MindMap Gallery Principles of Regulation Chapter 1 Cities and Urban Development
Principles of Notes Chapter 1: Cities and urban development, including the concept and connotation of cities, cities and villages, the formation and development rules of cities, urbanization and its development, etc.
Edited at 2024-01-17 17:31:27This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Chapter 1 Cities and Urban Development
Section 1 The concept and connotation of city
city concept
Cities were originally the product of political rule, military defense and commodity exchange.
Summarized as
Definition: It is the product of the third great division of labor in human society, with administrative and commercial activities as its basic functions.
Functional definition: The difference from rural areas lies in the specificity of functions. Cities are places where industrial and commercial activities gather and people live together.
Agglomeration definition: High density of population, buildings, wealth, and information is a common feature of cities
Regional definition: A city is a regional phenomenon that occupies a part of the earth's land and has the functions of controlling, adjusting and servicing its surroundings.
Landscape definition: characterized by man-made landscapes, including diversification of land use, diversification of architecture and diversification of space utilization
System definition: It is a complex and dynamically changing natural-social composite giant system.
Society has reached a consensus on the interpretation of cities
A city is a residential area where the non-agricultural population is concentrated and mainly engaged in non-agricultural production activities such as industry and commerce. It is the center of social, economic, and cultural activities within a certain geographical scope. It is a large system that organically combines various departments and elements inside and outside the city.
Basic characteristics of cities
The concept exists relative to rural areas
Taking element aggregation as the basic feature
dynamic and diverse
Systemic: including political, political, social, spatial environment and element flow subsystems
New types of urban areas today
metropolitan area
Concept: It is a combination of a large urban population core and adjacent regions with close socio-economic ties and integration tendencies. It is the basic regional unit for urban statistics and research in the world. It is the key to the development of urbanization to a higher level. The form of urban spatial organization produced during this stage.
The United States was the first to adopt the concept of metropolitan areas
metropolitan area
Proposed by French geographer Gottman, he believed that there are 6 metropolitan areas
①Metropolitan belt in the northeastern United States: from Boston to Washington via New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore
②Great Lakes Metropolitan Belt: from Chicago eastward through Detroit, Cleveland to Pittsburgh
③Japan’s Pacific coast metropolitan belt: from Tokyo and Yokohama through Nagoya and Osaka
④Metropolitan belt in England: from London to Manchester and Liverpool via Birmingham
⑤Northwestern Europe metropolitan belt: from Amsterdam to the Ruhr and the industrial agglomeration of northern France
⑥Dense urban areas centered on Shanghai
There are three more that may become metropolitan areas
①A complex composed of the two major cities of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo in Brazil.
② Centered on the Milan-Turin-Genoa triangle
③Los Angeles as the center
global urban areas
Based on economic ties, with global cities (or cities with global city functions) as the core, it is a unique spatial phenomenon formed by the expansion and union of global cities and secondary large and medium-sized cities with relatively strong economic strength in their hinterlands. It is a multi-core spatial structure with specialized internal connections that both cooperate and compete with each other.
Section 2 City and Countryside
Differences and connections between cities and rural areas
Differences from rural areas
1. Agglomeration scale
2.Production efficiency
3. Productivity structure
4. Functions
5.Material form
6. Cultural concepts
Connection with the countryside
material connection
economic ties
population movement link
Technical contact
social link
Service contact
Political and administrative organization contacts
Urban-rural division and organizational system
Division of urban and rural settlements
Drawing boundaries in a strictly scientific sense is no easy task because
1. There is a gradual change from city to countryside.
2. The city itself is the product of a certain historical stage.
my country's urban organizational system
my country’s city and town setting standards
①Population size: mega cities with 1 million people, large cities with 500,000-100,000 people, medium cities with 200,000 people, and small cities with less than 200,000 people.
②Political and economic status
Two basic characteristics of my country’s municipal system
①The municipal system is composed of multi-level organizations
Regional type
municipality
Provinces/autonomous regions are divided into districts and cities
Not divided into districts and cities (or municipalities under the jurisdiction of autonomous prefectures)
administrative level
provincial
Deputy provincial level
prefecture level
County level
eg: Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing It is 4 municipalities (provincial level), 25 sub-provincial cities, More than 280 prefecture-level cities, More than 370 county-level cities
②The municipal system has the duality of urban management and regional management
The overall current situation of urban and rural development in my country
The basic course of urban-rural relations
①1949-1978: Industrialization, "dual economy" system, urbanization process is slow, farmers provide agricultural and sideline products without entering the city, providing agricultural surplus products for industrial development.
②After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1978: Agricultural support for industry has not changed. Rural areas provide cheap labor, land resources, and direct investment by township and village enterprises to provide impetus for urban industrial development.
③ In recent years: urban and rural coordination and the construction of a new socialist countryside have become the main axis of urban and rural work in the new era. In 2005, agricultural taxes were withdrawn from the historical stage, and the government increased investment in agricultural construction.
Basic Current Situation of Urban-rural Differences
Our country is at a historical turning point from the urban-rural dual economic structure to the urban-rural integrated development stage.
1. “Dualization” of urban-rural structure
2. The income gap between urban and rural areas is widening.
3. Advantageous development resources are concentrated in one direction in cities.
4. The urban and rural public product supply system is seriously unbalanced: financial power is collected from the top and administrative power is delegated to the lower levels. The unbalanced distribution system determines the large gap in public services.
Scientific Outlook on Development and Urban and Rural Coordination
The fundamental purpose is to reverse the urban-rural dual structure
1. Coordinate urban and rural economic resources
2. Coordinate urban and rural political resources
3. Coordinate urban and rural social resources
Section 3 The formation and development rules of cities
Main causes of city formation and development
1. Natural resource development and protection
2. Scientific and technological revolution and innovation
3. Globalization and new economy
4. Urban cultural characteristics
Stages of urban development and their differences
1. Cities in agricultural societies
2. Cities in industrial societies
3. Cities in post-industrial society: with technology as the main body and high technology as the support for production and life
Basic laws and main influencing factors of the evolution of urban spatial environment
Basic rules
1. From a closed single center to an open multi-center space environment
2. From a flat space environment to a three-dimensional space environment
3. From productive urban space to living urban space: livable and high quality
4. From separated homogeneous urban space to continuous diverse urban space
factor
1. Natural environmental factors
2.Social and cultural factors
3. Economic and technical factors
4. Policy and institutional factors
Section 4 Urbanization and its Development
Basic concepts of urbanization
concept
"Visible urbanization": population concentration, changes in spatial form, and changes in economic and social structure
"Invisible urbanization": lifestyle, consciousness, behavioral methods, life attitude
In short, urbanization is a process in which agricultural population is transformed into non-agricultural population, rural area is transformed into urban area, and agricultural activities are transformed into non-agricultural activities. It may also be considered as a process of geographical concentration of non-agricultural population and activities in cities, as well as urban values, The process of diffusion of lifestyles in rural geography.
horizontal measure
Urbanization level/urbanization rate: PU (urbanization rate) = U (urban permanent population)/P (total regional population). In addition to quantitative indicators, we also need to look at quality indicators.
The mechanism and process of urbanization
mechanical machine
1. Agricultural surplus contribution
2. Promotion of industrialization
3. Comparative interests drive: push and pull forces
4. Promote institutional changes
5. Market mechanism orientation
6. The dual role of ecological environment induction and restriction
7. Urban and rural planning and regulation
stage
1. Stage of agglomeration urbanization
2. Suburbanization stage
3. Counter-urbanization stage
4. Re-urbanization stage
The process and current situation of urbanization in my country
course
①Start-up stage (1949-1957): Industry
② Fluctuating development stage (1958-1965): Violating objective laws and blindly expanding construction, a large number of people poured into the city, and policy adjustments were adopted to mobilize the urban population to return to their hometowns.
③ Stagnation stage (1966-1978): cadres are decentralized to rural areas, urban population declines, and scattered industrial layout makes it difficult to form agglomeration advantages to develop cities and towns.
④Rapid development stage (since 1979): after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
Typical pattern
① Urbanization model led by state-owned enterprises under the planned economy system: Panzhihua, Daqing, Anshan, Dongying, Karama
②In the period of commodity shortage, the urbanization model is dominated by the township collective economy.
③In the early stage of market economy, the urbanization model was dominated by decentralized household industries.
④Urbanization model dominated by foreign investment and mixed economy
Characteristics of current situation
has entered a stage of sustained, accelerated and healthy development
The transfer process from west to east is generally faster in the east than in the mid-west.
The development of regional central cities and dense urban areas is accelerating
Some cities are gradually becoming internationalized
development trend
The eastern coast is faster than the western inland, but the central and western regions will continue to accelerate
The diversified urbanization path with big cities as the main body will become the main choice for urbanization in my country.
Urban agglomerations, metropolitan areas, etc. will become important spatial units of urbanization
There is obvious social residential differentiation in some megacities.
The strategic significance of promoting healthy urbanization to national development
The Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee of China proposed the policy of urbanization in the new era
Section 5 The relationship between urban development and region, social economy and resources and environment
relationship with regional development
1. Region is the basis of urban development
2. Cities are the core of regional development
relationship with economic development
1. Basic economic sectors and non-basic economic sectors of the city
Basic economic departments are the driving force for urban development and promote the development of subordinate economic departments, thus forming a cyclical and cumulative iterative process, that is, a multiplier effect
2. Cities are the most important spatial carriers of modern economic development
relationship with social development
The city is a collection of social life and contradictions
A healthy social environment is an important driving force for urban development
Relationship with resources and environment
Resources and environment are the supports and constraints for urban development
A healthy urban development approach is conducive to the intensive use of resources and the environment