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MindMap Gallery The one, two, three, four of education

The one, two, three, four of education

There are various reasons for the emergence and development of education. With the evolution of society and culture, the form and content of education are also constantly changing.

Edited at 2024-01-16 22:21:32

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The one, two, three, four of education

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Outline

The "one, two, three, four" of education The emergence and development of education

a concept

etymology

Chinese etymology

"Mencius: Devoting Your Heart" was the first to use the word "education" together to obtain the world's talents and educate them, which is also the three pleasures. (Earliest source)

Xu Shen's "Shuowen Jiezi" was the first to explain "teaching" and "education" separately. "Teaching means giving from above, and it will be effective from below." "Yu means raising children to do good things" (the earliest explanation)

Western etymology

The prefix "e" of "education/educare" means "from..."

definition

society

Broad sense, narrow sense, narrower sense

Broadly speaking: any activity that can enhance people's knowledge and skills, develop people's intelligence and physical strength, and influence people's ideas and concepts. (school education, family education, social education)

Narrow sense: school education

In a narrower sense: ideological and moral education (moral education)

Consider both perspectives

social perspective

individual perspective

elements of education

Educators (teachers) lead and key

The subject of the educated (learner) (the unity of subject and object: the subject of learning, the object of education - the object of teacher education)

Educational impact (educational media, educational measures)

Educational content Educational content is an object shared by educators and educated people.

educational means

the nature of education

Education is a social practice activity that cultivates people with purpose.

two attributes

essential attributes of education

Educating people (from a pedagogical perspective)

Pay attention to the distinction: the fundamental attribute of education: sociality (philosophical perspective)

Comprehension test method: educating humanity, purpose, and sociality

Social attributes (everlasting, relative to people’s livelihood)

Eternity: As long as human society exists, education will exist.

Historicity: Differences between ancient and modern times

Inheritance: Same as ancient and modern times

Long-term: It takes ten years to grow trees and a hundred years to cultivate people.

Relative independence:

Education is qualitatively prescriptive

Education has historical inheritance

Education is unbalanced with the development of social productivity and political and economic systems

Ethnicity: different countries

Productivity: material production, spiritual production

three elements

Version 1: Three Elements Theory

educator

educated

Educational media (educational impact, educational measures)

Other versions: Four Elements Theory (3 versions)

Version 1: Ye Lan - educator, educated person, educational content, educational materials

Version 2: Liu Haimin—educator, educated person, educational content, educational means

Version 3: Wang Daojun—educator, educated person, educational content, educational activity method

four functions

object

Individual development functions (ontological functions, primary functions, core functions)

Promote individual socialization

Promote individual individualization→social individualization consistency

Social development functions (derivative functions, tool functions, expanded functions): population, economy, politics, culture, science and technology, ecological functions, etc.

direction

Positive function (positive function)

Negative Function (Negative Function) The key to overcoming the negative function of education is to establish a "people-oriented" educational concept

ways of presenting

Explicit functions (planned, anticipated)

Hidden features (unplanned, unanticipated)

nature

Conservative function (immutable)

Beyond functionality (updated, changed)

Four Origins Theory

The unity of gods Limitations: Fundamentally denying the social nature of education (single choice) Multiple choice: sociality and purpose

Can give birth immediately Limitation: Fundamentally denies the social nature of education (single choice) Multiple choice: social nature Purpose

Have sweet dreams in my heart

Michael loves labor (Marxist theory of historical materialism)

four historical development stages

primitive society

(1) Education is not independent, and education is closely connected with social life and productive labor. There are neither schools nor teachers.

(2) Education in primitive society was spontaneous, extensive, non-hierarchical and class-based.

(3) Education is primitive.

ancient society

slave society

(1) The school was born

(2) Class and hierarchy

(3) Education is separated from productive labor and is productive. "Those who work hard govern others, and those who work hard govern others."

Feudal society

(1) Hierarchy, patentability, and conservatism

(2) Education is separated from productive labor.

China

Slave society (the main learning content of Chinese slave society - Six Arts (Western Zhou Dynasty))

1. The Five Emperors Period: "Chengjun" and "Xiang" (schools in their embryonic state)

2. Xia Dynasty: Preface and School (two types of schools)

3. Shang Dynasty: University, Primary School, Xu, Guzong

4. Western Zhou Dynasty: ① The integration of politics and education, "learning in the government and academic officials guarding" → the class nature of education

School education can be divided into Guoxue (central official education) and Xiangxue (local official education).

②Six Arts: Ritual, Music, Shooting and Royal (Da Yi) Book Numbers (Xiao Yi)

Etiquette: including politics, history and ethical and moral education based on "filial piety". (core)

Royal: Military technical education focusing on driving military vehicles.

Numbers: Simple calculation education.

5. Spring and Autumn Period: The rise of private schools and the decline of official schools

Feudal society

Warring States Period: Jixia Academy: organized by officials and hosted by private individuals (the center and epitome of the contention of a hundred schools of thought in the Warring States Period) academic freedom (the biggest feature)

Han Dynasty: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to "depose hundreds of schools of thought and respect only Confucianism". The historicity of education

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion: to establish Taixue (the highest educational institution

Hongdumen School is the world's earliest specialized school for the study of literature and art.

Local → County Guoxue, County Xue (Wenweng Xue Xue → Han Dynasty) Thoughts on Promoting Guan Xue

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: Guozixue (Western Jin Dynasty), Taixue

The nine-grade Zhongzheng system, "There are no poor families in the upper grades, and there are no noble families in the lower grades" reflects the hierarchical nature of education.

Sui and Tang Dynasties: Imperial Examination System (passed examination) (produced in Sui Dynasty - perfected in Tang Dynasty - abolished in late Qing Dynasty)

Six Studies and Two Buildings - embodying the hierarchical nature of education

Six Studies [Guozixue, Taixue, Four Studies (general schools - Confucianism) Law, Calligraphy, Arithmetic (technical schools - different fields)]

The second hall [Chongwen Hall, Hongwen Hall (recruiting children of royal relatives)

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties (the main learning content of China's feudal society during the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties - the basic textbooks and the important basis for the imperial examinations were the Four Books and the Five Classics, mainly the Four Books)

Four books: "Mencius", "The Doctrine of the Mean", "Great Learning" and "The Analects of Confucius"

The Five Classics: Poems, Books, Rites, Spring and Autumn Period

Ming and Qing Dynasties

Ming Dynasty

①The eight-part essay has become a fixed format for scientific examinations

②Social Studies is an important form of education for folk children

Qing Dynasty

In 1905, the Qing government ordered the abolition of imperial examinations and the opening of schools

foreign

slave society

Ancient Egypt

Three types of schools: palace schools (princes and grandsons), official schools (officials), and scribes schools

The most opened: scribes school (proficient in writing)

Take monks as teachers and officials as teachers

Ancient India

Caste System

Brahmins (monks), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (poor people, small craftsmen), Sudras (slaves)

Brahmin education and Buddhist education use the Vedas as the educational content and monks are the only teachers.

Ancient Greece

Athens Education (Chongwen)

Harmonious development of body, intelligence, morality and beauty

Rich content and flexible methods

politician, businessman

Spartan Education (Martial Arts)

Military physical training and moral indoctrination of politicians

Single content and harsh methods (emphasis on women’s education)

Military (Infanticide)

Medieval Western Europe (feudal society)

Church education: grammar, rhetoric, dialectics (three subjects) arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music (four subjects)

Knight education: Ma Yongjian is a shotgun knight (horseback riding, swimming, fencing, hunting, guns, playing chess, reciting poetry)

Renaissance Europe

humanism

Doraemon (Victorino, Rabelais, Erasmus, Montaigne)

Modern Society Weimar State of Germany (Prussia) - Weimar Decree The first country in the world to popularize compulsory education/the first country to enact a compulsory education law

Basic features (three modernizations and one implementation)

The state has strengthened its emphasis on and intervention in education, and the rise of public education (nationalization)

Universal implementation of compulsory primary education

Pay attention to education legislation and advocate the rule of law in education (legalization)

Secularization of education (education getting rid of religion) (secularization) (separating from religion and returning to reality)

A relatively systematic modern school education system was formed, and a dual-track system emerged

modern society

Characteristics of modern education

Characteristics of education in the 20th century

The main characteristics of education in modern society