MindMap Gallery 1A41400 Building materials
Construction Practice: 1A41400 Building Materials, which summarizes commonly used building materials, building decoration materials, Building functional materials, etc.
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This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
building materials
Common building materials
cement
Classification
Silicates, ordinary silicates (PⅠ, PⅡ, P.O)
Silicate rapid hardening and early strength
High-strength easy-to-select silicate above C60
Slag P.S
Fly ash, volcanic ash, composite silicate (black or blue) PF, PP, PC
Low heat of hydration
summary
3 months storage period, one month for PⅠ and PⅡ
The fanatical mountain god was shattered
Heat resistance of slag, impermeability of volcanic ash, crack resistance of fly ash
skills requirement
Initial setting time, final setting time
Begin to lose plasticity, completely lose plasticity
>=45, <=10h, layered pouring before initial setting; curing before final setting, waterproof concrete curing after final setting
Silicate less than 6.5h
Stability
Expansion cracks
Rebar
performance
Mechanics
Tensile (yield, tensile, elongation), impact, fatigue
In negative temperature environments, use steel with a brittleness critical temperature lower than the service temperature.
Fatigue limit is proportional to tensile strength
Quqiangbi, Quqiangbi
Actual measurement of tensile strength/actual measurement of yield strength
Yield strength/yield strength standard value
Seismic structure with higher requirements (with E steel bars): strength-to-yield ratio >=1.25, yield-to-strength ratio <=1.3, total elongation not less than 9%, weight deviation for level 3 6~12 is 8%
1.25 Ensure safety
1.3 Avoid excessive steel strength and excessive reinforcement damage
Craftsmanship
bending, welding
chemical composition
C, N, P strength increases and plastic toughness decreases
Red main influencing factors
P, S, O harmful elements
Fine grain hot rolled steel bars
4. C4, C4E
HRB400\HRBF400\HRBF400E
concrete
cement
The cement strength grade should be 1.5 to 2 times the concrete grade, and the high strength concrete should be 0.9 to 1.5 times
water
Reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete cannot be used for enterprise washing equipment water and untreated seawater.
admixture
Inactive and active mineral admixtures
Does it react chemically with cement?
Quartz sand, limestone, hard slag
coarse and fine aggregate
Below 4.75, 5mm
Particle gradation
The maximum particle size of coarse aggregate does not exceed 1/4 of the component cross-section size, and the minimum spacing between steel bars is 3/4.
Solid slab, aggregate greater than 1/3 slab thickness is allowed
Not exceeding 40mm
waterproof concrete
pumping
The gravel should not exceed 1/3 of the pipe diameter
The pebbles should not exceed 1/2.5 of the pipe diameter.
performance
Workability
fluidity
Slump
cohesiveness
No segregation or stratification occurs
Lying strength
Water retention
No bleeding occurs
strength
Cube compression resistant
Standard value of compressive strength Fcu, k
Cube compressive strength: 20 -2 temperature, 95% relative humidity, 28 days of curing, 95% guarantee rate
Construction quality control and project acceptance basis
Axial compression resistance
150*150*300
Axial compressive strength (design value) Fc=0.7~0.8Fcu,k
Use this value to design pressure-bearing members
Tensile
1/20~1/10 pressure resistance
Influencing factors
raw materials
Cement strength, water-cement ratio, aggregate type, quality and quantity
Production Process
Stirring and pounding, maintenance temperature and humidity, age
Deformation performance
non-load deformation
Shrinkage, dryness and humidity, temperature deformation
Load deformation
Creep, short-term load deformation
Durability
Impermeable
P4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 12 and above, a total of 6 levels
Antifreeze
50, 100, 150, 200..50 increases to 400, a total of 9 levels
Resistant to erosion
summary
Carbonization
Alkalinity decreases, strength increases, shrinkage increases, and hairline cracks (shrinkage cracks) occur
alkali aggregate reaction
The alkalinity in the cement reacts with the aggregate SiO2 to produce silicate gel, which absorbs water and causes the concrete to swell and crack.
Admixture
fluidity
Water reducing, air entraining and pumping agents
Slump, Weibo consistency (seconds, inverse ratio)
Setting time, hardening properties
Retarder, early strength agent
Durability
Air entrainment, water reduction, rust inhibitor
Other properties
Expanding agent, antifreeze, colorant
Mix ratio calculation and maintenance standards
Case questions
Curing under the same conditions: At least one group (a group of 3 cube test blocks) should be retained for standard curing and curing at the same time for each sampling. For specimens of the same strength level and under the same conditions, the number to be retained should be determined according to the quantity and importance of the concrete project, ranging from 3 to 10 Group
The supervision unit shall organize the construction unit to implement the concrete structure physical inspection (rebound) and witness the implementation process; the construction unit shall formulate a special structural physical inspection plan
masonry structural materials
block
sintering, autoclaving, concrete
10 Compression standard value determines strength level
mortar
Classification
Cement mortar, mixed mortar, special mortar for building blocks, special mortar for autoclaved bricks
Cement mortar has high strength
power level
Three major indicators: strength, fluidity and water retention
70.7*70.7*70.7
20 -2 temperature, standard maintenance for 28 days, relative humidity above 90%
Take 3 test blocks from each group
The average value is the cube standard compressive strength
The maximum or minimum exceeds the middle by 15%, whichever is the middle
Both the maximum and minimum exceed 15%, invalid
application
Porous bricks should not be used below the ground or in moisture-proof layers.
In Category 3~5 environments, solid bricks should be used instead of ordinary bricks.
Cement mortar should be used below the moisture-proof layer
Building decoration materials
Choose 3 points
Stone
natural granite
Acidic hard materials
outdoor
Not fire resistant
Make a fire plate
natural marble
Alkaline medium-hard stone, location with less indoor friction
wood
Classification
coniferous trees
soft wood
Construction engineering focus
broadleaf tree
hard wood
Natural textures, interior decoration floors and decorative materials, etc.
Moisture content
fiber saturation point
Affects mechanical properties
equilibrium moisture content
relative air humidity
Deformation: smallest along the grain, larger in the radial direction, and largest in the chord direction
Dry shrinkage: warping, cracking, loose seams
Swelling: bulging
Wood floor classification
wooden floor
Not suitable for geothermal heating
Gyms, practice rooms, rooms without floor heating
Artificial wood flooring
solid wood composite
Formaldehyde-free, floor heating
Impregnated paper wooden floor
There is formaldehyde
cork floor
Green building materials, formaldehyde-free
Glass
flat
Poor thermal stability
safety glass
Fireproof, tempered, laminated
The latter two cannot be cut
Tempered glass is thermally treated to reduce the self-explosion rate
Energy-saving decorative glass
Vacuum, hollow, low-emissivity film, coating, coloring
summary
The tensile strength of flat glass is less than the compression resistance and the stress performance is not good. Safety glass should be used instead; greenhouse effect: energy-saving decorative solution
metallic material
Building functional materials
water proof
Classification
Rigidity: mortar, concrete
Flexible: coatings, coils, seals
Coiled material
Classification
modified asphalt
SBS (elastomer) modified asphalt, APP (plastomer) modified asphalt
Corresponds to low and high temperature environments
Membrane paving and overlapping 150
Polymer membrane
The overlap of paving and pasting shall not be less than 100
PVC, chlorinated polyethylene, chlorinated polyethylene-rubber blends and EPDM
Coil performance
Waterproof: impermeable, impermeable (seepage, water); Mechanical mechanics: tensile force, tensile strength and elongation at break (tensile, elongation); temperature stability: heat resistance, heat resistance, brittleness temperature (heat, temperature); atmospheric stability: aging resistance; Flexibility: low temperature bending, flexibility, flexibility, etc.
isolation layer material
Dry spreading of plastic sheets, geotextiles, rolls or low-strength grade mortar
waterproof coating
Complex and irregular parts
Building sealing materials
finalize
Waterstop, waterstop, sealing strip
amorphous
sealant, sealant, sealant
Fireproof
Fire retardant coating
Thick type H
Non-expansion type 7~45mm
Steel structure coating shall not be less than 15mm
Thin B
3~7mm
Ultra-thin CH
Below 3mm
expansion type
Steel structure coating shall not be less than 1.5mm
Base material and fire retardant additive composition
Blocking material
Inorganic
organic
Insulation
Factors affecting thermal conductivity
Metals, non-metals, liquids and gases from small to large
Material properties
Apparent density and pore characteristics
humidity
Swimming pool gets cold after getting out of the water
temperature
Heat flow direction
Is it perpendicular to the fiber direction?
Commonly used insulation materials
polyurethane foam
Waterproof and thermal insulation, one material with multiple uses
roof, wall
Modified phenol foam
Highest grade thermal insulation
Industrial and civil buildings with high fire protection requirements
Styrofoam
B2 level
EPS (molding), XPS (extrusion)
Low water absorption, exterior wall insulation and roof insulation
Rock wool, slag wool: fireproof and non-combustible
Class A combustion performance
Glass wool: highly absorbent and difficult to store in the open