Any person in a communicative activity who performs any speech act must meet certain general validity requirements and it is assumed that they can be verified

truth of statement

legitimacy of speech

sincerity of expression

comprehensibility of expression

The relationship between the principle of validity of speech (or the principle of communicative rationality) and scientific principles (truth), ethical principles (goodness) and aesthetic principles (beauty) is the relationship between the whole and the parts, and the relationship between the universal and the individual.

Using it to measure reality not only reveals the ineffectiveness of the actual verbal communication process, but also leads to the revolutionary conclusion that these principles must be used to change reality

Habermas's discussion on the basis of effectiveness of speech is a profound manifestation of his promotion of social rationalization.

Agree with Weber's conclusion that the essence of modern social development and social modernization is rationalization, but he disagrees with Weber's reduction of rationalization to instrumental rationalization only.

It points to human progress, happiness, freedom and harmony, and advocates the development of science, promotion of culture and promotion of Enter production to achieve this complete spiritual direction;

It firmly believes in the rational ability of human beings and the universality and validity of logical thinking principles, Emphasis on the constructive guiding role of theoretical thinking in reality

It advocates that human behavior should be carried out in accordance with rational principles and value goals, and that different behavior should be followed in different fields of behavior. same rational principles and value goals. Truth, goodness and beauty are different norms and ultimate goals of social actions and communication behaviors at different levels

It has no definite time period, and its connotation continues to change with the changes of the times. Humanity should be prepared for this unfinished business Keep fighting for your career.

The system is not necessarily in equilibrium

Don’t be too optimistic about modern society and maintain a certain degree of criticality

The contingency and creativity of "action"

Trying to establish a general action theoretical framework through multi-faceted synthesis, it is proposed that action is an action process with multi-faceted attributes including means, purposes, norms, conditions, subjective efforts and other elements.

Action problems proceed along two basic dimensions

defect

Society can be described as an organic whole composed of internal parts and levels that are interconnected and mutually restrictive.

Most of them study social structure as an objective reality that is completely independent and beyond individual actions, and do not pay attention to the interaction between social action and social structure.

Strive to conduct research similar to traditional natural sciences

In fact, more emphasis is placed on the structural nature of action (that is, the aspect of action that is restricted by its structure), and the functional characteristics of the action structure (the action system is a "harmonious" system)

It distinguishes the two aspects of action and the environment of action, and points out that the AGIL four-function analysis model cannot be used to analyze the action itself, but should be used to analyze the environment of the action, which itself is also affected by the action and its consequences. It is the prerequisite for action and the product of specific action.

Introducing the concepts of interest groups, interest groups and their structures, and group conflicts in conflict theory into Parsons' framework

It is believed that the social operation process is a coordinated, desirable, balanced and "harmonious" process

A process in which all members of a social system coordinate and cooperate with each other and work together to meet various functional needs of society under the influence of some commonly recognized social consciousness, social norms and social integration mechanisms.

How do countless isolated individual actions construct this coordinated and balanced process?

This explanation highlights the integrity and normative nature of the social process and ignores the initiative and interest of individual actions and the conflictual nature of the social process.

On the basis of distinguishing between action and action environment, Alexander pointed out that the social environment (systems) only defines a scope of change and choice for the actor's action, and the action choices made by the actor will in turn affect the entire society. changes in environment

Munk proposed four types of micro-interaction: market exchange, political decision-making, community interaction, and rational discussion. It is believed that these four micro-interaction processes form the basis of the entire social process

The basic form of social change is social differentiation. The basic trend of social change is the continuous evolution from simple structures with overlapping functions to complex structures with concrete and specialized functions.

The basic driving force for social differentiation is the functional needs of society and the resulting structural pressures

The result of social differentiation is to continuously improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the social system

The process of social differentiation includes differentiation, adaptive growth, inclusion and value summary, etc.

Too empty and abstract, lacking experience and historical research

The explanation of the dynamics of social change is too simple and ignores the impact of power and conflict on change.

It is questionable that differentiation will inevitably lead to improvements in efficiency and effectiveness.

Too optimistic about modern social conditions and has conservative tendencies

Enrich the empirical dimensions and scope of application of differentiation theoretical models

Go beyond simple systems theory or evolution-oriented explanations and enrich the explanatory perspective of social differentiation (incomplete)

Distinguish the diversity of social differentiation results

Attempts to change the ideological image of differentiation theory

Structure serves both as an intermediary and the result of behaviors that are repeatedly organized by themselves; the structural characteristics of social systems are not external to actions, but are repeatedly involved in the production and reproduction of actions.

The main field of social science research is neither the experience of individual actors nor any form of social totality, but various social practices that are orderly arranged in the spatial and temporal dimensions.

Action reflexivity, that is, reflective monitoring of action, refers to the purpose or intentionality of human behavior reflected in the actor's activity flow.

Human action occurs as a flow of action, and the basis of reflection lies in people's initial understanding of this flow of action. Always keep monitoring and expect others to keep the same monitoring at all times

Under the conditions of high modernity, time and space tend to become hollow.

Time and space are unified and coordinated on a global scale, and space is separated from specific places, so that what is absent increasingly determines what is present.

That is, social relations break away from the local background of interaction and extend indefinitely across the span of time and space.

Two disengagement mechanisms essentially drive the development of modern social systems

Under the reflection of the concept of reflection, the so-called modernity means the prosperity of rationality, the growth of scientific knowledge means the growth of certainty, etc., which seemed self-evident, have been exposed as false.

In a highly reflective modern society, the interaction between social science and the objects it examines has not only been greatly enhanced in substance, but also has become more prominent in the extent to which it is recognized by people.

The concept of modernity itself has full sociological attributes

capitalism

industrialism

military power

monitor

risk

trust

Modern institutions do not just blindly embed themselves into the world of life. The nature of daily life is also constantly changing, changing the relationship between the two.

The so-called expertise is always relative. Laypeople are also constantly acquiring technical expertise through observation and contact with abstract systems. No one is an expert on everything, and no one knows everything.

A network of objective relationships between positions whose existence and their decisive influence on the actors or institutions occupying particular positions are objectively determined

The actual and potential situation of various positions within different types of power and capital distribution structures

The objective relationships between these positions (e.g., dominance, convergence, knot structural correspondence, etc.)

The focus of the struggle in the field is who can impose a hierarchical principle that is most powerful for the capital he owns.

In a highly differentiated social world, the social world is composed of a large number of relatively autonomous social small worlds. These social small worlds are spaces of objective relationships with their own logic and necessity, which are also so-called fields.

In the process of investigating the field, special attention should be paid to the historical formation process of the field.

Field type shapes habitus, and habitus becomes the product of the inevitable attributes inherent in a certain field reflected in the body.

Habitus helps to construct the field into a world full of meaning, a world endowed with feelings and values, worthy of social actors' investment and experience.

The various structures in the social world first exist in "primary objectivity", which refers to the distribution of various material resources and the influence of various social scarce items and values ​​(that is, "capital") means

On the other hand, these structures also exist in the "secondary objectivity" reflected in various classification systems and mental schemas. They play the role of a symbolic model and are reflected in various practical activities of social actors. , such as thoughts, behaviors, emotional judgments, etc.

Precisely because it must consider both faces of structure at the same time, practice theory must carry out a double reading that integrates the perspectives of social physics and social phenomenology.

It is not caused by division of labor

The normal division of labor itself "will never cause the dismemberment and collapse of society. The functions of its various parts can be fully linked to each other, tending to a balance, and forming a self-regulating mechanism."

reason

Consequences of normal division of labor

Abnormal division of labor

based on personal similarity and social homogeneity

Through a strong "collective consciousness"

type of social bonding that links individuals

Based on social division of labor and individual heterogeneity

through functional interdependence

type of social bonding that links individuals

Constraints imposed on individuals from the outside that are ubiquitous and inherent in the society, regardless of how they manifest themselves on the individual, are called social facts.

externality

Mandatory

universality

Examine social facts as “things”

specific rules for observing social facts

universality

According to the simplicity or complexity of social structure

Explain social facts with social facts

A complete explanation of social facts must include causal examination and functional analysis

independent of philosophy

Research methods are objective

It requires that social facts must be treated as social things

Through expectations about the conditions of external things and the behavior of other people

And use this expectation as a "condition" or as a "means"

An action aimed at achieving an end that is rationally pursued and considered as a result

By conscious action based on pure belief in the unconditional inherent value of a particular act, whether accomplished or not

Actions determined by current mood or emotional situation

Actions determined by established habits

"Ideal" means something that does not exist in reality, not what is best or what people hope for

definition

elements

The main elements related to social action include... Mortal social actions always have a certain purpose, and the realization of its goals cannot be achieved without certain means and conditions. At the same time, all social actions are subject to certain behavioral norms. restrictions

inference

The key factor in class division is not possession of the means of production, but possession of the means of production.

Using the presence or absence of authority as the criterion for classifying classes denies the foundation of Marx's class theory and replaces the ownership relationship of the means of production with "authority relationship"

“Authority” is the legitimized power that expects submission from others

Features

Modern society has formed two classes around "power" and "authority": one is the class that possesses power and enjoys authority, and the other is the class that is forced to obey power and authority. These two classes exist in every organization of society. Therefore, social organization is not a system arising from a common desire, but a mandatory collaborative association with a certain authority structure.

"Potential benefits" and "explicit benefits"

There are conditions for transforming quasi-groups into manifest groups

conflict intensity

conflict intensity

cause social changes

forms of social change

Metric Characteristics of Social Structural Changes

Action

"Act"

Action planning is a virtual, imaginary action, and action is a completed action. move.

This issue is closely related to the ways and means for actors to obtain a common worldview in the same situation.

Schutz turned the focus of his research to the inter-subjective interrelationships that lead to the interaction of actors' meaning worlds, that is, The problem of “intersubjectivity”

"Intersubjectivity" is the common subjective world between interacting individuals.

This concept covers Weber's action theory, Husserl's concept of life world, and symbolic interactionism on interaction. The theory of constructing the soul's self and social relations in motion

The doctrines of young Marx

Marxist critical thought

The care of "people" in various philosophies

Freud's Psychoanalysis

Development of scientific and technological civilization

The rise of totalitarianism

He coined the term "critical theory", laid the foundation for critical theory, and provided a common basis for discussion for subsequent critical theorists.

In the process of criticizing scientism and positivism, he proposed "critical sociology"

And based on this, he put forward various criticisms, the most representative of which is the criticism of popular culture

Based on critical sociology, it has carried out fierce and all-round criticism of various aspects, the most influential of which is the criticism of modern capitalist society.

Psychoanalytic theory based on humanism

Focuses on criticizing capitalist society from the aspects of human freedom, human alienation, etc.

Mainly adopts a social psychological approach to criticism