm
greenhouse effect
CO2 in the atmosphere has the function of absorbing and insulating heat, preventing the heat from solar radiation reaching the earth from dissipating to outer space. As a result, the earth's surface heats up.
acid rain
Acidic precipitation with a pH value less than 5.6, including all precipitation such as rain, snow, hail, fog, etc.
The main reason for the formation of acid rain is that SO2, NOX and other pollutants in the atmosphere are dissolved in water vapor and are oxidized and condensed.
Destroying the stratospheric ozone layer
Causes an increase in the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface
Common air pollutants
SO2
Water-soluble irritating gases (fossil fuels, non-ferrous metal smelting, etc.)
(1) Irritation to eyes and respiratory mucosa.
(2) Stimulate the peripheral nerve receptors in the smooth muscle of the upper respiratory tract to cause reflex contraction, narrowing the respiratory tract lumen and causing inflammation.
(3) SO2 and smoke have a combined effect, increasing toxicity.
(4) H2SO3 aerosol can enter the deep part of the lungs and cause COPD
Nox
Kerosene and heavy oil combustion
(1) Causes increased respiratory resistance, weakened ciliary movement, and reduced phagocytic capacity of lung phagocytes. (2) NO2 entering the deep respiratory tract can dissolve in liquid to form nitrous acid and nitric acid, which can strongly stimulate and corrode lung tissue, leading to pulmonary edema. (3)NOx and hydrocarbon compounds form photochemical smog under the action of ultraviolet light
particulates
Main factors affecting urban air quality
Total suspended particulate matter (TSP) particle size is <100μm
Respirable particulate matter particle size <10μm, also known as PM10
Fine particulate matter particle size <2.5μm, also known as PM2.5
Ultrafine particulate matter particle size <0.1μm, also known as PM0.1
Health hazards of particulate matter
(1) Adsorb harmful substances and enter the alveoli and blood circulation
(2) Toxic to the central nervous system and embryos
(3) Damage to the cardiovascular system, nervous system and immune system
(4) A class of carcinogens
Ozone (O3)
Source: The product of the photochemical reaction of nitrogen oxides and carbon oxides in automobile exhaust (indicator of photochemical smog)
Hazards: Irritate the respiratory tract, causing sore throat, chest tightness and cough, bronchitis, emphysema, etc.; damage the nervous system, causing headaches, dizziness, vision loss, memory loss, etc.; damage the skin; damage the immune system, etc.
Indoor environment and health
Indoor microclimate (living environment): Due to the effects of the walls, roofs, floors, doors and windows of the building, an indoor climate that is different from the outdoor climate is formed.
Includes four indicators: temperature, humidity, airflow, and thermal radiation
sources of indoor air pollution
outdoor source
Indoor sources
(1) Fuel burning, cooking fumes, etc. (2) Human physiological activities (3) Cigarette smoke (4) Indoor building decoration materials and furniture
Health hazards of indoor air pollution
Causes toxic diseases, CO causes acute poisoning, formaldehyde causes liver function and lung function abnormalities
Inducing cancer, the carcinogenic effects of formaldehyde and benzo(a)pyrene
Cause allergic diseases, dust mites, formaldehyde, pollen cause allergic reactions
Infectious diseases. Bacteria and viruses in the air can cause infectious diseases such as influenza; Legionella pneumophila in air-conditioning cooling water can cause Legionnaires’ disease.
Causes sick building syndrome
causing air conditioning syndrome
CO health hazards
Sources: household cooking and fuel burning, as well as human activities such as smoking; outdoor industrial waste gas, vehicle exhaust.
Hazards: Formation of carboxyhemoglobin, inducing cardiovascular disease, and even death from poisoning
Formaldehyde health hazards
Source: building decoration materials, urea-formaldehyde resin, phenolic resin as adhesive
Hazards: Strongly irritating to mucous membranes; causing allergic reactions, mainly allergic asthma; genetic mutations, chromosomal damage, and carcinogenesis
Hazards of total volatile organic compounds
TVOC is a general name for a class of organic compounds, generally a general name for compounds in organic matter that have a boiling point of 50-260°C and can produce organic vapor. Common ones include benzene, toluene, xylene, dichlorobenzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, vinyl chloride, etc.
Source: Mainly from building materials, interior decoration materials, office supplies and daily necessities.
Hazards: Odor and discomfort, irritation, allergic reactions, local tissue inflammatory reactions and neurotoxic effects.
Health hazards of noise
source:
1 Traffic noise
2 Industrial noise
3 Construction noise
4 life noise
harm:
1 The impact of noise on sleep and rest
2 The impact of noise on hearing
3 Impact of noise on work
4 Other effects of noise on health
Drinking water and health
Water resources: The amount of water in global water bodies available for human survival and development/the amount of fresh water that can be renewed year by year
water pollution
Concept: Due to natural factors or human activities, the pollutants entering the water exceed the self-purification capacity of the water body, resulting in changes in the physical and chemical properties of natural water and water ecosystems, thus affecting the use value of water, causing water quality to deteriorate, and affecting human health. Phenomena that harm or damage the ecological environment
source
industrial pollution sources Agricultural pollution sources Domestic pollution sources
The harm of water pollution to human health
Biological pollution: causing water-borne infectious diseases
chemical pollution
cyanide
Source: Industrial wastewater from coking, electroplating, mineral processing, steel heat treatment, precious metal refining, dyes, chemicals, medicine and plastics can cause water pollution.
Harm: headache, dizziness, palpitations and other symptoms. Cyanide taken into the body can react with thiosulfate to form thiocyanide and accumulate excessively in the body, which can inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormones, cause hypothyroidism, and cause thyroid hyperplasia and enlargement.
Mercury and Methylmercury
Source: Mercury ore smelting, chemical industry, instrumentation
cadmium
Source: soil cadmium, cadmium-containing industrial wastewater.
Harm: Accumulate in liver and kidney tissue, damage renal tubules; hinder bone metabolism, cause osteoporosis, atrophy, and deformation
phenol
Sources of pollution: Industrial wastewater from coking plants, gas plants, chemical plants, pharmaceutical plants, refineries, synthetic fiber plants, dye plants, etc.
Health hazards: acute poisoning, excessive sweating, pulmonary edema, difficulty swallowing, liver and hematopoietic system damage symptoms, dark urine, etc. Phenolic compounds interfere with endocrine function
PCBs
Health hazards: PCBs have estrogen-like effects and can interfere with the body's endocrine function. Human exposure to PCBs can impair immune function. Symptoms of poisoning include rash, pigmentation, edema, weakness, vomiting, etc. It has been confirmed that PCBs can enter the fetus through the placental barrier.
Source: PCBs are commonly used in industry as extenders, insulating agents, high-temperature lubricants, rubber softeners and paint additives. If it is discharged without treatment, it can cause water pollution.
physical pollution
Radioactive pollution: radiation damage, induced diseases; carcinogenesis and teratogenesis
Thermal pollution of water bodies
Measures to ensure the hygiene of drinking water
Water source water selection: deep groundwater, spring water, shallow groundwater. Surface water selection sequence: river water, lake water, reservoir water, pond water
When selecting centralized water supply sources, consider: sufficient water quantity, good water quality, easy protection, and technical and economic rationality
Protection of water sources: sanitary protective tape, no pollution sources around
water quality treatment
Coagulation and sedimentation: add coagulant Filtration: quartz sand, etc. Disinfection: chlorination disinfection method, etc. (normal, excessive, continuous chlorination disinfection method)
Safe delivery of water
Sanitary protection of water distribution pipe network system Sanitary protection of secondary water supply (high-rise water tanks, water towers) Drinking water hygiene supervision and management
soil and health
Soil is a fertile, loose layer on the land surface suitable for plant growth. It is formed by the long-term weathering of rocks in the earth's crust and the action of microbiology.
effect
Soil is the link between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere;
The central link between the inorganic and organic worlds;
The core of terrestrial ecosystems and the head of their food chains;
Containment and disposal sites for many toxic and hazardous wastes
hygienic significance
soil composition
Soil solid phase: soil particles (90% parent rock), organic matter and microorganisms;
Soil liquid phase: mainly soil moisture, including solid water, liquid water and water vapor;
Soil gas phase: It is the mixed gas in the soil pores and is an essential factor for the growth and development of animals, plants and soil microorganisms.
soil characteristics
Complexity of composition: The parent rock, weather and climate are different, and the composition and morphological characteristics of the soil are also different.
High microbial content: Soil microorganisms are the most primitive organisms in the soil
Complex colloid system: organic colloids based on humus and inorganic colloids of clay minerals, with strong adsorption
Background value and environmental capacity: The background value of elements in the soil is also called the background value, which refers to the content of various elements in the unpolluted natural soil in the area.
Diversity of health effects of soil pollutants: Most of the harm caused by harmful substances in soil to the biosphere enters plants from the soil through indirect pathways or seeps into groundwater and surface water, and then enters the food chain.
Soil pollution
Concept: Harmful substances produced by human production and living activities enter the soil and accumulate to a certain extent, exceeding the self-purification capacity of the soil, causing soil deterioration, affecting the growth and development of crops, and directly or indirectly endangering the health of humans and animals.
primary source
Agricultural pollution: pesticide and fertilizer pollution;
Industrial and traffic pollution: industrial "three wastes" and motor vehicle exhaust pollution;
Domestic pollution: human and animal feces, domestic garbage and domestic sewage, etc.;
Disaster pollution: heavy metals and radioactive substances;
E-waste: waste of electronic and electrical products
type
Water pollution: soil pollution through sewage irrigation, mainly including untreated industrial wastewater, domestic sewage, and hospital sewage, which are discharged into the soil to cause soil pollution.
Solid waste pollution: Industrial waste, domestic waste, sludge from sewage treatment plants, pesticides and chemical fertilizers are directly discarded into the soil, or are unreasonably piled, etc., and pollute the soil after being leached by water.
Gas-type pollution: Pollutants come from atmospheric fallout. The main pollutants are acid rain, lead, cadmium, arsenic, fluorine, etc.
Features
Concealment: Compared with air and water pollution, soil pollution is difficult to detect (productivity remains despite pollution).
Accumulative: difficult to spread and dilute
Long-term and irreversible harm: Once certain pollutants enter the soil, they are difficult or even impossible to decompose.
Inhomogeneity: large spatial differences
Soil pollution self-purification
Self-purification of soil pollution refers to the process in which the soil itself reduces or even disappears the concentration of soil pollutants through adsorption, decomposition, migration, transformation, etc.
Adsorption and filtration of soil, purification of organic matter, death of pathogens due to unsuitability, migration and transformation of harmful substances, etc.
health effects
Ways of entry into the body
Soil - plants - human body Soil - water - human body soil - air - human body
Health hazards of soil pollution
biological contamination
Source: human and animal feces without harmless treatment, hospital, industrial and domestic sewage
harm
Causes intestinal infectious and parasitic diseases: causes leptospirosis and anthrax Causes tetanus and botulism
chemical pollution
Heavy metal pollution Cadmium and Itai-Itai disease, lead pollution, thallium pollution, etc. Pesticide pollution
Soil health protection measures
1. Harmless treatment of feces and garbage 2. Treatment of industrial waste 3. Sewage treatment 4. Use pesticides and fertilizers rationally