Single element composition

Compound composition

Various gases

The volume of gas molecules is zero

The interaction force between gas molecules is zero

Gas molecules are not adsorbed

pV=nRT

p=p1 p2 ……pn

Ratio of mass of solute in solution to mass of solution

Ratio of mass of solute in solution to mass of solution

Ratio of mass of solute in solution to mass of solution

The mass of a component per unit volume of a mixture is called the mass concentration of that component

The volume of solute (liquid) as a percentage of the total solution volume

The amount of a solute in a solution divided by the mass of the solvent

Long-range order, fixed melting point, and anisotropy

Ionic crystal: composed of anions and cations combined by ionic bonds

Metal crystal: composed of metal ions bound by metallic bonds

Atomic crystal: composed of atoms held together by covalent bonds

Molecular crystal: molecules are combined by weak forces such as hydrogen bonds or van der Waals forces.

If n is the same, the energy level will be higher if l is larger; if l is the same, the energy level will be higher if n is larger.

Pauli Exclusion (Pauli): For the same orbit (n, l, m are the same) the ms must be different and the spin direction must be opposite.

The principle of minimum energy: the larger the atom (n 0.7l), the higher the energy level; the larger the ion (n 0.4l), the higher the energy level.

Notation

Hundt's rule