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people and environment
The content of preventive medicine and hygiene on people and the environment summarizes the impact of environmental pollution on health, environment and population health, etc. Hope this helps!
Edited at 2024-01-19 17:04:35
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
people and environment
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
people and environment
Environment and Population Health
environment
Physical environment - natural environment
Ecosystem: a stable system composed of biological communities and their environments within a certain spatial range, with the help of various functional flows (material flow, energy flow, species flow and information flow)
ecological balance
Between the producers, consumers and decomposers in the ecosystem, between the biological community and the abiotic environment, the output and input of matter and energy, the biological populations and quantities, and the proportions between the numbers of various groups, they are always maintained a dynamic equilibrium relationship
Ecological balance is the ecological basis of human health
Factors affecting ecological balance: natural factors, human factors
Characteristics of the physical environment
Wholeness
Interdependence, mutual influence, mutual connection
regional
Natural focal diseases and geochemical diseases
variability
Natural effects, biological effects, human activities
bioconcentration
food web
Living things exchange materials and energy with each other in a chain-like relationship in the form of food. Various food chains intersect with each other in the ecosystem to form a food web
effect
The food chain plays an important role in maintaining ecological balance
Concept: Also known as bioconcentration, a process in which an organism absorbs a certain element with a low concentration or a compound that is not easily decomposed from the surrounding environment and gradually accumulates it, so that the concentration of the element or compound in the organism exceeds the concentration in the environment.
Necessary conditions for bioaccumulation
Easily absorbed by various organisms
Difficult to be broken down and excreted in the body
When this substance gradually accumulates, it will not cause fatal harm to living organisms.
through the food chain
relationship between man and environment
The unity of opposites between human beings and the material environment
Exchange of matter and energy with the environment through metabolism, thereby achieving the physical unity of man and the environment
The bidirectional relationship between humans and the physical environment
The duality of the impact of the physical environment on human health
The role of a good physical environment in promoting human health
The harmful effects of poor physical environment on human health
The relationship between social environment and human health
People are not only the sole determiners of social environmental factors, but also the objects of influence of social environmental factors.
The social system, social economy and social culture factors in the social environment mainly affect human physiology, psychology and social adaptability, directly or indirectly affecting human health.
Non-physical environment - social environment
Effects of environmental pollution on health
Environmental pollution: Human-made or natural causes, harmful substances or factors enter the environment, causing changes in the composition and properties of the environment, and spreading, migrating, and transforming in the environment, thereby causing changes in the structure and function of the environment, causing harm to humans or other organisms. Phenomena that have direct, indirect or potentially harmful effects on survival and development
environmental pollutants
Harmful substances that enter the environment and cause environmental pollution
Sources of environmental pollutants
Production pollution sources: industrial wastes, agricultural pollution
Domestic pollution sources: feces, sewage, garbage, waste gas
Transportation pollution sources: noise, vibration, exhaust gas
Other sources of pollution: radiation, natural disasters
The fate of environmental pollutants
migrate
Refers to the relative movement process of pollutants in the spatial position in the environment.
Features: Gradient, extensive, multi-directional
Biotransformation
Environmental chemicals that enter the organism participate in the body's inherent complex processes in body fluids or tissues, causing a series of changes in its own chemical structure.
Biological detoxification and biological activation (benzopyrene)
self-purification
After pollutants enter the environment, under the action of natural physical, chemical or biological factors, after a certain period of time, the concentration of pollutants in the environment gradually decreases and the harm gradually decreases
The self-purification ability of the environment depends on the structure and state of the environment and the nature and quantity of pollutants.
Way
Physical purification: dilution, sedimentation, adsorption, evaporation, sublimation, etc.
Chemical purification: oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, neutralization
Biological purification: absorption, decomposition or degradation, transformation
pollutants in the body
absorb
via digestive tract
Main absorption pathways of harmful substances in water and food
Features
Any part of the digestive tract has the ability to absorb, and the small intestine is the main absorption site of pollutants;
Mainly by diffusion, it can also be transported by carriers;
Can be repeatedly absorbed during enterohepatic circulation
Influencing factors
Fat solubility of pollutants, intestinal bacteria and intestinal motility status, etc.
via respiratory tract
Features: The total surface area of the alveoli is large, the walls are thin, the capillaries between the alveoli are abundant, and the permeability is strong. Pollutants absorbed through the respiratory tract do not undergo transformation and detoxification by the liver, but directly enter the blood circulation through the pulmonary circulation.
Influencing factors: partial pressure of pollutants in the air, solubility of pollutants, blood gas distribution coefficient and dispersion of pollutants in the air, human activity, ventilation, etc.
transdermal
Environmental pollutants are mainly absorbed through the epidermis and skin appendages
Features
Transdermal absorption requires passing through three barriers
Epidermal stratum corneum: the main barrier that prevents substances with a molecular weight >300 Da from entering. Connects the stratum corneum: blocks water, electrolytes, and water-soluble substances, and allows fat-soluble substances to pass through Basement membrane (between epidermis and dermis): blocks a few substances
Pollutants absorbed through the skin can be detoxified without going through the liver.
distributed
The process in which pollutants entering the body are dispersed to various tissues and organs throughout the body with the blood and lymph fluid
Factors affecting the distribution of pollutants in the body
period
Early stage: depends on the blood supply of different tissues and organs
Middle and late stages: affinity of pollutants to tissues and organs
The barrier function of specific parts of the body;
Certain chemical properties of the contaminant (e.g. fat solubility)
storage
target organs and reservoirs
The storage site is the toxic effect site of the chemical, and this site is the target organ or target tissue of the chemical.
Although the content of certain chemical substances is high in the storage site, it does not show obvious toxic effects. This site is the storage reservoir of the chemical.
accumulation
Substance accumulation: the gradual increase in the amount of poison stored in the body
Function/damage accumulation: After some poisons enter the body, modern detection technology cannot detect their original form or metabolites, but the damage caused by them gradually accumulates and may eventually lead to disease
Convert
A series of metabolic changes that occur when foreign compounds enter an organism, catalyzed by enzymes, are called biotransformation processes.
forms of biotransformation
Phase I reaction: oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis
Phase II reaction: binding
Main site of conversion (liver) and main enzymes
The conversion result is dual
Biological detoxification, biological activation
excretion
Excretion from the kidneys: The kidneys are the most important organ for excretion of environmental chemicals
Excretion from the digestive tract (hepatobiliary)
Excretion from respiratory tract
Other ways such as hair, saliva, breast milk, etc.
Common Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants
Poisons present in the environment are usually called environmental poisons
The toxicity of a chemical is often expressed in terms of the dose required to cause a certain toxic effect.
The smaller the dose of poison required to cause a certain toxic effect, the more toxic the poison is
safety limits
In order to protect the health of the population, it refers to the concentration and exposure time limits stipulated for various factors related to the health of the population in the living environment, occupational environment and various environmental media.
Below this value, it can be considered relatively safe
Health hazards of environmental pollution
Health Effects of Environmental Pathogens
environmental pathogenic factors
Concept: Environmental factors that can cause pathological changes in the human body
health effects spectrum
Treat a series of physiological, biochemical and pathological effects caused by environmental factors as a continuous process
biomarkers
Indicators of key events occurring in an organism that are related to pathogenesis are any measurable macroscopic or microscopic changes caused by exposure to various environmental factors.
Biomarkers are an important basis for predicting the early harm of environmental pollutants to human health and formulating various safety limits.
Main manifestations of hazards
1. Acute hazards 2. Chronic harm 3. Carcinogenesis 4. Teratogenic effects 5. Mutagenic effect 6. Immunotoxic effects 7. Indirect harm
Hazard Characteristics
1. Extensiveness 2. Complexity 3. Diversity 4. Long term
Influencing factors of hazards
Internal factors (organism factors)
individual susceptibility
Susceptible groups: People who are particularly sensitive to environmental toxins at the same level of exposure
external factors
Contaminant dose or intensity
Dose: The amount of a chemical substance entering the body, generally expressed in mg/kg
Intensity: the intensity of physical factors acting on the body, with different units (such as decibels, joules, etc.)
dose-response relationship
It refers to the biological changes of a certain biological individual, tissue or organ caused by exposure to a certain dose of chemicals. The degree of this change can be expressed in units of measurement, which is called the dose effect.
dose-response relationship
Indicates the relationship between the dose of a chemical and the frequency of occurrence of a certain intensity of biological effect in a certain biological group, generally expressed in terms of incidence rate
Elements or compounds that are toxic to humans
Three types of response curves: S-curve, parabola and straight line
Mainly to study and formulate its maximum allowable limit
Essential elements and compounds for the human body
V-shaped curve or U-shaped curve
Low-dose hormesis
Inverted U-shaped curve
Weak stimulation accelerates vitality, medium intensity stimulation promotes vitality,
Strong stimulation inhibits vitality, but strong stimulation can cause death.
Contaminant action time
Under certain dose or intensity conditions, the length of exposure (or contact) or the frequency of exposure has an important impact on the consequences of the action
envirnmental factor
Joint effect: The interaction of exposure to two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially on the body
Type of joint action
Additive effect: The combined effect of multiple chemicals is as strong as the individual effects of each sum of intensity
Synergy: The combined effect of two chemicals is much more powerful than over the sum of the action strengths of individual substances
Enhancement (synergistic effect): refers to a chemical that is not toxic to the body by itself, but another chemical that is toxic to the body. When both enter the body at the same time, the toxicity of the latter can be enhanced.
Antagonism: The toxic effects of multiple chemicals when present at the same time are less than the sum of the toxic effects of each chemical acting alone
Health Risk Assessment (HRA) of Environmental Pollutants
The process of collecting and using scientific data such as toxicological test data and population epidemiological data, and conducting a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the health hazards of environmental harmful factors on exposed populations according to certain evaluation criteria and technical routes.
Hazard identification exposure assessment Assessment of dose-response relationships Risk characteristic analysis