Two or more groups of people who are related or interact with each other, have a common goal, and have emotional connections.

Common goal

Structure and Norms

Belonging and interaction

primary group, secondary group

formal group, informal group

member group, reference group

Face-to-face groups, virtual groups

Interaction and common goals

Affiliation needs

Instrumental role and situational pressure

Communication, common activities, common goals

concept

Freud

Jin Shenghua

Sanders

Two physiological and physical response modes: incentive or threat

Potential evaluations brought about by self-expectations and social comparisons

Positive reaction, negative reaction, passive reaction

Also called social freedom, when a group completes something together, individuals put in less effort than when they complete it alone.

reason

Kalou's collective effort model

Cultural Congruence and Prevention

Social Decision Illustration

Project sequencing tasks

information sampling model

Multi-level team decision-making tasks

leader role

Advantage in numbers

team heterogeneity

A phenomenon in which the existing tendencies of group members are strengthened, so that a certain point of view or attitude is strengthened from the original average level of the group to a dominant position

Information function: convinces other members

Social Comparison Theory: Shift your opinions to appear as extreme as other group members

The two work together to cause group polarization

The tendency of groups to think when making decisions

Highly cohesive groups are highly inclined to seek consensus, often leading to wrong decision-making results

Janis's groupthink model

reason

prevention

Group decisions are more risky than individual decisions

Psychological support atmosphere for members

Diffusion of responsibilities

Society and culture encourage the value orientation of bravery, and people tend to value high risk taking