MindMap Gallery Cement classification and process technology
Including cement classification, technical direction, product characteristics, uses and implementation standards, process parameters, process flow, raw materials, etc.
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Cement classification and process technology
Product Categories
Universal cement
Cement name and code
Portland cement (P.Ⅰ, P.Ⅱ)
Ordinary Portland Cement (P.O)
Slag Portland Cement (P.S)
Pozzolanic Portland Cement (P.P)
Fly ash Portland cement (P.F)
Composite Portland Cement (P.C)
cement mark
32.5/32.5R
42.5/42.5R
52.5/52.5R
62.5/62.5R
Special cement
Characteristic cement
aluminate cement
Fast hardening cement
Medium and low heat cement
Sulfate Resistant Cement
Expansive and self-stressing cement
White cement
colored cement
Special cement
oil well cement
road cement
masonry cement
Technical direction
Energy saving, emission reduction, clean production
Highly efficient grinding technology
High-efficiency firing system technology
High-efficiency denitrification and desulfurization technology
fuel replacement technology
Coordinated disposal technology
The second generation of new dry method integrated innovative technology
Efficient large-scale bag dust removal technology
Chrome-free refractory technology
Develop circular economy
Support the use of existing new dry process cement kilns to collaboratively dispose domestic waste, urban sludge, contaminated soil and hazardous waste.
Carry out research on the harmless disposal and comprehensive utilization of bulk industrial hazardous solid waste such as red mud and chromium slag.
Enhance support for the comprehensive utilization of bulk industrial solid waste such as tailings, fly ash, coal gangue, by-product gypsum, slag, calcium carbide slag, and increase consumption in cement products on the premise of ensuring product quality and ecological safety. Industrial waste capacity and gradually increase the types of solid waste that can be consumed.
Accelerate low-carbon development
Develop energy-containing combustible waste alternative fuel technologies, encourage the research and development of biomass alternative fuels, increase the proportion of alternative fuels in cement kilns, and reduce the consumption of fossil energy and carbon dioxide emissions in the cement industry.
Implement actions to improve the thermal efficiency of cement kilns to reduce energy consumption and carbon emission intensity per unit product.
Accelerate the development of low-calcium Portland cement, promote the chlorine-free application of magnesia cementitious materials, and research new low-carbon cementitious materials.
Develop technology for the separation, recovery and utilization of carbon dioxide in cement kiln flue gas (CCUS).
Accelerate the construction of the carbon asset management system, focus on improving the carbon trading capabilities of cement companies, and steadily promote cement companies to join the national carbon emissions trading market to carry out carbon trading.
Integration of informatization and intelligent manufacturing
Deepen the systematic application of the Internet, mobile Internet, industrial Internet, Internet of Things, cloud computing, and big data in the cement industry, and accelerate the formulation and promotion of integration technology and management system standards.
Focus on promoting the comprehensive and integrated application of information technology in cement enterprises to achieve information connectivity in production, manufacturing, operation and management and other processes. Promote the all-round application of information technology in energy conservation, consumption reduction, emission reduction, and circular economy, accelerate the construction of enterprise energy management and control center projects, and promote energy efficiency management optimization technologies in cement enterprises.
Deepen the integrated application of intelligent sensing, IoT integration technology, intelligent collaborative control technology for the entire cement production process, intelligent production monitoring and early warning technology in the production process. Promote the application of industrial robots, smart sensors, smart instruments, online detection equipment, intelligent solid waste sorting equipment, intelligent dust removal equipment, etc., and promote the digitization, intelligence, and flexibility of the cement industry production process. Focus on supporting the development of temperature, pressure, quality, flow, material composition and other sensors suitable for real-time monitoring of high-temperature kilns and large-flow transmission in the cement industry to achieve digitalization and visualization of the cement production process. Carry out special pilot projects such as packaging machine substitution, and apply key intelligent manufacturing technologies to carry out pilot demonstration research on smart factories, digital mines, and industrial robots.
Performance parameters (quality standards)
Portland cement clinker
f-CaO(%)≤1.5
MgO (%) ≤ 5.0
Loss on ignition (%) ≤ 1.5
Insoluble matter (%) ≤ 0.75
SO3(%)≤1.5
C3S C2S (%) ≥ 66.0
CaO/SiO2 mass ratio ≥ 2.0
Clotting time (min)
Initial setting ≥ 45
Final setting ≤ 390
Compressive strength (MPa)
3 days ≥ 26.0
28 days ≥ 52.5
Stability: qualified
Ordinary Portland Cement (P.O 42.5)
Loss on ignition (%) ≤ 5
SO3(%)≤3.5
Insolubles(%)-
MgO (%) ≤ 5.0
Cl- (%) ≤ 0.06
Specific surface area (m2/kg) ≥ 300
Clotting time (min)
Initial setting ≥ 45
Final setting ≤ 600
Compressive strength (MPa)
3 days ≥ 17
28 days ≥ 42.5
Flexural strength (MPa)
3 days ≥ 3.5
28 days ≥ 6.5
Fineness (45μm sieve residue%) -
Stability: qualified
Product characteristics, uses and implementation standards
Portland cement (P.Ⅱ 52.5/52.5R)
Characteristics: Rapid hardening and early strength, good durability, workability, frost resistance, impermeability and corrosion resistance, and strong adaptability to admixtures.
Usage: It is widely used in industrial and civil construction and civil engineering. It can prepare concrete of various strengths, high-performance concrete, prestressed high-strength concrete or product components (such as pipe pile concrete), etc.
Implementation standard: GB 175-2020 "General Portland Cement"
Ordinary Portland cement (P.O 52.5/52.5R)
Characteristics: Rapid hardening and early strength, good durability, workability, frost resistance, impermeability and corrosion resistance, and strong adaptability to admixtures.
Usage: It is widely used in industrial and civil construction and civil engineering. It can prepare concrete of various strengths, high-performance concrete, prestressed high-strength concrete or product components (such as pipe pile concrete), etc.
Implementation standard: GB 175-2020 "General Portland Cement"
Ordinary Portland cement (P.O 42.5/42.5R)
Characteristics: High early strength, good durability, workability, frost resistance, impermeability and corrosion resistance, and strong adaptability to admixtures.
Usage: It is widely used in industrial and civil construction and civil engineering. It can prepare concrete of various strengths, high-performance concrete, prestressed high-strength concrete or product components (such as pipe pile concrete), etc.
Implementation standard: GB 175-2020 "General Portland Cement"
Slag Portland cement (P.S 32.5/42.5)
Characteristics: high late-stage strength, low heat of hydration, good heat resistance, durability, workability, and impermeability, extremely strong corrosion resistance, and strong adaptability to admixtures.
Usage: It has low heat of hydration and can be used in large-volume concrete projects (such as dams); it has strong corrosion resistance and can be used in river hydraulic engineering and offshore construction; it has good heat resistance and can be used in high-temperature workshops (such as steel rolling, heat treatment, casting, chimney) buildings.
Implementation standard: GB 175-2020 "General Portland Cement"
Composite Portland Cement (P.C 32.5/32.5R)
Characteristics: Moderate strength, low heat of hydration, good workability, heat resistance, water retention and adhesion, moderate frost resistance.
Usage: General industrial and civil construction, building mortar, can be used for masonry, stone veneer bricks, ceramic tiles, etc.
Implementation standard: GB 175-2020 "General Portland Cement"
Medium heat Portland cement (P·MH 42.5)
Characteristics: high late-stage strength, low alkali content, low heat of hydration, good durability, workability, impermeability, corrosion resistance, water retention, and good adaptability to admixtures.
Usage: Suitable for large-volume concrete, impermeable concrete, and high-performance concrete such as hydropower dams, culverts, underwater, and underground projects, especially projects that require very strict cement hydration heat.
Implementation standard: GB 200-2017 "Medium/Low Heat Portland Cement, Low Heat Slag Portland Cement"
Low heat Portland cement (P·LH 42.5)
Characteristics: high late-stage strength, low alkali content, very low heat of hydration, good durability, workability, impermeability, corrosion resistance, water retention, and good adaptability to admixtures.
Usage: Suitable for large-volume concrete, impermeable concrete, and high-performance concrete such as hydropower dams, culverts, underwater, and underground projects, especially projects that require very strict cement hydration heat.
Implementation standard: GB 200-2017 "Medium/Low Heat Portland Cement, Low Heat Slag Portland Cement"
Process flow
raw material
Mining and transportation
Mining
broken
average
Raw meal preparation
Material crushing
Raw material pre-homogenization
Raw material combination
Raw meal grinding
Homogenization of raw materials
burn
Preheat (preheater)
Decomposition (decomposition furnace)
Pulverized coal preparation (coal grinding)
Calcination (rotary kiln)
Cooling (Grate cooler)
Waste heat power generation
Coordinated disposal
production
Slag grinding
cement grinding
Bulk
bagged
Raw materials or semi-finished products
Raw material
calcareous
limestone
marl
chalk
marble
Marine shellfish
Calcite
carbide slag
sugar filter mud
waste rock
clayey
clay
shale
marl
river mud
siltstone
Aluminum
certain tailings
siliceous
sandstone
river sand
siltstone
iron
iron ore powder
Sulfuric acid residue
copper slag
steel slag
Non-ferrous metal ash
Aluminum
fly ash
bauxite
gangue
clinker
composition
Dicalcium silicate (C2S)
Tricalcium silicate (C3S)
Tricalcium aluminate (C3A)
Tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF)
fuel
coal
bituminous coal
anthracite
alternative fuels
bioparticles
fuel rod
Wood waste plastic
Rubbish
waste fuel
scrap tires
Mixed materials
slag
volcanic ash
fly ash
Zeolite
burnt shale
burning coal gangue
slag
plaster
natural gypsum
Phosphogypsum
Desulfurized gypsum
Fluorogypsum
steel slag
Water slag
Core production process parameters
Production line scale/(10,000 tons/year) 360
Labor productivity / [t/(person·year)] 20000
Kiln annual operation rate / % 95
Clinker heat consumption / (kJ/kg) 2842
Comprehensive power consumption of cement / (kW·h/t) 90
Limestone and raw material crushing 2.5
Raw material pre-homogenization and storage 1.0
Raw meal grinding 26.0
Raw meal pre-homogenization and storage 1.5
Homogenization and storage of pulverized coal 3.5
Clinker firing 22.0
Clinker storage and transportation 1.0
Cement grinding 28.0
Cement Storage and Packaging 2.0
Other air compressors, etc. 2.5
Single machine production capacity / (t/h)
Raw meal mill 960
Cement mill 360
Kiln flue gas emission concentration (standard condition) / (mg/m³) 20
Cement production/10,000 tons
Clinker output/10,000 tons
Proportion of mixed materials in cement / %
Raw material substitutes / %