On maps with beacons, the beacon arrows generally point north.

Two commonly used methods: pointer translation method and rotation map method

Longitude lines indicate the north-south direction, and latitude lines indicate the east-west direction.

The scale bar indicates the degree to which the distance on the map is smaller than the distance on the ground (also called scale). When calculating, pay attention to unit conversion and the units must be unified. 1 kilometer = 100,000 centimeters; learn to read using scientific notation.

Numeric: such as 1:100000 or 1/100000

Literal format: 1 centimeter in the picture represents 1 kilometer on the ground.

Line segment type:

Two maps with the same size: the larger the scale, the smaller the range and the more detailed the content; the smaller the scale, the larger the range and the simpler the content.

When the field scope is the same, the larger the scale, the larger the map, and the more detailed the content; the smaller the scale, the smaller the map, and the simpler the content.

Contour lines: All points on the same contour line have the same elevation

Equidistant on the same map: The contour distances of the entire map on the same contour topographic map are the same (unless otherwise specified), and the contour distances are relative heights.

The density of contour lines reflects the steepness and gentleness of the slope: where the contours are dense, the slope is steep; where the contours are sparse, the slope is gentle.

Contour lines are closed curves

Contour lines generally do not intersect or overlap; they sometimes overlap and appear on steep cliffs.

Peak (top of mountain): low on all sides, high in the middle; learn to estimate the altitude range of the mountain

Ridge (water-dividing line): The curved part of the contour line bulges downwards, and the ridge line has a wide view and does not form a river.

Valley (water collection line): The curved part of the contour line bulges to high places, where rivers often develop and are prone to floods, making it unsuitable for camping.

Saddle: Located between two peaks, the terrain is lower than the peaks and relatively gentle. Saddle-shaped, located at the highest point of the valley line

Escarpment: Multiple contour lines converging and overlapping. It is suitable for extreme sports such as rock climbing and rappelling. When a river flows through it, a waterfall will be formed.

The altitude is below 200 meters, with small fluctuations, flat and open;

It is more than 500 meters above sea level, with steep edges and gentle internal undulations.

The altitude is mostly above 500 meters, the surface is rugged, the slopes are steep, and the ravines are deep.

The altitude is roughly below 500 meters, and the relative height does not exceed 200 meters.

Most of them are surrounded by mountains or plateaus, with the central part relatively low and flat. High around, low in the middle.

The various ups and downs on the surface are collectively called topography; the general trend of ups and downs on the surface is called relief.