small molecule particles

Inorganic salts and undissociated urea and glucose

Na accounts for half, 98% electrolyte

Macromolecules＞30000

proteins, lipids

5/6 albumin provided, 25-28mmHg

The main substance that plays a osmotic role between ECF and ICF is inorganic salts

Na is the major determinant of ECF permeability

K mainly determines the permeability of ICF

Proteins cannot easily pass through capillary walls

Protein (especially albumin) is the main substance that infiltrates between plasma and ISF

Much water

solute shortage

solute loss

diuretics

Hyponatremia

hypoalbuminemia

water intoxication

The transfer of hypotonic body fluid from intravascular to extravascular and extracellular to intracellular causes tissue edema and intracellular edema.

Brain cell edema causes general weakness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, convulsions, and coma

Muscle spasmodic throbbing and tendon reflexes weaken or disappear

Palpitation, rapid pulse, orthostatic hypotension, circulatory failure

Actively treat the original disease

Limit water intake

Diuretics promote the elimination of water

Appropriately supplement the missing solutes to increase plasma osmotic concentration

Pure water lost

Insufficient water intake

hypotonic fluid loss

solute overload

hypernatremic hyperosmolaremia

hyperglycemic hyperosmolaremia

It is related to intracellular dehydration caused by hyperosmolaremia, which can lead to reduced blood volume and insufficient tissue perfusion.

Extremely thirsty

Dry skin and mucous membranes, chapped lips

trance, coma

General weakness, muscle weakness, tremors, and twitching

Cause treatment

Fluid replacement to correct hypovolemia and hyperosmolar states

Hyperglycemic hyperosmoemia restricts sugar intake and uses insulin

Correct electrolyte imbalance and hypokalemia

correct acidosis

PCO2 mainly reflects the respiratory status of the body, [HCO3-] mainly reflects the metabolic status of the body

The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations in plasma