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MindMap Gallery Natural Products Chemistry

Natural Products Chemistry

This is a general mind map about natural medicinal chemistry, including definitions and research contents, biosynthesis, extraction and separation, etc.

Edited at 2024-01-16 20:20:14

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Natural Products Chemistry

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Outline

Summary

Definition and research content of natural medicinal chemistry

Definition: Chemistry of Natural Medicine/Medicinal Chemistry of Natural Products Use modern scientific theoretical methods to study the chemical ingredients in natural medicines (mainly physiologically active ingredients or effective ingredients)

Research object: chemical components, especially physiologically active or effective components. Biologically active part: that is, ingredients that have been proven to have certain physiological activity on the body through efficacy tests or biological activity experiments. The active ingredient must be a bioactive ingredient, but the bioactive ingredient is not necessarily an effective ingredient.

Biosynthesis

Primary metabolism and secondary metabolites

Primary metabolism: a process that is indispensable for maintaining plant life activities and exists in almost all green plants; sugar metabolism, fat metabolism, protein metabolism, and nucleic acid metabolism

Secondary metabolism: does not play an important role in maintaining plant life activities and does not exist in all plants

Primary metabolites: substances indispensable to the body's life activities; such as sugar, fat, protein, nucleic acid; can be used as important raw materials for secondary metabolism: acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, shikimic acid, amino acids

Secondary metabolites: not indispensable for life activities of the body, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, anthraquinones, coumarins, etc.

basic building blocks of biosynthesis

C1 unit: S-methyl derived mostly from L-methionine

C2 unit: a two-carbon unit mostly provided by acetyl-CoA

C5 unit: The isoprene unit is derived from the metabolism product of mevaleric acid or deoxyxylulose phosphate.

C6C3 unit: mostly derived from L-phenylalanine or L-tyrosine

C6C2N unit: also L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine

C4N unit: usually heterocyclic pyrrolidine, derived from L-ornithine

C5N unit: is a piperidine ring, derived from L-lysine

Indole C2N unit: L-tryptophan has an indole ring in its structure

biosynthetic pathways

Acetate-malonate pathway

Fatty acids, phenols, anthrones

mevaleric acid pathway

Terpenes, steroids

cinnamic acid pathway

Phenylpropanoid, coumarin, lignan, lignin, flavonoids

amino acid pathway

alkaloids

other ways

Acetate-malonate-shikimate pathway acetate-malonate-mepentanoic acid pathway Amino Acid-Mevalonate Pathway Amino acid-acetate-malonate pathway Amino acid-shikimic acid pathway

Extraction Method

Solvent extraction method

Principle: Similar dissolves

Factors to consider when choosing a solvent: The solvent dissolves as much of the active ingredients as possible, and the impurities are less soluble or insoluble. Polarity of active ingredients, impurities, and solvents: principle of similar miscibility Solvents are safe, cheap and easy to obtain, easy to recycle, etc.

Common solvent types, polarity and characteristics

Type: petroleum ether (cyclohexane/n-hexane), chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, (acetone,) ethyl/methanol, water

Organic solvents heavier than water: halogenated hydrocarbons Organic solvents mixed with water in any proportion: acetone, ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile Organic solvent for layering with water: n-butanol before The most polar organic solvent that separates from water: n-butanol Organic solvents with the widest soluble range: methanol, ethanol The most widely used solvent: water

Common solvent extraction methods

Dipping method: cold dipping, less impurities, simple; time-consuming, low leaching rate

Percolation method: cold soaking, less impurities

Decoction method: water extraction, the most traditional method of extracting traditional Chinese medicine

Reflux extraction method: most commonly used

Continuous reflux extraction method: laboratory Soxhlet extractor, industrial multi-functional concentrated extractor

Continuous Countercurrent Extraction (CCE)

Features: The extraction agent and medicinal materials are brought into contact with each other in the equipment and flow in opposite directions. The mass transfer driving force on any cross-section is the largest.

Advantages: fast extraction speed, high yield, no back-mixing phenomenon, continuous operation, can be combined with centrifugation, ultrasound and other technologies, the technology is mature; Disadvantages: high requirements on the physical properties and particle size of medicinal materials, and the cleaning problem has not been completely solved

Microwave Extraction Technology (MAE)

Principle: In the microwave field, the difference in the ability to absorb microwaves causes certain components in the extraction system to be selectively heated in certain areas of the substance, thereby causing the extracted substance to separate from the matrix or system and enter a region with a smaller dielectric constant. , in extraction agents with relatively poor absorptive capacity

Selection of extraction agents: Extract volatile oils: non-polar solvents that are transparent to microwaves, such as hexanol, hexane, etc.; Extract polar substances: polar solvents

Ultrasonic Extraction Technology (UAE)

Principle: Use the cavitation effect of ultrasonic waves to accelerate the dissolution of plant active ingredients. The secondary effects of ultrasonic waves, such as mechanical vibration, emulsification, diffusion, crushing, chemical effects, etc., can also accelerate the diffusion and release of the components to be extracted and interact with the solvent. mix thoroughly

Supercritical Liquid Extraction Technology (SFE)

Principle: Near the critical point of liquid and gas, small changes in system temperature and pressure can lead to several orders of magnitude sudden changes in solubility.

Regarding the solubility of supercritical CO2: as the pressure increases, the solubility increases; highly polar solvents enhance the solubility; when the pressure is low, the solubility decreases as the temperature increases, and the opposite occurs when the pressure is high.

(31.1℃, 7.1 Mpa), extraction tank, separation tank

Cold extraction method: maceration method, percolation method, ultrasonic extraction technology, microwave extraction technology; hot extraction method: decoction method, reflux extraction method

steam distillation

Principle: Utilize volatility; the total vapor pressure of a liquid mixture that is insoluble in each other and has no chemical effect is equal to the sum of the saturated vapor pressures (i.e. partial pressures) of each component at that temperature.

Applicable to: It is volatile, can be distilled with water vapor without being destroyed, does not react with water, and is difficult to dissolve or insoluble. Extraction of water-soluble components

Sublimation method

Principle: Use sublimation properties, such as camphor in camphor wood and caffeine in tea.

Factors affecting solvent extraction efficiency

Solvent, extraction method, crushing particle size, extraction temperature, extraction time