Wondershare EdrawMind
MindMap Gallery Chapter 2 Construction Bidding and Contract Management Construction Bidding Methods and Procedures and Contract Pricing Methods
- 34
Chapter 2 Construction Bidding and Contract Management Construction Bidding Methods and Procedures and Contract Pricing Methods
This is a mind map about Chapter 2 Construction Tendering and Contract Management Construction Tendering Methods and Procedures and Contract Estimators. The introduction is detailed and I hope it will be helpful to you!
Edited at 2024-01-16 10:43:09
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Chapter 2 Construction Bidding and Contract Management Construction Bidding Methods and Procedures and Contract Pricing Methods
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Recommended to you
- Outline
Chapter two Construction bidding and contract management Construction bidding methods and procedures and contract pricing methods
Construction tendering and bidding
Construction bidding methods and procedures
Tendering method
public bidding
concept
Unlimited competitive bidding, the tenderer publishes the bidding announcement through the news media, Invite qualified legal persons or organizations to bid for competition
advantage
Contractors can be selected from a wide range, and bidding competition is fierce, which is conducive to recruiting The bidder hands over the project to a reliable contractor and obtains a competitive sex quotes
shortcoming
The workload is heavy, the bidding time is long and the cost is high
invitation to bid
concept
Limited competitive bidding, the tenderer invites bidders in the form of a bid invitation Please pre-determine several qualified legal persons or organizations to bid. compete
advantage
There is no need to publish a bidding announcement and set up a pre-qualification process, which can save Reduce bidding costs and shorten bidding time
shortcoming
The selection of invitees is narrow and the scope is small, and the bidding competition is fierce. The intensity is relatively poor, which will increase the winning contract price.
Bidding methods are divided into two categories: public bidding and invitational bidding. Because public bidding covers a wide range and the competition is fierce, competitive quotations can be obtained. Disadvantages: Because of the wide scope, there are many bidders, so the workload is heavy, the time is long, and the cost is high. The invited bids have limited competition and internal digestion, and the best one is selected among the qualified ones. Because it is digested internally, it can save bidding time.
Construction Tendering Procedure
Tender preparation—Tender process—Bid award and transaction
1.Tender preparation
(1) Establish a bidding organization
Self-tendering
Have technical, economic and other professionals suitable for the scale and complexity of the bidding project, and have the ability to prepare bidding documents and organize Ability to evaluate bids
Entrusted bidding
Corresponding professional forces capable of preparing bidding documents and organizing bid evaluations to handle bidding matters
(2) Handle bidding application procedures
(3) Carry out bidding planning. Including: dividing construction bid sections, determining contracting models, selecting contract pricing methods, etc.
(4) Prepare pre-qualification documents and bidding documents
Pre-qualification documents
Pre-qualification announcement; Instructions for applicants; Qualification review methods; Pre-qualification application document format; Project construction overview, bidder's evaluation of capital Clarifications, modifications, etc. made to the prequalification documents
Bidding Documents
Bidding announcement or invitation to bid; instructions to bidders; bid evaluation methods; contract terms and formats; bill of quantities; drawings; technical standards and requirements; bidding document format; other materials specified in the attached table of Instructions to Bidders. In addition, the clarification made by the tenderer on the tender documents clear, modify
What is the order of preparation for bidding? 1. Establish an organization 2. Handle bidding procedures 3. Carry out bidding planning 4. Prepare pre-qualification documents and bidding documents
2. Construction bidding process
(1) Publish a bidding announcement or issue a bidding invitation
(2) Conduct prequalification
①Publish pre-qualification announcement
②Publication pre-qualification documents
■ Sale period: no less than 5 days.
■ Handling of objections: The bidder shall submit the objection to the tenderer 2 days before the deadline for submitting prequalification application documents, and the tenderer shall respond within 3 days from the date of receipt of the objection.
③ Clarification or modification of pre-qualification documents
■ Time: At least 3 days before the deadline for submitting pre-qualification application documents, all potential bidders who have obtained pre-qualification documents shall be notified in writing. If it is less than 3 days, the tenderer shall extend the deadline for submitting pre-qualification application documents.
④ Submission of pre-qualification application documents
⑤Establish a qualification review committee
■ Applicable: Projects in which state-owned funds hold a controlling or dominant position must be subject to bidding according to law
■ Composition: Composed of representatives of the tenderer and relevant technical and economic experts, an odd number of more than 5 people, and no less than 2/3 of the total number of experts.
⑥ Review pre-qualification application documents
■ Steps: Preliminary (name, signature and seal, format, consortium leader, etc.), detailed review (qualifications, finance, etc.)
■ Method: Qualified System and Limited Quantity System
⑦ Clarification or explanation of pre-qualification application documents
The Qualification Review Committee may request the applicant in writing to provide necessary clarifications or explanations on unclear contents in the submitted pre-qualification application documents. The Tenderee and Review Committee will not accept clarifications or explanations unsolicited by the applicant.
⑧ Submit review report
⑨ Notification and confirmation. Issue invitations to bid to pre-qualified applicants.
(3) Issue bidding documents, organize on-site inspections, and hold pre-bid meetings
The bidder shall be responsible for the expenses incurred in visiting the site.
Clarification and modification of bidding documents: The tenderer shall notify in writing all potential bidders who have obtained the bidding documents at least 15 days before the bidding deadline; less than 15 days day, the tenderer shall extend the deadline for submission of bid documents.
(4) Bid opening and evaluation
① Submission and receipt of bidding documents
Not accepted:
① Failure to seal and mark as required
②Late delivery
③Failed to deliver to designated location
After receiving it, the tenderer will issue a receipt certificate to the bidder. It cannot be opened before the bid opening.
② Form a bid evaluation committee.
■ The tenderer shall be responsible for establishing
■ The list of members should generally be determined before the bid opening and should be kept confidential until the winning bid is determined.
■The bid evaluation committee is composed of representatives of the tenderer and experts in relevant technical, economic and other aspects. The number of members shall be an odd number of 5 or more. Among them, experts in technical and economic aspects shall not be less than 2/3 of the total number of members.
■ Randomly selected from the expert database (general projects) or directly determined (technically complex, highly professional or with special requirements)
③Bid opening
④Bid evaluation
■ Initial review:
If there is a calculation error in the priced bill of quantities, and the total price amount is inconsistent with the result calculated based on the unit price, the total price shall be corrected based on the unit price amount, except where there is an obvious error in the decimal point of the unit price amount;
If there is a writing error, if the amount in uppercase and lowercase in the bidding document are inconsistent, the amount in uppercase shall prevail.
After the bid evaluation committee corrects the errors in the bid quotation, it shall ask the bidder for written confirmation as the amount of the bid quotation. If the bidder does not accept the revised price, his bid will be invalidated.
■Detailed review:
Method 1: Evaluated lowest bid price method (evaluated bid price is low → high)
Method 2: Comprehensive evaluation method (high score → low)
3. Construction bid award and transaction
Determine the winning bidder→Contract negotiation→Sign the contract
■ A written contract shall be concluded based on the bidding documents and the winning bidder's bidding documents within 30 days from the date of issuance of the bid winning notice.
■ The tenderer shall return the bid security deposit and bank deposit interest for the same period to the successful bidder and the unsuccessful bidder within 5 days at the latest after the signing of the written contract. If the winning bidder refuses to sign the contract without justifiable reasons, his bid deposit will not be refunded.
■ If the bidding documents require the winning bidder to submit a performance bond, the winning bidder shall submit it in accordance with the requirements of the bidding documents. The performance bond shall not exceed 10% of the winning contract amount.
Standards for formal review, qualification review, responsiveness review, construction organization design and project management organization review
Contract pricing method
(1) lump sum contract
fixed total price
The construction unit completes all tasks stipulated in the contract at a total price.
◇ The construction unit must consider bearing the main risks in contract performance and will quote a higher price when bidding.
◇Applicable to:
① There are construction drawing design documents at the time of bidding, the construction tasks and contract scope are clear, and there will be no major design changes during contract performance.
②For small and medium-sized projects with relatively small project scale and less complex technology or project parts with relatively simple contract work content, the construction unit can reasonably foresee various risks that may be encountered during the construction process when bidding.
③If the project quantity is small and the construction period is short (generally within 1 year), both parties to the contract do not need to consider the impact of market price fluctuations on the contract price.
Adjustable total price
◇When the project cost increases due to market price changes, project changes and other changes in project conditions during the performance of the contract, the total contract price can be adjusted according to the contract.
◇Applicable to:
① For projects with a long construction period (more than 1 year), factors such as market price changes during the performance of the contract cannot be reasonably foreseen when bidding and quoting. The influence of factors ◇Price adjustment methods: documentary evidence method, bill price adjustment method, formula price adjustment method
formula price adjustment method
unit price contract
■Price=Actually completed project quantity×Quoted unit price
①Unit price: comprehensive unit price, indirect unit price ②The quantities listed in the list are estimated project quantities, not actual project quantities.
■Applicable to:
① Mostly used in large-scale projects with long construction period, complex technology, and many unforeseen factors during the implementation process;
②In order to shorten the project construction cycle, the construction unit will invite bids for the project after the preliminary design is completed.
■ Advantages:
① Share the risks in the performance of the contract more reasonably.
② Risk factors that cannot be foreseen reasonably and accurately during bidding do not need to be included in the contract price, which will help the construction unit obtain a more reasonable quotation.
■ Classification
Fixed unit price
◇ No matter what factors affect the price, the unit price agreed in the contract will not be adjusted.
◇ There are certain risks for construction units
Adjustable unit price
◇ Agree on the adjustment method of the contract unit price when the actual project quantity changes exceed a certain proportion
◇ Adjustments will be made when market price changes reach a certain level or national policies change.
◇ The risk to the construction unit is relatively small
cost plus fee contract
■ Contract price = direct cost due remuneration
■ Applicable: Mostly suitable for emergency projects or post-disaster repair projects that are designed and constructed at the same time
■ Classification
cost plus fixed percentage
◇Remuneration will increase as direct costs increase
◇But it cannot encourage construction units to shorten the construction period and reduce costs
cost plus fixed fee
◇When signing the contract, the remuneration is agreed to be a certain fixed value
◇Construction units cannot be encouraged to care about reducing direct costs. Construction units will care about shortening the construction period.
cost plus variable fee
◇Agreement: expected cost fixed remuneration
◇Actual contract price
① Actual cost = expected cost, contract price = actual cost fixed remuneration ② Actual cost < expected cost, contract price = actual cost Fixed remuneration Bonus ③ Actual cost > expected cost, contract price = actual cost Fixed remuneration - penalty (the limit is the basic remuneration)
◇There is not much risk to both parties, and it can prompt the construction unit to care about cost reduction and shortening the construction period.
◇In practice, it is difficult to estimate expected costs
target cost plus rewards and penalties
◇When there is only a preliminary design or engineering specification and there is an urgent need to start construction ◇Prepare a rough estimate of the project quantity and an appropriate unit price list as the target cost (adjustable) ◇When signing a contract, the basic remuneration and rewards and penalties are agreed in percentage form based on the target cost. ◇Direct cost > target cost limit (such as 5%), penalty deduction ◇Save direct costs and increase remuneration ◇The method for calculating rewards and penalties during the construction period can also be agreed upon separately. ◇It is conducive to encouraging construction units to reduce costs and shorten construction periods. Neither the construction unit nor the construction unit will bear too much risk.
2. Comparison and selection of contract pricing methods
1) Comparison of contract pricing methods
2) Factors to consider when choosing a contract pricing method
(1) Project complexity
For large-scale and technically complex projects, the contracting risks are high and the various costs are difficult to accurately estimate, so it is not appropriate to use fixed-price contracts.
(2) Engineering design depth
◇The construction drawings and bill of quantities are detailed and clear, and a lump sum contract can be selected
◇The actual quantity may be significantly different from the estimated project quantity, so unit price contracts should be given priority
◇For projects that have only completed the preliminary design and the bill of quantities is not clear enough, you can choose a unit price contract or a cost plus fee contract.
(3) Level of technological advancement
For projects where a large part of the construction uses new technologies and new processes, the construction unit and construction unit lack experience, and there are no national standards, it is not appropriate to adopt a fixed-price contract, but a cost-plus-remuneration contract should be used.
(4) Urgency of construction period
For some emergency projects (such as post-disaster recovery projects, etc.) that are required to start as soon as possible and have a tight construction period, there may only be implementation plans and no construction drawings. The construction unit will It is impossible to quote a reasonable price when bidding, so a cost-plus-fee contract is more appropriate.