civil buildings

industrial building

agricultural buildings

Low-rise or multi-story civil buildings

high-rise civil buildings

super high-rise building

Massive buildings (large in volume and wide in scope) are closely related to life, such as: residences, schools, shops, hospitals (buying a house for the weak)

Large buildings (large scale) such as: large stadiums, large theaters, large railway stations, airports, large exhibition halls, etc.

Flat roof height---from the outdoor design floor to the top of the parapet. If there is no parapet, it is calculated based on the top of the roof cornice.

Slope roof height---height of cornice and ridge, cornice: the lowest height from the outdoor design floor to the roof cornice or the lowest height of the sloped roof; ridge: the height from the outdoor design floor to the roof ridge

Various types of roofs---calculate the maximum value according to the above method.

Buildings subject to height control zones (whatever height counts)

Buildings without height control

Vertical and lateral loads

Shielding from harsh external weather, sound insulation, safety and privacy: roofs, exterior walls, doors, windows

Drainage system, power supply system, heating and ventilation system

Strong power system: electricity, lighting

Weak current system: communication, information, detection, alarm

1. Safety (guaranteed no damage or collapse) 2. Applicability (guaranteed no deformation - no displacement, no cracks) 3. Durability (meeting various requirements within the expected service life)

Security Level Level 1---very serious Level 2---severe Level 3---not serious

Design life 5 years---temporary building structures 50 years---ordinary houses and structures 100 years---a particularly important architectural structure

Environmental Category Name Deterioration Mechanism I General environment Carbonization of protective layer concrete causes corrosion of steel bars II Freeze-thaw environment: Concrete damage caused by repeated freezing and thawing III Marine chloride environment Chloride salt causes corrosion of steel bars IV De-icing salt and other chloride environments Chlorine salt causes corrosion of steel bars V Chemical corrosive environment Corrosion of concrete by sulfates, etc.

The concrete strength grade with a designed service life of 50 years and 100 years is not less than C25 and C30 Large-section concrete piers: On the premise of increasing the thickness of the reinforced concrete protective layer, the thickness shall not be lower than C20 and C25 in 50 and 100 years.

Prestressed floor concrete: not less than C30 Concrete for other prestressed components: not less than C40

Thickness of protective layer of components in direct contact with soil: ≥70mm

Mixed structure: The floor and roof adopt reinforced concrete or steel-wood structure, and the wall columns adopt masonry structure (residential buildings, office buildings, and teaching buildings). Residential buildings are most suitable for hybrid structures, generally below 6 floors.

Frame structure: A frame structure composed of beams and columns in both vertical and horizontal directions (public buildings, industrial plants), with flexible, larger building space and convenient facades. Disadvantages: The lateral stiffness is small, and the number of layers is too large, resulting in excessive lateral movement, which can easily cause damage to non-structural components (partition walls, decorations) and affect their use.

Shear wall structure: large lateral stiffness, small lateral movement under horizontal load Disadvantages: small spacing, inflexible structure, heavy weight, not suitable for large-space public buildings

Frame shear wall structure: It has the advantages of flexible frame structure layout, large space, and large lateral stiffness. The shear wall bears horizontal loads, and the vertical load is borne by the frame. It can be applied to buildings no more than 170m high.

Tube structure: the most effective structural system to resist horizontal loads. Frame - core tube structure, tube-in-tube structure and multi-tube structure, suitable for buildings with a height not exceeding 300m

Truss (heng) structure: a structure composed of rods Rods with smaller cross-sections can be used to form components with larger cross-sections

Flat plate grid structure: cross truss system and pyramid system. The pyramid system has more reasonable stress and greater stiffness.

Arch structure: An arch is a thrust structure, and the internal force is axial pressure.

Suspension structures: long-span structures, stadiums, exhibition halls, bridges

Two limit states Bearing capacity limit state (safety): limit state involving personal safety and structural safety Normal use limit state (applicability and durability): normal use functions, personnel comfort, building appearance

Load classification 1. Permanent effect (the value does not change with time during the use of the structure) --- Structural self-weight (for materials and components with large self-weight variations, the standard self-weight value is the upper limit when it is unfavorable to the structure, and the upper limit is taken when it is beneficial to the structure) value; the self-weight of permanent equipment with a fixed position adopts the nameplate weight value, if there is no nameplate, it is calculated based on the actual weight), earth pressure, and pre-stress; 2. Variable effects (the value changes with time during the design basis period) --- floor and roof live loads (the most unfavorable stacking situation), crane loads, snow loads (basically 50-year return period, 100 years for sensitive structures) Return period), ice load, wind load; 3. Accidental effects (may occur, but once they occur, the value is very large, and the duration is short) --- explosion force, impact force, fire, earthquake.

Concrete structure: meet load-bearing capacity, stiffness and ductility (rigid, strong and ductile) Power cycle---fatigue bearing capacity verification

Masonry structure: On-site quality management level, mortar and concrete quality control, mortar mixing process, and masonry worker technology (four elements) are rated ABC three levels from high to low (50-year-old masonry structures are grade A or B) Climate and environmental requirements: dry environment, humid environment, freeze-thaw environment, chlorine erosion environment, chemical erosion environment (five categories)

Steel structure: strength, stability, stiffness Fire resistance calculation and fire protection design: fire resistance limit, fire protection measures

Earthquake resistant

Features: 1. Fast construction speed, short construction period, conducive to winter construction 2. Finalized template plane construction: high production efficiency, good product quality, safety and environmental protection, and effective cost reduction 3. The one-time molding or molding process highly integrates the special requirements of insulation, decoration, and door and window accessories, reducing material loss and construction procedures. 4. Due to the high requirements for technical management capabilities and engineering practical experience of practitioners, early planning (construction schedule plan, component standardization in-depth design and resource optimization allocation plan)

Advantages: standardization of architectural design, factory-based parts production, on-site construction and assembly, integration of structural decoration, and informatization of the construction process 1. Ensure project quality 2. Reduce safety hazards 3. Improve production efficiency 4. Reduce labor costs 5. Save energy, protect the environment and reduce pollution 6. Modular design to extend building life.

Outdoor evacuation stairs and exit platforms on each floor - non-combustible materials, fire resistance limit ≥ 1h, fire resistance limit of stair sections ≥ 0.25h (15min), evacuation doors should not face the stair sections, and the evacuation exit door is 1.40m inside and outside the door. There are no steps, it must open outwards, and there should be no thresholds.

Minimum clear width of stairs (hospital ward floor: 1.30m, residential: 1.10m, others: 1.20m)

Spiral stairs and fan-shaped steps should not be used for evacuation stairs and evacuation passages. If they must be used, the plane angle formed by the upper and lower steps should be ≤10°, and the step depth at 25cm from the handrail of each step should be ≥22cm.

The width of each flow of people is 0.55m, and the minimum clear width of a public staircase should not be less than the width of two flows of people.

Changing the direction of the stair section: the minimum width of the rest platform should not be less than the net width of the stair section, and should not be less than 1.2m; when there is a solid wall in the middle, the clear width of the platform at the turning end of the handrail should not be less than 1.30m, and the width of the middle platform of the straight staircase should not be less than 0.90 m

Range of steps for each stair section (generally no more than 18 steps, no less than 2 steps)

The clear height of the upper and lower aisles on the stair platform is ≥2m, and the clear height of the stairs is ≥2.2m.

Public stairs should be equipped with handrails on no less than one side. When the width reaches 3 streams of people, handrails should be installed on both sides. The handrail height of indoor stairs should be ≥0.9m measured from the front line of the steps. When the length of the railings in the horizontal section of the stairs is >0.5m, the handrail height should be > 1.05m

Stairs in kindergartens, primary and secondary schools: minimum width 0.26, maximum height 0.15 Vertical transportation public buildings and non-residential buildings with stairs as the mainstay: minimum width 0.26, maximum height 0.165 Residential public stairs, multi-story public buildings with elevators as the main vertical transportation, and high-rise podium stairs: minimum width 0.26, maximum height 0.175 Stairs in high-rise and super-high-rise buildings where elevators are the main vertical transportation: minimum width 0.25, maximum height 0.180

The height of cement mortar and stone and other waterproof materials applied to the foot binding area should be ≥700mm, and should form a closed moisture-proof system with the loose water and the horizontal moisture-proof layer of the wall.

Spreading water width: 600~1000mm Drainage slope: 3%~5%. When using concrete, expansion joints should be set between 20~30m. A seam should be set up between the water supply and the exterior wall: the seam width is 20~30mm, and the seam should be filled with expansion waterproof material

Vertical moisture-proof layer: when there is a height difference between the ground on both sides of the interior wall. Horizontal moisture-proof layer: inside the wall, higher than the outdoor floor, located in the middle of the dense material cushion of the indoor ground floor, 60mm below ±0.000 of the indoor floor.

Water dripping protrudes from the wall: The connection between the wall and the window frame must be caulked with elastic material to prevent wind and water penetration. Window lintels and exterior window sills should be dripped, protruding from the wall by ≥60mm

Exterior wall: thermal insulation, sound insulation, fireproof, waterproof, moisture-proof and anti-condensation Non-load-bearing walls: thermal insulation, singing, fireproof, waterproof, moisture-proof

Planted roofs should meet the planting load and be resistant to root punctures

Floor and floor: sound insulation, heat preservation, waterproof, fireproof, smooth paving, non-slip, wear-resistant, easy to clean Waterproof layer: toilet, bathroom, public kitchen, garbage room (floor, ground, open verandah, balcony floor

Internal insulation: Condensation is likely to occur on the floor near the exterior wall. Insulation should be provided above and below the floor.

Elastic damping materials are added to the joints between the floor and floor slabs and the walls to isolate vibration and sound transmission.

Kindergarten: nursery room, activity room, dormitory, music and sports activity room (warm, elastic floor)

Non-fire surface: Ordinary Portland cement ≥42.5

Door: function, energy saving requirements, regional climate; easy to open, safe to use, sturdy and durable Window: safe to open and use, convenient to open and close, easy to maintain and clean

Window sill protection: If the net height of civilian air window sills from the building floor is less than 0.80m, protective facilities should be installed. The protection height calculated from the floor of the building should not be less than 0.80m. For window sash opening to a public walkway, the bottom height should be ≥ 2m

Fire doors and fire windows: Level A 1.5h, Level B 1.0h, Level C 0.5h Fire door opening direction: open in the evacuation direction, automatically close, and can be opened manually from any side after closing

Fire doors near deformation joints: Set them on the side with more floors, and do not cross the deformation joint after opening the door.

Fire resistance limit of fireproof rolling shutter: ordinary steel type (single layer) 1.5-3.0h, steel composite type (double layer 2.0-4.0h) inorganic composite (various composite materials) 3.0-4.0h, inorganic composite lightweight (double layer) layer, no need for water curtain protection) 4.0h Opening and closing devices are set on both sides: automatic, manual and mechanical control functions

1. Attachment to the main body of the building 2. Thickness and layering, uniformity and smoothness of the decoration layer 3. Consistent with the stress and temperature changes of the main structure of the building 4. Provide a good physical building environment, ecological environment, indoor pollution-free environment, and color barrier-free environment 5. Fireproof, waterproof, moisture-proof, air-penetration-proof and anti-corrosion treatment

Decoration materials: structural materials, functional materials, decorative materials, auxiliary materials (four major categories) Connection method: bonding method, mechanical fixing method, welding method (three types)

Pasting project: 1. New concrete or plaster base wall; alkali-resistant sealing primer should be applied before puttingty. 2. Clean and evacuate the old decoration layer before pasting the old wall, and apply interface agent 3. The moisture content of the concrete and plaster base layer is ≤8%, and the moisture content of the wood base layer is ≤12%.

Painting project: 1. New concrete or plaster base wall; alkali-resistant sealing primer should be applied before puttingty. 2. Clean and evacuate the old decoration layer before pasting the old wall, and apply interface agent 3. When applying solvent-based coatings to the concrete and plastering layers, the moisture content should be ≤8%. When applying emulsion-based coatings, the moisture content should be ≤10%. The moisture content of the wood base layer should be ≤12%.