MindMap Gallery World History 22-Tenth Army's Eastern Invasion
The two-hundred-year-old Tenth Army movement incited various religious hatreds and caused a large amount of loss of life and property. However, it also objectively promoted economic and cultural exchanges between Europe and the Mediterranean region, and even as far away as China.
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This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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Background of eastward invasion
The papal incitement stirred up Christian fanaticism.
background
In the 7th century AD, the prophet Muhammad of Islam came to Jerusalem and built a mosque. It is a holy place admired by Judaism, Christianity and Islam all over the world.
Muhammad taught Muslims that the Old Testament of Jewish faith and the Old and New Testaments of Christian faith were sacred and should be tolerated. Therefore, under the rule of the Arabs, believers of the three major religions could basically coexist peacefully and pray and worship devoutly.
In the 11th century, the invasion of the Turks of the Seljuk Dynasty did kill, rob, and extort some pilgrims. When it spread to Europe, it was exaggerated into the appalling desecration and persecution of holy places and pilgrims by Islamists.
In 1095, the Pope and the Church incited the Crusaders because of ambition and greed. Say that the Turks occupied holy places, insulted women, killed children, and asked people to rescue them. Set off a wave of Christian fanaticism.
Reasons that can set off huge Christian fanaticism:
① At that time, the feudal society in Western Europe had reached its peak stage of development, but there was also a profound feudal economic and social crisis. Many feudal lords could no longer inherit land.
②The feudal economic and social crisis at that time left many poor people unable to find a way to make a living, and the oppression became more and more severe. Participating in the Eastern Invasion of the Tenth Army was a way to get rid of the shackles of feudalism and find new land and means of making a living.
The 1st eastward invasion
The expeditionary force encountered the Turks in Constantinople and was destroyed.
The team grew as they walked, forming a torrent of more than 100,000 people pouring into southeastern Europe. More than half of this army of poor people died, and the remaining people finally entered Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire.
Byzantine Emperor Alexius quickly sent them out, but they were wiped out by the Turks before they advanced far. Only a few people managed to escape. This massive expedition, launched by piety and fanaticism, ended miserably in a series of events full of suffering, crime, massacre, and death.
They gathered again, burned, killed, and looted all the way, and obtained huge wealth.
In the autumn of 1096, four large armies appeared in the war-torn areas of Europe. They burned, killed and looted along the way, especially committing horrific crimes in Jerusalem.
root cause
① Religious fanaticism, that is, killing all pagans and taking back the holy land is their belief.
②War fanaticism, hardship, danger and various attacks make them become war madmen.
③The craze for plundering wealth. Most people have heard that the East is full of treasures.
Not far from Constantinople, the Tenth Army turned into bloodthirsty beasts and crazy bandits due to the harsh environment, constant attacks from the Turks, coupled with hunger, thirst, loneliness, and fear. A large amount of wealth will belong to the feudal nobles who lead the team.
Until July 1099, when they reached Jerusalem, more than 20,000 Tenth Army troops poured into Jerusalem, which had only more than 1,000 defenders, and began to massacre and loot more than 70,000 Muslim residents and Jews in the city.
Due to the conflict between the noble knights and the Roman Church over the division of spoils, several feudal states and large and small territories were established, including the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Principality of Antigonus, the County of Tripoli and the County of Idessa.
Form a religious order of knights
Some soldiers of the Tenth Revolution returned home with their trophies, which aroused more people's desire for wealth, but this time they were defeated. It is the big businessmen in Venice, Genoa, Pisa and other cities in Italy who are making a fortune steadily.
The Roman Church was not willing to let power and wealth rest in the hands of secular nobles in the Holy Land, so a religious order of knights emerged that combined monks and knights. They swore three major oaths: poverty, chastity, and absolute obedience, but they also wore armor. A knight fighting on horseback. They only obeyed the orders of the Roman Pope, not the orders of the various feudal lords.
Characteristics: A team with close unity and strong combat effectiveness has become the most powerful tool of the Roman Church, with great relative strength.
Among them, the Knights of the Temple first engaged in loan sharking and property management activities among European knights, and were eventually eliminated by the King of France.
Arouse the spirit of jihad among the Muslims and drive out the infidels.
The second eastward invasion
The Tenth Army returned without success, but it aroused the momentum of Muslim jihad.
In 1144, the County of Idessa of the Tenth Army was captured, which set off religious fanaticism in Europe. Abbot Bernard once again instigated it, and Pope Eugene III granted privileges. Despite this, it failed to arouse much enthusiasm among the people. The second Tenth Army returned without success, and the Muslim Jihad gained momentum.
The third eastward invasion
The Muslim leader Saladin powerfully counterattacked the Tenth Army.
In 1175, the outstanding Muslim leader Saladin became sultan and surrounded the Tenth Army country.
Saladin was a wise king who was rich in political and military talents and was good at winning the support of the people. In 1187, Saladin led a holy war and annihilated the army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in Hattin. He did not massacre but released, and won a reputation for kindness and generosity.
The fall of the Holy City shocked Europe. There were three ambitious monarchs in Europe who all wanted to take the opportunity to increase their prestige and wealth. Frederick I, Emperor of Germany, known as Barbarossa; Richard the Lionheart, King of England; Philip II, King of France.
Barbarossa led his army straight to the Balkans and Asia Minor in an attempt to control the Eastern Mediterranean. Unexpectedly, he drowned on the way, and the German army returned home.
Richard the Lionheart crossed the Mediterranean, besieged Acre with the French and Austrian expeditionary forces, and captured 2,700 Muslims. Because Richard could not extort ransom, he beheaded them all in public, and became infamous. He also had enmity with France and Austria because of his arrogance and greed.
Facing Saladin's powerful army, he was unable to attack, so he had to negotiate. Saladin only agreed that Christians could go to Jerusalem for pilgrimage. Richard stopped the army and returned home alone, disguised as a merchant. As a result, he spent two years as a prisoner in the hands of his unfortunate Austrian enemy, and had to be ransomed by England for a huge sum of money.
The 4th eastward invasion
They burned, killed, and looted Constantinople before moving eastward. The child soldiers organized by the Pope were sold into slavery.
Pope Innocent III strictly ordered all European nobles and priests to provide money and personnel to carry out the 4th Eastern Crusade. However, the participants were only a ragtag group of nobles who wanted to make a fortune by plundering the East.
Instigated by the Doge of Venice, they captured Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, in 1204, burning, killing and looting. Thousands of years of buildings, artworks, books, and cultural relics were plundered, and most of them were shipped back to decorate Venice.
The princes, nobles and Venetian merchants who participated in the war all made a fortune and established the Latin Empire in Byzantium, which lasted for 50 years. The Roman Church then preached that the failure of the 4th Crusade was due to the greed and desires of weak-willed adults.
In 1212, the French shepherd boy Stephen gathered an army of 30,000 children. Those children who were lucky enough to cross the sea were sold to North Africans as slaves.
The fifth eastward invasion
The 5th Tenth Army was not interested in regaining the Holy Land at all, but went to attack Egypt.
The 6th eastward invasion
Negotiated to redeem Jerusalem, but was excommunicated by the Pope.
Frederick II initiated and negotiated the recovery of Jerusalem in 1229, allowing Muslims to retain mosques and worship freely. The pope was furious and excommunicated Frederick.
The 7th Eastern Invasion
The French king failed and was captured and ransomed.
In 1244, Jerusalem fell into the hands of the Muslims again, and the French King Louis IX, who was known as a saint, launched an eastward invasion.
In 1250, he entered Egypt and was captured. He paid a huge ransom and withdrew his troops before being released.
The 8th eastward invasion
The alliance with Mongolia failed and was captured by the Muslims on foot.
The Pope and Louis IX discovered the rise of the great Mongol Empire and marched westward. The Pope sent an envoy to meet the Mongol Khan in an attempt to persuade the Mongols to convert to Christianity so that they could join forces to attack the Islamists. The Khan's answer was that everyone has the freedom to practice religion in his or her own way.
In 1270, Louis IX died of illness in Tunisia during his eighth eastward invasion. Since then, the Muslim army has advanced step by step from Egypt to the Tenth Army countries, wiping out the Tenth Army countries in Palestine and Lebanon.
In 1291, Acre, the last fortress of the Tenth Army, fell, and the Eastern invasion of the Tenth Army ended.
Summarize
The two-hundred-year-old Tenth Army movement incited various religious hatreds and caused a large amount of loss of life and property. However, it also objectively promoted economic and cultural exchanges between Europe and the Mediterranean region, and even as far away as China.
World History 22-Tenth Army's Eastern Invasion