MindMap Gallery Memorize 7,000 TOEFL words in 100 sentences
Core words and theme vocabulary trees, memorizing 7,000 TOEFL words, free everyone from their busy schedule and achieve twice the result with half the effort.
Edited at 2023-01-11 20:20:30This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Memorize 7,000 TOEFL words in 100 sentences
Sentence 01
Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality. A theory is essentially an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is "A theory is an abstract, symbolic representation." A noun clause introduced by what serves as the object of of.
core vocabulary
essentially /ɪˈsenʃəli/ ad. essentially; basically
memory ess (existence) entially→what exists is essential→essentially
Synonyms substantially ad. Essentially
same root essence n. essence essential a. essential
theory /ˈθiːəri/ n. theory, principle
memory theo (god) ry (…study) → theology → theory
collocation in theory theoretically
Synonyms principle n. principle
same root theorize v. theoreticalize theoretical a. theoretical
abstract /ˈæbstrækt/ a. abstract; abstract
Memory abs (leave) tract (pull, pull) → take away the concrete meaning → abstract
collocation abstract knowledge abstract knowledge
same root abstraction n. abstract concept
symbolic /sɪmˈbɑːlɪk/ a. symbolic; symbolic
The same root symbolize vt. symbolism n. symbolism
representation /ˌreprɪzenˈteɪʃn/ n. representation; performance
The same root represent vt. represent representational a. representative; representational
conceive /kənˈsiːv/ v. conceive, conceive
memory con (together) ceiv (catch) e→seize together (thought)→imagine, imagine
Same root conceivable a. Conceivable concept n. Conception reference
deceive vt. deceive perceive vt. detect
Topic summary: words related to “language learning”
accent /ˈæksent/ n. accent, accent
With foreign accent foreign accent
alphabet /ˈælfəbet/ n. alphabet
Memory is composed of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, alpha and beta.
antonym /ˈæntənɪm/ n. antonym
Memory ant (opposite) onym (name) → name relative → antonym
consonant /ˈkɑːnsənənt/ n. consonant
diction /ˈdɪkʃn/ n. diction, terminology
memory dict (speak) ion→wording, terminology
intricate /ˈɪntrɪkət/ a. intricate, complicated and difficult to understand
Synonyms complex a. complex language acquisition language acquisition
oral /ˈɔːrəl/ a. Oral, spoken
memory or (say) al (...) → oral, oral
root /ruːt/ n. root
suffix /ˈsʌfɪks/ n. suffix; word ending
Reference affix n. affix prefix n. prefix
syllable /ˈsɪləbl/ n. syllable
Memory syl (together) lab (lips) le → (upper and lower) lips make → syllable together
synonym /ˈsɪnənɪm/ n. synonym
Memory syn (common) onym (name) → same name → synonym
verbal /ˈvɜːrbl/ a. literal; verb
Same root verbalize v. express with words (or words)
vocabulary /vəˈkæbjəleri/ n. vocabulary
Collocation vocabulary quantity vocabulary quantity
vowel /ˈvaʊəl/ n. vowel
Topic summary: words related to "linguistics"
bilingual /ˌbaɪˈlɪŋɡwəl/ a. (speaking) two languages
Paired with bilingual lecturing bilingual teaching
cognitive /ˈkɑːɡnətɪv/ a. Cognitive, knowing
memory cogn (know) itive (having... nature) → cognitive
corpus /ˈkɔːrpəs/ n. Collection of works; corpus
dialect /ˈdaɪəlekt/ n. dialect; dialect
memory dia (between) lect (speak) → a language spoken among some people → dialect language family language family
lexicology /ˌleksɪˈkɑːlədʒi/ n. Lexicology
linguistic /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk/ a. linguistic
Same root linguistics n. Linguistics linguist n. Linguist
Morphology /mɔːrˈfɑːlədʒi/ n. Morphology
Memory morph (shape) ology (…study) → morphology
phonetic /fəˈnetɪk/ a. phonetic
With phonetic alphabet phonetic symbols
phonology /fəˈnɑːlədʒi/ n. phonology
semantics /sɪˈmæntɪks/ n. semantics
syntax /ˈsɪntæks/ n. syntax
Sentence 02
Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is "Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly." The attributive clause introduced by where in the sentence modifies the preceding areas.
core vocabulary
irrigation /ˌɪrɪˈɡeɪʃn/ n. irrigation
Paired with irrigation sprinkler sprinkler device
same root irrigate vt. irrigation
abundantly /əˈbʌndəntli/ ad. Abundantly, abundantly
Synonyms: abundantly ad.
The same root abundant a. Plenty, sufficient
cactus /ˈkæktəs/ n. [pl. cacti] cactus
sagebrush /ˈseɪdʒbrʌʃ/ n. bush wormwood; bush wormwood
Theme summary: words related to "agricultural production, land"
agricultural /ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl/ a. agricultural
with agricultural production agricultural production
agrarian /əˈɡreriən/ a. land; cultivated land
with agrarian reform land reform
arable /ˈærəbl/ a. arable; cultivated
with arable land arable land
arid /ˈærɪd/ a. Dry; barren
Synonyms barren a. barren
barren /ˈbærən/ a. (land, etc.) barren
Synonyms infertile a. infertile
Topic summary: words related to "weeding and fertilizing"
fertilizer /ˈfɜːrtəlaɪzər/ n. fertilizer
Pair with organic fertilizer organic fertilizer
herbicide /ˈhɜːrbɪsaɪd/ n. herbicide
Reference herb n. medicinal herb
pest /pest/ n. Pest, pest
Memory "Slap it to death"→Slap it to death when you see a pest→Pest
pesticide /ˈpestɪsaɪd/ n. pesticide
Memory pesti (=pest pest) cid (kill) e→insecticide
weed /wiːd/ v. weeding
Memory The seeds grow tenaciously among the weeds
Theme summary: words related to “cultivation, harvesting”
cultivate /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/ v. cultivate; cultivate
Memory cult (plant) iv ate (verb suffix) → cultivate
reap /riːp/ v. harvest (crops); harvest
Same root reaper n. harvester, reaper
output /ˈaʊtpʊt/ n. output
Synonyms yield n. yield
yield /jiːld/ n. yield; output vt. output (crop)
Memory: This field produces (yield) watermelons
barn /bɑːrn/ n. barn
Memory This bar is a converted barn
warehouse /ˈwerhaʊs/ n. warehouse
Memory ware (vessel) house (house) → the house where the utensils are placed → warehouse
prolific /prəˈlɪfɪk/ a. prolific; abundant
Synonyms productive a. prolific
Topic summary: Words representing "modern agricultural production equipment":
bale loader, bale loader
tractor /ˈtræktər/ n. Tractor
Reference tract n. large tract of land
binder /ˈbaɪndər/ n. binding machine
Same root bind vt. Bundle; wrap clod crusher soil clod machine farm machine agricultural machinery field roller roller
mower /ˈmoʊər/ n. lawn mower; harvester
Same root mow v. mow the grass
pump /pʌmp/ n. pump v. pump
With water pump water pump
reaper /ˈriːpər/ n. harvester
Synonyms harvester n. harvester
seeder /ˈsiːdə/ n. Seeder
same root seed n. seed v. sowing
thresher /ˈθreʃə/ n.Thresher
Same root thresh vt./n. Threshing
weeder /wiːdə/ n. weeder
Same root weed n. weed v. weeding
weeding machine weeding machine
Theme summary: words related to "plants, vegetation"
vegetation /ˌvedʒəˈteɪʃn/ n. plants, vegetation
Synonyms plant n. plant
flora /ˈflɔːrə/ n. flora
same root floral a. plant
willow /ˈwɪloʊ/ n. willow, willow tree
Memory: drying the pillow on the willow
poplar /ˈpɑːplər/ n. poplar
palm /pɑːm/ n. palm tree
With palm tree palm tree
pine /paɪn/ n. pine tree
Reference pineapple n. pineapple
shrub /ʃrʌb/ n. shrub
Memory sh rub (rubbing) → walking through a bush and being scratched → bush
algae /ˈældʒiː/ n. algae
Synonyms seaweed n. seaweed
fern /fɜːrn/ n. fern, fern
moss /mɔːs/ n. moss, moss
tundra /ˈtʌndrə/ n. tundra
scrubland /ˈskrʌblənd/ n. scrubland
bark /bɑːrk/ n. bark
With pine bark pine bark
trunk /trʌŋk/ n. trunk; trunk
Synonyms: stem n. Stem, stem
twig /twɪɡ/ n. twig, twig
evergreen /ˈevərɡriːn/ a. Evergreen
Match evergreen tree evergreen tree
cluster /ˈklʌstər/ n. a cluster (shrub)
with a cluster of flower a cluster of flowers
Sentence 03
Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.
Grammar Notes: The stem of this sentence is "Anthropologists have discovered that...". In the sentence, that introduces an object clause whose subject is "fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise".
core vocabulary
anthropologist /ˌænθrəˈpɑːlədʒɪst/ n. Anthropologist, anthropologist
Memory anthrop (person, human being) olog ist (person engaged in certain research) → scholar who studies human beings → anthropologist
Synonyms humanist n. Anthropologist
Same root anthropology n. Anthropology anthropological a. Anthropology
Reference anthropoid a. Human-like n. Great ape
discover /dɪˈskʌvər/ vt. discover; discover
Memory dis (remove) + cover (cover) → uncover the cover → discover
Same root discovery n. discovery, discovery
universally /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsəli/ ad. universally, everywhere, everyone
Memory uni (single) vers (turn) al ly (…) → a rotating whole space → universe → universal
Same root universe n.Universe; world universal a. Universal; cosmic
reflect /rɪˈflekt/ vt. show; reflect, ponder; reflect
Memory re (backward) flect (bend) → bend backward → reflect
Synonyms indicate v. show
Same root reflection n. reflection; thinking, idea
facial /ˈfeɪʃl/ a. Facial, surface
Memory fac (face, face) + ial (...) → facial
Paired with facial foam facial recognition facial recognition
expression /ɪkˈspreʃn/ n. Expression, expression, expression; expression, look; words, wording
Memory ex (out) + press (squeeze) → squeeze out (thoughts) → express
Synonyms manifestation n. Performance diction n. Wording, terminology
from the same root expressive a. expressive, expressive
Theme summary: words expressing "fear":
aghast /əˈɡæst/ a. Stunned, horrified
With aghast at sth. to be stunned at…
appall /əˈpɔːl/ vt. to frighten, to terrorize
same root appalling a. shocking
craven /ˈkreɪvn/ a. cowardly, timid
Synonyms cowardly a. cowardly
creep /kriːp/ vi. goosebumps n. creepy
same root creepy a. creepy
dread /dred/ vt. fear, worry
same root dreadful a. terrible
fright /fraɪt/ n. fright
Paired with stage fright
petrified /ˈpetrɪfaɪd/ a. stunned
Same root petrify v. stunned; petrified
terrified /ˈterɪfaɪd/ a. terrified
with be terrified of
terrify /ˈterɪfaɪ/ vt. to scare, to frighten
memory terr (terror) ify (make...) → frighten
timid /ˈtɪmɪd/ a. timid, cowardly
with as timid as a hare timid as a mouse
tremble /ˈtrembl/ n./vi. tremble
same root trembling a. trembling
Theme summary: words that express "happiness"
ecstasy /ˈekstəsi/ n. ecstasy
Same root ecstatic a. ecstatic
exaltation /ˌeɡzɔːlˈteɪʃn/ n. joy
Same root exalt vt. Promote; promote
exhilaration /ɪɡˌzɪləˈreɪʃn/ n. happy, active, happy
same root exhilarate vt. make happy
gratify /ˈɡrætɪfaɪ/ vt. make satisfied, make happy
Same root gratification n. satisfaction; joy
grin /ɡrɪn/ n./v. grinning
with grin and bear it to endure silently
intoxicate /ɪnˈtɑːksɪkeɪt/ vt. (make) intoxicated, (make) ecstatic
Same root intoxication n. intoxication
merry /ˈmeri/ a. cheerful
Same root merrily ad. happily; happily
mirth /mɜːrθ/ n. Joy, laughter, joy
overjoyed /ˌoʊvərˈdʒɔɪd/ a. extremely happy
with overjoyed at sth. overjoyed at sth.
rejoice /rɪˈdʒɔɪs/ v. happy, delighted
With rejoice in feel happy because of...
Theme summary: words expressing "sadness"
aggrieve /əˈɡriːv/ vt. to cause grievance; to cause pain
Memory ag (strengthen) griev (heavy) e → aggravate (trouble) → make painful
agony /ˈæɡəni/ n. extreme pain, trauma; distress
Pairing in agony is painful
anguish /ˈæŋɡwɪʃ/ n. pain
collocation in anguish in pain
deploy /dɪˈplɔːr/ vt. express grief
memory de (meaning strengthen) plor (tears; cry) e→sorrow
distress /dɪˈstres/ n. Distress, misfortune vt. Make sad; make distressed
Matched with distress signal distress (call for help) signal
dolefulness /ˈdoʊlflnis/ n. sadness
Same root doleful a. sad
grief /ɡriːf/ n. sadness; misfortune
Collocation with come to grief to suffer misfortune; failure, bad luck
grieve /ɡriːv/ vt. to make sad; to make sad
Pair with grieve for mourning
lament /ləˈment/ n. sadness; lament
memory lame (lame) nt→lame so sad→sad
misery /ˈmɪzəri/ n. pain; miserable situation
With live in misery and want live a life of poverty and scarcity
mourn /mɔːrn/ v. Mourning, sadness
Collocation with mourn for mourning
sorrow /ˈsɑːroʊ/ n. sorrow; sorrow; sad thing
Use sorrow at to feel sad about...
torment /ˈtɔːrment/ n. pain
Paired with inner torment, inner torment
Theme summary: words that express "surprise"
astonish /əˈstɑːnɪʃ/ vt. to surprise, to surprise
with astonish at be surprised at
astound /əˈstaʊnd/ vt. to shock
same root astounding a. shocking
fabulous /ˈfæbjələs/ a. incredible
memory fa (say) bul ous→fables passed down from generation to generation→unbelievable
inconceivable /ˌɪnkənˈsiːvəbl/ a. Inconceivable
with inconceivable disaster unimaginable disaster
incredible /ɪnˈkredəbl/ a. incredible
With incredible style incredible style
marvelous /ˈmɑːrvələs/ a. amazing
Same root marvel n./v. Surprise; surprise
startle /ˈstɑːrtl/ vt. frighten; startle
Paired with startle response
striking /ˈstraɪkɪŋ/ a. striking
Same root strike vt. hit; hit n. strike
stunning /ˈstʌnɪŋ/ a. shocking
Stun vt. to shock; to knock out n. to faint
Topic Summary: Common Expert Categories
aesthetician /esˈθetɪʃn/ n. aesthetician
Same root aesthetics n. aesthetics
archaeologist /ˌɑːrkiˈɑːlədʒɪst/ n. archaeologist
Same root archaeology n. Archeology
astronomer /əˈstrɑːnəmər/ n. astronomer
same root astronomy n. astronomy
ecologist /iˈkɑːlədʒɪst/ n. Ecologist
Same root ecology n. Ecology
ethnologist /eθˈnɑːlədʒɪst/ n. ethnologist
Same root ethnology n. ethnography
entomologist /ˌentəˈmɑːlədʒɪst/ n. entomologist
Same root entomology n. Entomology
linguistician /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪʃən/ n. Linguist
Same root linguistics n. Linguistics
neurologist /nʊˈrɑːlədʒɪst/ n. Neurologist
Same root neurology n. Neurology
ornithologist /ˌɔːrnɪˈθɑːlədʒɪst/ n. ornithologist
Same root ornithology n. Ornithology
pathologist /pəˈθɑːlədʒɪst/ n. pathologist
Same root pathology n. Pathology
taxonomist /tækˈsɑːnəmɪst/ n. Taxonomist
same root taxonomy n. taxonomy
astrologist /ˌæstrəˈlɑːdʒɪst/ n. astrologer
Same root astrology n. astrology
physiologist /ˌfɪziˈɑːlədʒɪst/ n. physiologist
Physiology n. Physiology
geologist /dʒiˈɑːlədʒɪst/ n. geologist
same root geology n. geology
meteorologist /ˌmiːtiəˈrɑːlədʒɪst/ n. meteorologist
Same root meteorology n. Meteorology
oceanographer /ˌoʊʃəˈnɑːɡrəfər/ n. oceanographer
Same root oceanography n. Oceanography
paleontologist /ˌpeɪliənˈtɑlədʒɪst/ n. paleontologist
Same root paleontology n. paleontology
demographer /dɪˈmɑːɡrəfər/ n. Demographer
same root demography n. demography
philosopher /fəˈlɑːsəfər/ n. philosopher
Same root philosophy n. philosophy
seismologist /ˌsaɪzˈmɑːlədʒɪst/ n. seismologist
Same root seismology n.
Sentence 04
Of the millions who saw Haley's Comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century. What about a comeback in the 21st century?
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is How many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century. This sentence looks like an ordinary question, but it actually functions as an exclamation.
core vocabulary
comet /ˈkɑːmət/ n. comet
Memory come (come) t→A star that comes only once in many years→Comet
Cometary a. cometary
Halley’s Comet Halley’s Comet (named after the British scientist Halley, its orbital period is 76 years)
Theme Summary: Eight Planets
Earth /ɜːrθ/ n. Earth
Jupiter /ˈdʒuːpɪtər/ n. Jupiter
Memory Jupiter is the god in Roman mythology
Mars /mɑːrz/ n. Mars
Memory Mars is the god of war in Roman mythology
Mercury /ˈmɜːrkjəri/ n. Mercury
Memory Mercury is the son of the god Jupiter in Roman mythology and serves as the messenger of the gods.
Neptune /ˈneptjuːn/ n. Neptune
Memory Neptune is the sea god in Roman mythology
Saturn /ˈsætɜːrn/ n. Saturn
Memory Saturn is the god of agriculture in Roman mythology, after Jupiter
Uranus /ˈjʊrənəs/ n. Uranus
Memory Uranus is the sky god in Greek mythology
Venus /ˈviːnəs/ n. Venus
Memory Venus is the goddess of love and beauty in Roman mythology
Theme Summary: Common Stars
asteroid /ˈæstərɔɪd/ n. asteroid
Memory aster (star) oid (shape) → asteroid dwarf planet dwarf planet
meteor /ˈmiːtiər/ n. meteor
Same root meteoric a. meteor shower meteor shower
meteoroid /ˈmiːtɪəˌrɔɪd/ n. meteoroid
Same root meteor n. Meteor natural satellite natural satellite
planet /ˈplænɪt/ n. planet
Same root planetary a. planetoid n. asteroid
Pluto /ˈpluːtoʊ/ n. Pluto
quasar /ˈkweɪzɑːr/ n. quasar
Memory qu+a+sar (see as star, star) → quasar
satellite /ˈsætəlaɪt/ n. satellite
Paired with weather satellite weather satellite
star /stɑːr/ n. star
terrestrial planet terrestrial planet
Theme summary: words related to "celestial body movement"
eclipse /ɪˈklɪps/ n. Solar eclipse, lunar eclipse
Paired with lunar/solar eclipse lunar/solar eclipse elliptic orbit
equator /ɪˈkweɪtər/ n. equator
Memory equat (=equate average) or→divide the earth into equal parts→equator
horizon /həˈraɪzn/ n. horizon
Same root horizontal a. Horizontal
orbit /ˈɔːrbɪt/ n. orbit
Same root orbital a. Orbital
revolve /rɪˈvɔːlv/ vi. rotate
With revolve around
spin /spɪn/ v. spin
Synonyms twirl v. rotate
Topic summary: Common words for other celestial bodies and galaxies
astronomical unit astronomical unit
astronomy /əˈstrɑːnəmi/ n. astronomy
same root astronomical a. astronomical
aureole /ˈɔːrioʊl/ n. Halo (a halo formed by the refraction of sunlight or moonlight through ice crystals in clouds)
Big Bang Big Bang
black mole black mole
celestial /səˈlestʃl/ a. Celestial
Pair with celestial body
constellation /ˌkɑːnstəˈleɪʃn/ n. constellation
cosmos /ˈkɑːzmoʊs/ n. universe
Synonyms universe n. universe
galaxy /ˈɡæləksi/ n. galaxy; Milky Way
Synonyms Milky Way Milky Way
intergalactic /ˌɪntərɡəˈlæktɪk/ a. intergalactic
same root galactic a. galactic
interstellar /ˌɪntərˈstelər/ a. Interstellar
Same root stellar a. Stellar, planetary
lunar /ˈluːnər/ a. of the moon
Paired with lunar calendar
meteorite /ˈmiːtiəraɪt/ n. meteorite
Paired with meteorite impact meteorite impact
nebula /ˈnebjələ/ n. nebula
Same root nebular a. Nebula, nebular
outer space outer space
planetary system planetary system
solar /ˈsoʊlər/ a. solar
Paired with solar system solar radiation solar radiation
space station space station
star cluster star cluster
sun’s rays sunlight
twinkle /ˈtwɪŋkl/ vi. twinkle
Memory twinkle, twinkle, little star twinkle twinkle little star
wormhole /ˈwɜːrmhoʊl/ n. wormhole
Sentence 05
The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.
Grammar notes: This is a sentence pattern of "the more..., the more", which means "the more..., the more...", it is a compound sentence.
core vocabulary
population /ˌpɑːpjuˈleɪʃn/ n. (collectively) organisms in a certain field; ethnic group; population
Memory popul (person) ation (noun) → population
With population distribution population distribution
with the same root populate v. (to live in large numbers)
locality /loʊˈkæləti/ n. place; location
memory local (place) ity→place; location
Synonyms position n. position
same root location n. location, place
transportation /ˌtrænspɔːrˈteɪʃn/ n. transportation; transportation system
Memory trans (transfer) + port (transport) ation→get from one place to another→transport
With public transportation public transportation transportation system transportation system transportation network transportation network
Synonyms transit n. transportation
Same root transport n./vt. transport
disposal /dɪˈspoʊzl/ n. clearing; processing
Collocation with garbage disposal garbage disposal at one’s disposal let someone handle it
Synonyms: get rid of, process, throw away
Same root dispose v. process, dispose
refuse /ˈrefjuːs/ n. Waste; garbage /rɪˈfjuːz/ v. Refuse to match refuse collection garbage collection
Synonyms garbage n. rubbish n. rubbish litter n. rubbish
Theme summary: air transportation
aircraft /ˈerpleɪn/ n. aircraft
Paired with aircraft maintenance
airliner /ˈerlaɪnər/ n. Large passenger aircraft; airliner
civil aviation civil aviation
commercial jet commercial jet
helicopter /ˈhelɪkɑːptər/ n. helicopter
Theme summary: water transportation vehicles
cruise shipyacht
ferryboat /ˈfɛrɪbəʊt/ n. ferry, ferry
Memory ferry boat → ferry
rowboat /ˈroʊboʊt/ n. rowboat
Memory row (rowing) boat (boat) → rowing boat
vessel /ˈvesl/ n. big ship; ship
Match ocean-going vessel ocean-going vessel
yacht /jɑːt/ n. speedboat, yacht
Theme summary: road transport vehicles
automobile /ˈɔːtəməbiːl/ n. automobile
memory auto (automatic) mobile (movable) → car
automotive /ˌɔːtəˈmoʊtɪv/ a. automobile, motor vehicle
bicycle /ˈbaɪsɪkl/ n. bicycle; bicycle
Paired with electric bicycle
caravan /ˈkærəvæn/ n. travel trailer, caravan
electric tram tram
hybrid car hybrid car
lorry /ˈlɔːri/ n. Freight truck
Paired with lorry crane
motor /ˈmoʊtər/ n. car
motorcycle /ˈmoʊtərsaɪkl/ n. motorcycle
Paired with motorcycle lane
tricycle /ˈtraɪsɪkl/ n. three-wheeled bicycle
With motor tricycle motorized tricycle
truck /trʌk/ n. truck
Matches garbage truck garbage truck
van /væn/ n. van
Memory "playing" in the van
vehicle /ˈviːəkl/ n. vehicle, means of transportation
Memory veh (luck) icle (meaning small things) → things that carry people → means of transportation
wagon /ˈwæɡən/ n. four-wheeled cargo carriage
Synonyms carriage carriage
Theme summary: words related to "environmental protection"
acid rain acid rain
alternative energy alternative energy
biodegradable /ˌbaɪoʊdɪˈɡreɪdəbl/ a. Biodegradable
Paired with biodegradable packaging
carbon emission carbon emission
climatic deterioration climate deterioration
contaminated soil contaminated soil
deteriorate /dɪˈtɪriəreɪt/ vi. get worse, worsen
same root deterioration n. deterioration
ecological degradation ecological degradation
environmental awareness environmental awareness
groundwater /ˈɡraʊndwɔːtər/ n. groundwater
With groundwater contamination groundwater contamination
land resource land resource
low carbon low carbon
mineral resource mineral resources
plastic bag plastic bag
pollutant /pəˈluːtənt/ n. pollutant
With pollutant emission pollutant emission
radioactive /ˌreɪdioʊˈæktɪv/ a. radioactive
With radioactive substance radioactive substance
recycle /ˌriːˈsaɪkl/ v. recycle
Memory re (re) cycl (circle, ring) e→recycle→recycle
reduce /rɪˈduːs/ v. reduce
same root reduction n. reduce
renewable /rɪˈnuːəbl/ a. (energy and natural resources) renewable
Same root renew v. Update, restore
reuse /ˌriːˈjuːs/ v. reuse
same root reusable a. reusable
solar energy solar energy
sustainable /səˈsteɪnəbl/ a. sustainable
Paired with sustainable development sustainable development
water conservation save water
white pollution white pollution
wind energy wind energy
worsen /ˈwɜːrsn/ v. (make) worse, worsen
Same root worse a. Worse
Sentence 06
Perfectly matched pearls, strung into a necklace, bring a far higher price than the same pearls sold individually. Perfectly matched pearls strung into a necklace, bring a far higher price than the same pearls sold individually.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Perfectly matched pearls bring a far higher price. The past participle matched means passive, and is used as a preposition to modify pearls; strung into a necklace is a past participle phrase used as a postposition; a far higher price than is a comparative structure, and the object of comparison is "perfectly matched pearls, strung into a necklace" and the same pearls sold individually.
core vocabulary
perfectly /ˈpɜːrfɪktli/ ad. perfectly; completely
Synonyms faultlessly ad. perfectly
Same root perfect a. perfect vt. make perfect perfection n. perfect
string /strɪŋ/ vt. hanging; tying; stringing together n. thin rope; a string; string
Combined with string sth.out to separate into one column; delay...
Synonyms thread n. Thin rope; thread vt. Pass through; thread into a string
individually /ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəli/ ad. individually; individually
memory in (not) di (two) vid (separate) ually→cannot be divided into two→separately
Same root individual a. Individual; individual n. Individuality n. Personality individualism n. Individualism individualize vt. Personalize
Theme summary: words related to "jewelry"
accessory /əkˈsesəri/ n. Ornament; accessories a. Accessory
with the same root accessorize vt. add decorations to
bangle /ˈbæŋɡl/ n. bracelet; anklet
Paired with gold bangle gold bracelet
bracelet /ˈbreɪslət/ n. bracelet; bracelet
Paired with jade bracelet jade bracelet
brooch /broʊtʃ/ n. Brooch; lapel pin
Synonyms pin n. brooch, brooch
charm /tʃɑːrm/ n. (a small charm on a chain or bracelet)
Pair with a lucky charm
earring /ˈɪrɪŋ/ n. earrings
Paired with pearl earrings diamond earrings diamond earrings
jewelry box jewelry box
lace /leɪs/ n. lace; ribbon v. tied with a belt
Pair with lace up and tie with straps
pendant /ˈpendənt/ n. pendant of necklace
Paired with top pendant
ring /rɪŋ/ n. ring; ring
Paired with key ring
sweater chain sweater chain
trinket /ˈtrɪŋkɪt/ n. trinket
Pair it with cheap trinkets
Theme summary: words related to "gem"
alloy /ˈælɔɪ/ n. alloy
amber /ˈæmbər/ n. Amber a. Amber
amethyst /ˈæməθɪst/ a. amethyst
bead /biːd/ a. bead-like n. bead
same root beaded a. decorated with beads beading n. beaded ornaments
carat /ˈkærət/ n. carat (unit of weight for diamonds and other jewelry)
crystal /ˈkrɪstl/ a. crystal n. crystal
same root crystalize v. crystallize
diamond /ˈdaɪəmənd/ n. Diamond
With genuine diamond real diamond
emerald /ˈemərəld/ a. emerald
fine silver sterling silver
gem /dʒem/ n. gem
Synonyms jewelry n. jewelry
gold /ɡoʊld/ n. gold
Paired with white gold
heart /hɑːrt/ n. heart-shaped object
jade /dʒeɪd/ n. Jade
With jade article jade
jewel craft jewel craft
karat /ˈkærət/ n. Kai (the purity unit of gold); carat (the weight unit of diamonds and other jewelry)
leaf /liːf/ a. leafy
oval /ˈoʊvl/ a. egg-shaped
palladium /pəˈleɪdiəm/ n. Palladium
pearl /pɜːrl/ n. Pearl
plated /ˈpleɪtɪd/ a. gold-plated
platinum /ˈplætɪnəm/ n. platinum
purity /ˈpjʊrəti/ n. purity
Same root purification n. purification; purification
ruby /ˈruːbi/ a. ruby n. ruby
sapphire /ˈsæfaɪər/ a. sapphire n. sapphire
silver /ˈsɪlvər/ n. silver jewelry
sterling silver standard sterling silver (reaching the specified purity)
teardrop /ˈtɪrdrɑːp/ a. teardrop n. teardrop
titanium /tɪˈteɪniəm/ n. titanium
wing /wɪŋ/ a. Winged n. Wings
Pair with take wing to take off
Topic summary: Common marketing terms:
billboard design outdoor billboard design
blog marketing blog marketing
brand expansion brand promotion
brand name brand name
buying behavior buying behavior
cost estimate cost estimate
herd behavior herd behavior
loyalty marketing loyalty marketing
main channel main channel
market planning market planning
marketing environment market environment
marketing research market research
marketing strategy marketing strategy
product poster product poster
promotion budget promotion budget
propaganda department propaganda department
publicity material promotional materials
Sentence 07
The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them. The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for sundials. The which in the sentence refers to sundials.
core vocabulary
mechanical /məˈkænɪkl/ a. mechanical, mechanical
memory mechan (mechanical) ical→mechanical
With mechanical breakdown mechanical failure
Same root mechanic n. Mechanic, mechanic mechanic n. Mechanical mechanic n. Mechanicist mechanician n. Mechanic
timepiece /ˈtaɪmpiːs/ n. clock; watch
Synonyms watch n. watch clock n. clock
spur /spɜːr/ vt. stimulate; promote
Synonyms provoke vt. stimulate; arouse
accurate /ˈækjərət/ a. accurate, precise
Synonyms precise a. precise exact a. precise antonym inaccurate a. inaccurate
Same root accurately ad. Accurately
sundial /ˈsʌndaɪəl/ n. sundial
regulate /ˈreɡjuleɪt/ v. Calibrate; regulate; manage
Memory reg (rule) ul ate (verb suffix) → management, control
Synonyms adjust v. adjust
Same root regulation n. Regulations, rulesregulator n. Regulator regulatory a. Adjusted
Theme summary: words related to "historical archeology"
ancient /ˈeɪnʃənt/ a. ancient
Paired with ancient tomb
antiquarian /ˌæntɪˈkweriən/ a. of ancient relics
antique /ænˈtiːk/ n. Antiques, antiques
Memory antiq (ancient) ue→ancient→antique
archaeology /ˌɑːrkiˈɑːlədʒi/ n.
memory arch (ancient) ae ology (…study) → archeology
artifact /ˈɑːrtɪfækt/ n. Antiquities; artifacts
Synonyms handicraft n. Handicraft Bronze Age Bronze Age burial object Burial object
discovery /dɪˈskʌvəri/ n. discovery; discovered things
same root discover vt. discover
excavation /ˌekskəˈveɪʃn/ n. excavation, excavation
Same root excavate vt. excavate Iron Age Iron Age material culture material culture
Neolithic /ˌniːəˈlɪθɪk/ a. Neolithic
memory neo (new) lith (stone) ic→Neolithic
prehistoric /ˌpriːhɪˈstɔːrɪk/ a. prehistoric
memory pre (in front of) historic (historical) → prehistoric
relic /ˈrelɪk/ n. relic
with cultural relic cultural relics scientific method scientific method
survey /ˈsɜːrveɪ/ n. survey; survey
same root surveyor n. surveyor
unearth /ʌnˈɜːrθ/ vt. Excavate; reveal
Memory un (untie) earth (earth) → bring out of the ground → excavate
Topic summary: words related to "mechanical equipment"
automaton /ɔːˈtɑːmətən/ n. automatic operating device; robot
Same root automatic a. automatic
blade /bleɪd/ n. blade, blade
bolt /boʊlt/ n. bolt
Tighten the bolt with tight a bolt
crane /kreɪn/ n. Crane, crane
equipment /ɪˈkwɪpmənt/ n. equipment; equipment
Same root equip vt. Equipment; assembly
facility /fəˈsɪləti/ n. Convenient facilities; equipment
Memory fac (do) ility→things that assist people in doing things→equipment
fuel filter fuel filter
furnace /ˈfɜːrnɪs/ n. furnace, furnace
Paired with blast furnace
gadget /ˈɡædʒɪt/ n. gadget; gadget
Synonyms doohickey n. gadget
generator /ˈdʒenəreɪtər/ n. generator; generator
Same root generate vt. generate
jack /dʒæk/ n. lift, jack
kiln /kɪln/ n. kiln, furnace
Memory The collapse of the coal kiln killed many people
lathe /leɪð/ n. lathe, machine tool
lever /ˈlevər/ n. lever vt. pry with a lever
Same root leverage n. Leverage
machinery /məˈʃiːnəri/ n. machine, machinery
With farm machinery agricultural machinery
outfit /ˈaʊtfɪt/ n. Utensils, a complete set of equipment
piston /ˈpɪstən/ n. piston
With piston ring
pulley /ˈpʊli/ n. pulley; pulley
Comes with pulley block pulley set
reel /riːl/ n. reel, spool
tool kit tool box
transformer /trænsˈfɔːrmər/ n. Transformer
Same root transform vt. Transformation
turbine /ˈtɜːrbaɪn/ n. turbine
With steam turbine steam turbine
Sentence 08
Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them.
Grammar Notes: The backbone of this sentence is "Studies indicate that ...". that introduces an object clause whose backbone is its crust and mantle yield. The following when introduces an adverbial clause and serves as the time adverbial of the object clause.
core vocabulary
gravity /ˈɡrævəti/ n. gravity; severity
memory grav(heavy) ity→gravity
Same root grave a. significant; serious n. grave
indicate /ˈɪndɪkeɪt/ v. show; indicate
memory in dic (say) ate→say→show
same root indication n. indication
indicative a. indicating
crust /krʌst/ n. crust; shell v. form a shell
Memory The shell of this iron product is covered with a layer of rust.
Same root crustal a. Crust; outer shell
mantle /ˈmæntl/ n. mantle; covering vt. covering
Memory man (root: hand) + tle → covering the sky with one hand → covering
yield /jiːld/ vi. yield; deform (under external force) vt. produce; give up n. yield
Memory: This field produces (yield) watermelons
The collocation yield to is replaced by
Same root yielding a. Submissive; easy to bend
Synonyms output n. output
Theme summary: words related to "Earth structure"
aquifer /ˈækwɪfər/ n. Aquifer; aquifer
With confined aquifer
construction /kənˈstrʌkʃn/ n. structure; building; structure
With metal-frame construction metal frame construction
continent /ˈkɑːntɪnənt/ n. continent; continent; land
continental /ˌkɑːntɪˈnentl/ a. continental, continental
with continental drift continental drift (say)
continental shelf continental shelf
continental slope continental slope
core /kɔːr/ n. core; core of the earth
Memory: score, the core of the test
diversification /daɪˌvɜːrsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. change, diversification
same root diversify vt. to diversify
earth crust earth crust
fault /fɔːlt/ n. Fault; error vi. Create a fault; make a mistake
Same root faulting n. Faulting action; fault
fissure /ˈfɪʃər/ n. crack, fissure
same root fissured a. cracked
hiatus /haɪˈeɪtəs/ n. gap, crack
With depositional hiatus depositional hiatus
inner core
layer /ˈler/ n. (rock) layer
With layer structure layered structure
lithosphere /ˈlɪθəsfɪr/ n. Lithosphere, continental boundary
Memory litho (stone) sphere (sphere) → lithosphere
matrix /ˈmeɪtrɪks/ n. model; bedrock; matrix; matrix
With extracellular matrix
outer core outer core
periphery /pəˈrɪfəri/ n. Periphery
Memory peri (surround) pher (bring) y→bring around→periphery
pillar /ˈpɪlər/ n. column, pillar; pillar
Synonyms column n. cylinder; columnar object
plate /pleɪt/ n. plate
Match plate boundary plate junction
polar /ˈpoʊlər/ a. Polar; magnetic pole
Paired with polar night
quantity /ˈkwɑːntəti/ n. Quantity, quantity
Same root quantitative a. quantitative, quantitative
rift /rɪft/ n. crack; long narrow valley v. crack
Paired with rift basin rift basin
seafloor /ˈsiːflɔːr/ n. seabed
Paired with seafloor trench
shape /ʃeɪp/ vt. Make it...shape, shape n. Shape, appearance
with in shape: strong; in good condition
sphere /sfɪr/ n. sphere (body); field
With sphere object sphere
stratum /ˈstreɪtəm/ n. stratum
The plural form of memory is strata
subsoil /ˈsʌbsɔɪl/ n. subsoil, subsoil
Memory sub (below) soil (soil) → subsoil
substance /ˈsʌbstəns/ n. substance; substance
Synonyms matter n. substance
substrate /ˈsʌbstreɪt/ n. bottom layer; matrix
With respiratory substrate respiratory substrate
tectonic plate tectonic plate
tectonics /tekˈtɑːnɪks/ n. structural geology
Paired with plate tectonics
trench /trentʃ/ n. trench; pipe trench
Use with dig a trench to dig a trench
uncharted /ˌʌnˈtʃɑːrtɪd/ a. Not marked on the map; unsurveyed
Same root chart n. Chart; aeronautical chart vt. Illustration with pictures; cartography
unconsolidated /ˈʌnkənˈsɑːlɪdeɪtɪd/ a. loose, loose
Synonyms loose a. loose
verge /vɜːrdʒ/ n. edge, edge vi. verge, close; on the edge
collocation on the verge of close to; on the verge of
Topic summary: words related to "plate movement"
accumulation /əˌkjuːmjəˈleɪʃn/ n. accumulation, accumulation
Same root cumulation n. accumulation
altitude /ˈæltɪtuːd/ n. Altitude, height; [often pl.] high place
With pressure altitude pressure altitude
avoidable /əˈvɔɪdəbl/ a. avoidable
with avoidable risk avoidable risk
Bizarre /bɪˈzɑːr/ a. Bizarre; grotesque
Memory The bazaar is full of bizarre goods
brink /brɪŋk/ n. (edge of cliff)
With back from the brink come back to life
collapse /kəˈlæps/ n./vi. collapse; faint
With collapse strength, crushing strength; rupture strength
decomposition /ˌdiːkɑːmpəˈzɪʃn/ n. decomposition; decay
Synonyms dissolution n.
deposit /dɪˈpɑːzɪt/ vt. to precipitate; to accumulate n. sediment; deposit, deposit
same root deposition n. precipitation
drill /drɪl/ v. drill (hole), make holes
Synonyms bore v. drill
elevation /ˌelɪˈveɪʃn/ n. Increase; height, altitude
Same root elevate vt. raise; lift
engulf /ɪnˈɡʌlf/ vt. engulf
Synonyms merge vt. to merge into one; to merge
equator /ɪˈkweɪtər/ n. equator
Same root equatorial a. Equatorial, near the equator
equatorial plane equatorial plane
erode /ɪˈroʊd/ v. Erosion, corrosion; deterioration; weakening
Synonyms corrode v. erosion, corrosion
erosion /ɪˈroʊʒn/ n. corrosion, erosion
Paired with soil erosion soil erosion
erratic /ɪˈrætɪk/ a. Weird, capricious; irregular
Synonyms: eccentric a. eccentric, capricious
flake /fleɪk/ n. flake v. (make) into flakes
Synonyms slice n. thin slice
chip n. slice
flatten /ˈflætn/ vt. to flatten
Pair with flatten out to become flat
forefront /ˈfɔːrfrʌnt/ n. The forefront; center
Memory fore (front) front (front) → the forefront
jolt /dʒoʊlt/ n./v. shake
same root jolting a. shocking
latitude /ˈlætɪtuːd/ n. Latitude; [often pl.] latitude area
Memory lat (wide) it ude→latitude
leak /liːk/ v. (to make) seep out, (to make) leak n. loophole; leak
with leak out leak
longitude /ˈlɑːndʒətuːd/ n. longitude, longitude
With longitude zone
lump /lʌmp/ n. lump, mass v. combine...to form a lump
Synonyms piece n. block
magma /ˈmæɡmə/ n. Magma
Synonyms: lava n. magma, lava
mountainous /ˈmaʊntənəs/ a. mountainous
With mountainous region mountainous area
overlie /ˌoʊvərˈlaɪ/ v. press on; cover to suffocate
Memory over (above) lie (put) → press on...
penetrate /ˈpenətreɪt/ v. pierce; penetrate; penetrate
Synonyms pierce v. pierce apperceive vt. insight
permeable /ˈpɜːrmiəbl/ a. permeable, permeable
antonym impermeable a. impermeable
precipitous /prɪˈsɪpɪtəs/ a. steep
Paired with precipitous sea raging waves
protrude /proʊˈtruːd/ v. (to make) stretch out; (to make) stand out
Same root protrusive a. protruding, protruding
rip through rip through
rolling /ˈroʊlɪŋ/ a. undulating, recurring
Paired with rolling hills rolling hills
scatter /ˈskætər/ v. (to scatter); spread out
same root scattered a. scattered
sediment /ˈsedɪmənt/ n. sediment, slag; sediment
same root sedimentation n. sedimentation
sedimentary /ˌsedɪˈmentri/ a. Sedimentary, sedimentary
Synonyms precipitable a. Precipitable
seep /siːp/ vi. leak, seep
Synonyms leak v. leakage
seepage /ˈsiːpɪdʒ/ n. Seepage; leakage; seepage
Paired with seepage spring
span /spæn/ n. span; a period of time vt. span; continue
with life span
spectrum /ˈspektrəm/ n. spectrum, spectrum; range
Synonyms range n. range
stabilize /ˈsteɪbəlaɪz/ v. stable, stable
Same root stabilization n. Stability
static /ˈstætɪk/ a. static; electrostatic; dull n. static electricity
With static electricity
stretch /stretʃ/ v. elongate; stretch; stretch out n. extend
With stretch out stretch a stretch of a section…
surface tension surface tension
tremor /ˈtremər/ n. tremor; vibration
Paired with smaller tremors
unevenly /ʌnˈiːvnli/ ad. unevenly
Same root uneven a. Uneven
Theme summary: common rock types
basalt /bəˈsɔːlt/ n. basalt
crystalline rock crystalline rock
granite /ˈɡrænɪt/ n. granite
With weathered granite weathered granite
limestone /ˈlaɪmstoʊn/ n. limestone
memory lime stone → limestone
quartzite /kwɔːrtsaɪt/ n. Quartzite
Same root quartz n. Quartz
sedimentary rock sedimentary rock
volcanic /vɑːlˈkænɪk/ n. volcanic rock
Same root volcano n. volcano
Sentence 09
Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places. Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places. Hiding place.
Grammar Notes: The stem of this sentence is Quails typically have short rounded wings. In the sentence, that introduces an attributive clause and modifies wings. This attributive clause also contains a time adverbial clause introduced by when.
core vocabulary
quail /kweɪl/ n. quail vi. timid; shrinking
Memory trembling (quake) out of timidity (quail)
With quail at/before sb./sth. To be timid at…
typically /ˈtɪpɪkli/ ad. Typically, representatively
memory from type (n. typical)
Same root typical a. Typical; representative
enable /ɪˈneɪbl/ vt. enable (someone) to do something; make it possible
memory en (to make...) able (to be able) → to enable (someone) to do something
Antonym disable vt. Make incapable; make ineligible
spring /sprɪŋ/ n. spring; spring; spring; jump vi. jump; suddenly violent movement
Memory sp ring (ring) → spring water tinkling like a bell → spring
Use spring into to suddenly do something
flight /flaɪt/ n. voyage; flight; flight; escape
Use with take flight to escape
Same root as flightless a. unable to fly
instantly /ˈɪnstəntli/ ad. Immediately; immediately
Synonyms immediately n. immediately, immediately
Same root instant a. Immediately; immediately n. Immediately; instantaneously
disturb /dɪˈstɜːrb/ vt. to disturb; to annoy
Memory dis (separate) turb (stir) → stir → disturb
Same root disturbance n. disturb; commotion
Theme summary: various birds
bird of paradise bird of paradise, bird of paradise
blue jay blue jay
bowerbird /ˈbaʊərbɜːrd/ n. bowerbird
cassowary /ˈkæsəweri/ n. cassowary
cormorant /ˈkɔːrmərənt/ n. cormorant, osprey
emu /ˈiːmjuː/ n. emu
falcon /ˈfælkən/ n. Falcon; Peregrine Falcon
goldfinch /ˈɡoʊldfɪntʃ/ n. goldfinch
grouse /ɡraʊs/ n. grouse
hawk /hɔːk/ n. Eagle; falcon
heron /ˈherən/ n. heron
kiwi /ˈkiːwiː/ n. Kiwi bird
oriental snowy plover oriental ringneck
oriole /ˈɔːrioʊl/ n. golden oriole
Paired with golden oriole
raven /ˈreɪvn/ n. Raven, big crow
rhea /ˈriːə/ n. American ostrich
sandpiper /ˈsændpaɪpər/ n. snipe
sea eagle sea eagle
sunbird /sʌnbɜːrd/ n. sunbird
tern /tɜːrn/ n. tern
thrush /θrʌʃ/ n. thrush
Paired with wood thrush
toucan /ˈtuːkæn/ n. toucan
Topic Summary: Ornithological Terms:
beak /biːk/ n. beak
Same root beaker n. beaker
bird flu bird flu
bird of prey raptor
birdhouse /ˈbɜːrdhaʊs/ n. birdhouse
Memory bird (bird) house (house) → birdhouse
birdie /ˈbɜːrdi/ n. birdie
Memory bird (bird) ie→bird
birdseed /ˈbɜːrdsiːd/ n. birdseed
Memory bird (bird) seed (seed) → bird food
birdwatcher /ˈbɜːrdwɑːtʃər/ n. birdwatcher
Memory bird (bird) watcher (observer) → bird watcher
callow /ˈkæloʊ/ a. fledgling; inexperienced
Paired with callow youth inexperienced youth
feather /ˈfeðər/ n. feather
Paired with feather duster
finch /fɪntʃ/ n. finch
Memory fin (fin, shark fin) ch (sounds like: fin) →finches and fish both have fins→finches
flap /flæp/ n. (bird) flap v. (make) flutter; flap
Use flap over to fly over
fledge /fledʒ/ v. The bird grows flight feathers and the feathers become plump
Same root fledgling n. A young bird that has just learned to fly
flightless bird a bird without the ability to fly
fluff /flʌf/ vt. Fluff n. Fluff
Same root fluffy a. Covered with downy; soft
flutter /ˈflʌtər/ v. flutter; (make) flutter n. flutter; swing
Paired with flutter a handkerchief
glide /ɡlaɪd/ n./vi. glide, slide
Paired with glide slope
hatchling /ˈhætʃlɪŋ/ n. newly hatched bird
Same root hatch n. hatch v. hatch; hatch
migratory bird migratory bird
natural enemy
nestling /ˈnestlɪŋ/ n. A bird that has not yet left the nest
Paired with nestling feather new feather
yearling /ˈjɪrlɪŋ/ n. One-year-old animal
memory from year (n. year; year)
long-billed /ˈlɔːŋbɪl/ a. long-beaked
Memory long (long) billed (beaked) → long-beaked
ornithology /ˌɔːrnɪˈθɑːlədʒi/ n. Ornithology
Same root ornithologist n. Ornithologist
plume /pluːm/ n. Feathers, feathers
Plumage n. Plumage (all the feathers of the bird)
preen gland [bird] feather gland
receptor /rɪˈseptər/ n. Receiver; receptor
Memory re (meaning to strengthen) cept (take, take) or→hold with force→receptor
seabird /ˈsiːbɜːrd/ n. seabird
Memory sea (sea) bird (bird) → seabird
sensory /ˈsensəri/ a. sensory, sensory
memory sens (feeling) ory→feeling
wader /ˈweɪdər/ n. wading bird, wading bird
memory wade r→wad bird
warbler /ˈwɔːrblər/ n. [Bird] Warbler, songbird
same root warble v. tweet
waterfowl /ˈwɔːtərfaʊl/ n. waterfowl, waterfowl
Memory water (water) fowl (bird) → waterfowl
wing /wɪŋ/ n. wing, wing v. fly, fly
Pair with take wing to take off
Topic summary: words related to "animal behavior"
courtship /ˈkɔːrtʃɪp/ n. courtship; proposal
Court n. Flattery; courtship vt. Courtship; courtship
displacement activity replacement behavior
distraction display confusing behavior
fend /fend/ v. take care of; resist
Same root fender n. baffle; fence
food begging behavior begging behavior
incubate /ˈɪŋkjubeɪt/ vt. hatch; cultivate
same root incubation n. hatch
migration /maɪˈɡreɪʃn/ n. migration
Collocation yearly migration annual migration
molt /moʊlt/ vi./n. moult, shed hair
Paired with a bird in heavy molt, a bird that molts heavily
nest /nest/ n. nest, nest vi. make a nest, build a nest
Paired with bird nest
hornet’s nest hornet’s nest
nocturnal /nɑːkˈtɜːrnl/ a. Night; happening at night; nocturnal
memory noct (night) urnal→night
parenting behavior nurturing behavior
perch /pɜːrtʃ/ n. Perch; high place vi. Perch; place
Memory per (every) ch (sounds like: car) → each person has a car → a person in a high position, everyone has a car → high position
Sentence 10
Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris. wreckage.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Fungi are important. The attributive clause introduced by which is used to modify the process of decay. There are three coordinating predicates in this attributive clause: returns, enhancements and decomposes.
core vocabulary
fungus /ˈfʌŋɡəs/ n. [pl. fungi] fungus, fungus plant
fungal a. fungal
fungicide n. fungicide
Reference bacteria n. [plural] bacteria
decay /dɪˈkeɪ/ v. (to cause) decay, decay
Memory Decoys people to become bad (decay)
Synonyms rot v. rot
ingredient /ɪnˈɡriːdiənt/ n. ingredient; raw material; element
Memory in (inside, inside) gred (=grad enter) ient→the internal material that makes up the object→composition
Synonyms element n. component
soil /sɔɪl/ n. land, soil
Memory destroys (spoil) land (soil), harming others and not benefiting oneself
Paired with soil erosion soil erosion
enhance /ɪnˈhæns/ vt. improve; enhance
Memory en (make...) + hance (high) → improve; enhance
Paired with enhance one’s reputation to improve reputation
Same root enhancement n. increase enhanced a. enhanced; improved
fertility /fərˈtɪləti/ n. Fertile, prolific
with fertility rate fertility rate
same root fertile a. fertile, fertile
decompose /ˌdiːkəmˈpoʊz/ v. (to make) decompose; (to make) rot
Memory de (separation) compose (composition) → separate things that are put together → (make) decompose
Synonyms: disintegrate vi.
Same root decomposition n. decomposition; decay
debris /dəˈbriː/ n. ruins, wreckage
Synonyms remains n. ruins, debris fragment n. fragments
Topic summary: words related to "fungi"
antibiotics /ˌæntibaɪˈɑːtɪk/ n. antibiotics
Paired with potent antibiotics powerful antibiotics
assimilation /əˌsɪməˈleɪʃn/ n. Assimilation
memory as simil (same) ation→make the same→assimilate
bamboo-sun /ˌbæmˈbuːsʌn/ n. bamboo fungus
dissimilation /ˌdɪsɪmɪˈleɪʃən/ n. dissimilation
with cultural dissimilation cultural alienation
enzyme /ˈenzaɪm/ n. enzyme
With enzyme activity enzyme activity
fermentation /ˌfɜːrmenˈteɪʃn/ n. fermentation
same root ferment v. (to make) ferment fermenter n. fermented product
heterotroph /ˈhetərətrɑːf/ n. heterotroph
Same root heterotrophic a. Non-autotrophic
jelly ear fungus fungus
lichen /ˈlaɪkən/ n. Lichen, moss
mold /moʊld/ n. mold
With blue mold penicillium
mushroom /ˈmʌʃrʊm/ n. mushroom
Pair with mushroom cloud mushroom cloud
organism /ˈɔːrɡənɪzəm/ n. organism
Same root organic a. organic
oyster mushroom oyster mushroom
shiitake /ʃɪˈtɑːki/ n. Shiitake mushroom
silver fungus tremella
spore /spɔːr/ n. Spore
straw mushrooms straw mushrooms
symbiosis /ˌsɪmbaɪˈoʊsɪs/ n. symbiotic relationship
toxic /ˈtɑːksɪk/ a. toxic
Synonyms poisonous a. poisonous
vegetable caterpillar cordyceps sinensis
yeast /jiːst/ n. yeast
Memory y east (East) → It is said that yeast was first invented by Easterners → Yeast
Theme summary: words related to "ecological environment"
atmosphere /ˈætməsfɪr/ n. atmosphere, atmosphere, atmosphere
Same root atmospheric a. Atmospheric
atmospheric circulation atmospheric circulation
balance /ˈbæləns/ n. balance
Use maintain balance to maintain balance
biocenosis /ˌbaɪoʊsɪˈnoʊsɪs/ n. biological community
biosphere /ˈbaɪoʊsfɪr/ n. biosphere
Paired with biosphere reserve biosphere reserve
carbon cycle carbon cycle
contaminant /kənˈtæmɪnənt/ n. pollutant
With air contaminant air pollutants
deforestation /ˌdiːˌfɔːrɪˈsteɪʃn/ n. Deforestation
same root deforest v. deforestation
desertification /dɪˌzɜːrtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. desertification
Combined with desertification of land land desertification
ecological balance ecological balance
ecosystem /ˈiːkoʊsɪstəm/ n. ecosystem
With balanced ecosystem balanced ecosystem
environmental /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl/ a. Environmental
Match environmental condition environmental conditions
evaporation /ɪˌvæpəˈreɪʃn/ n. evaporation
Same root evaporate v. evaporate
exacerbation /ɪɡˌzæsəˈbeɪʃn/ n. Deterioration, aggravation
The same root exacerbates vt. to aggravate
forestation /ˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃən/ n. afforestation
With artificial forestation artificial forestation
geographical environment geographical environment
interactional /ˌɪntərˈækʃənl/ a. interactive
same root interact vi. interact
interrelation /ˌɪntərɪˈleɪʃn/ n.
same root relation n.
lithosphere /ˈlɪθəsfɪr/ n. lithosphere
Memory litho (stone) sphere (sphere) → lithosphere
ozone layer ozone layer
topsoil /ˈtɑːpsɔɪl/ n. Topsoil layer
Memory top (top) soil (land) → topsoil
uninhabited /ˌʌnɪnˈhæbɪtɪd/ a. uninhabited
same root inhabit vt. live in
Sentence 11
Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is higher than the density of its liquid.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Most substance contract, and the when clause in the sentence serves as its time adverbial. so that is the result adverbial clause that introduces the entire sentence.
core vocabulary
substance /ˈsʌbstəns/ n. substance; substance
Memory sub (under...) st (station) ance→things standing below→substance
Synonyms matter n. substance
contract /ˈkɑːntrækt/ vi. Contract; make a contract
Synonyms shrink v. shrink
Same root contraction n. contraction; compression
freeze /friːz/ v. (to make) freeze, (to make) solidify
Use with freeze over to be covered with ice; frozen
Same root freezer n. Freezer
density /ˈdensəti/ n. density
With atmospheric density atmospheric density
Same root dense a. Dense
solid /ˈsɑːlɪd/ n. solid a. solid
Match solid mass solid particle solid particles
same root solidify v. solidify solidly ad. firmly
liquid /ˈlɪkwɪd/ n. liquid a. liquid
With liquid crystal
Same root liquefy v. (make) liquefy liquidize vt. squeeze... into
Topic summary: words related to "mechanics"
action /ˈækʃn/ n. force
Interaction with mutual action
dynamics /daɪˈnæmɪks/ n. dynamics
same root dynamic a. dynamic
friction /ˈfrɪkʃn/ n. friction
Memory The function of lubricating oil is to reduce friction
Gravitation /ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃn/ n. Gravity, gravity
With universal gravitation
gravity /ˈɡrævəti/ n. gravity
memory grav(heavy) ity→gravity
mechanics /mɪˈkænɪks/ n. mechanics, mechanics
Paired with quantum mechanics quantum mechanics
reaction /riˈækʃn/ n. reaction force
traction /ˈtrækʃn/ n. pulling force
Same root tractor n. Tractor
Topic summary: words related to "physical motion"
momentum /moʊˈmentəm/ n. Momentum; momentum
Paired with gain/gather momentum, development accelerates and momentum increases.
motion /ˈmoʊʃn/ n. motion, movement
antonym motionless a. motionless
static /ˈstætɪk/ a. static
Memory stat (stand, stand) ic→still
uniform motion uniform motion
velocity /vəˈlɑːsəti/ n. speed
With high velocity
Topic summary: words related to "Electricity, Magnetism, Particle Physics"
capacitor /kəˈpæsɪtər/ n. capacitor
conductor /kənˈdʌktər/ n. conductor
With conductor resistance conductor resistance
electric current current
electromagnet /ɪˈlektroʊˈmæɡnət/ n. electromagnet, electromagnet
insulator /ˈɪnsəleɪtər/ n. insulator
same root insulate vt. isolate insulation n. insulate
magnetic field magnetic field
magnetism /ˈmæɡnətɪzəm/ n. magnetism
magnet n. magnet magnetize v. magnetize
pole /poʊl/ n. pole, electrode
With negative pole negative pole
volt /voʊlt/ n. Volt
same root voltage n. voltage
acceleration /əkˌseləˈreɪʃn/ n. acceleration; acceleration
With maximum acceleration maximum acceleration
theory of relativity theory of relativity
Topic summary: words related to "acoustics, optics"
acoustics /əˈkuːstɪks/ n. acoustics
same root acoustic a. acoustic
amplitude /ˈæmplɪtuːd/ n. amplitude
With amplitude ratio amplitude ratio
echo /ˈekoʊ/ n. echo, echo
Paired with echo location echo location
frequency /ˈfriːkwənsi/ n. frequency
With frequency division frequency division
optics /ˈɑːptɪks/ n. Optics
same root optical a. optical
resonance /ˈrezənəns/ n. resonance; echo
The same root resonates vi. Resonance; resonance
ultraviolet /ˌʌltrəˈvaɪələt/ a. ultraviolet
Paired with ultraviolet ray
vibration /vaɪˈbreɪʃn/ n. vibration, tremor
same root vibrancy n. vibration
wavelength /ˈweɪvleŋθ/ n. wavelength
with wavelength range wavelength range
Topic summary: words related to "physical reactions, physical properties"
energy conservation energy conservation
equilibrium /ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbriəm/ n. balance, equilibrium
Synonyms balance n. balance
formula /ˈfɔːrmjələ/ n. formula
Memory form (form) ula → the way to have a form → formula
inertia /ɪˈnɜːrʃə/ n. Inertia; inertia
memory in (not) ert (moving) ia→inert
magnitude /ˈmæɡnɪtuːd/ n. size
Memory magn (big) itude (table status) → huge
percolate /ˈpɜːrkəleɪt/ v. filter out; infiltrate
memory per (through) col (filter) ate→filter
physical law physical law
physics /ˈfɪzɪks/ n. physics
Paired with modern physics modern physics
purify /ˈpjʊrɪfaɪ/ vt. Purify, purify
Same root purification n. Purification
relative /ˈrelətɪv/ a. relative
same root relatively ad. relatively
sphere /sfɪr/ n. sphere
Memory spher (ball) e→ball (body)
stability /stəˈbɪləti/ n. stability
same root stable a. stable
thermal /ˈθɜːrml/ a. hot, thermal
Paired with thermal insulation
Sentence 12
By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art. By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Painters and sculptors had begun to exert influence over art. The "by the middle of the twentieth century" at the beginning of the sentence is the time adverbial of the entire sentence.
core vocabulary
sculptor /ˈskʌlptər/ n. sculptor; sculptor
Same root sculpt vt. sculpt sculptural a. sculpted
exert /ɪɡˈzɜːrt/ vt. use; apply; exercise
Memory ex (out) ert (energy) → use energy → apply
same root exertion n. exert; exercise
Theme summary: words related to "painting, stone wall art"
artist /ˈɑːrtɪst/ n. master, artist, artist (especially painter)
Pair with graphic artist graphic artist
brush /brʌʃ/ n. brush; brush vi. brush
Paired with tooth brush
brushwork /ˈbrʌʃwɜːrk/ n. painting; calligraphy
canvas /ˈkænvəs/ n. canvas
With cotton canvas cotton canvas
Chinese painting Chinese painting
collection /kəˈlekʃn/ n. collection
with a collection of many
coloring /ˈkʌlərɪŋ/ n. Pigment, pigment; color
depict /dɪˈpɪkt/ vt. depict
Synonyms: portray vt.
encaustic painting encaustic painting
engraving /ɪnˈɡreɪvɪŋ/ n. print
Paired with wood engraving woodblock prints
exquisite /ɪkˈskwɪzɪt/ a. Exquisite; exquisite
Paired with exquisite craftsmanship
figure painting figure painting
frame /freɪm/ n. picture frame
Reference framework n.
fresco /ˈfreskoʊ/ n. fresco; fresco technique
Synonyms mural n. mural
gallery /ˈɡæləri/ n. gallery, art museum
with art gallery gallery; art gallery
gouache /ɡuˈɑːʃ/ n. gouache painting
illustration /ˌɪləˈstreɪʃn/ n. illustration
same root illustrate vt. add illustration
painter /ˈpeɪntər/ n. painter
Pair with landscape painter landscape painter
painting /ˈpeɪntɪŋ/ n. painting
Paired with portrait painting
oil painting oil painting
palette /ˈpælət/ n. drawing board; palette
With palette knife palette knife
pastel /pæˈstel/ n. Colored chalk (painting); crayon (painting); soft colors
Same root pastelist n. Pastel painter
perspective /pərˈspektɪv/ n. perspective
memory per (through) spect (see) ive→see through something→perspective
pigment /ˈpɪɡmənt/ n. pigment
Pigmented a. Colored
pigmentation n. natural color
portrait /ˈpɔːrtrət/ n. portrait, portrait
same root portraitist n. portrait painter
portray /pɔːrˈtreɪ/ vt. portray
The same root portrayal n. describe, describe
profile /ˈproʊfaɪl/ n. outline
Synonyms outline n. outline
shade /ʃeɪd/ n. shadow v. gradient
With shade into gradually becomes
sketch /sketʃ/ v. sketch; outline
Same root sketchy a. Rough; rough
still life still life painting, still life sketching
stipple /ˈstɪpl/ v. stipple
studio /ˈstuːdioʊ/ n. studio
With photo studio photo studio; photography studio
vivid /ˈvɪvɪd/ a. vivid
Memory viv (life) id→vital→vivid
Theme summary: words related to "carving"
bust /bʌst/ n. bust
carving /ˈkɑːrvɪŋ/ n. carving
same root carve v. carving carver n. carver
engrave /ɪnˈɡreɪv/ v. engrave
Synonyms inscribe v. inscribe
hollow out hollow out
sculpture /ˈskʌlptʃər/ n. sculpture
With stone sculpture stone sculpture
statuary /ˈstætʃueri/ n. statue
With statuary art engraving art
statue /ˈstætʃuː/ n. statue; statue
Paired with Statue of Liberty
wood carving wood carving
Theme summary: art schools
abstract art abstract art
classicism /ˈklæsɪsɪzəm/ n. classicism
The same root classic a. Classical
Dadaism /ˈdɑːdɑːɪzəm/ n. Dadaism
expressionism /ɪkˈspreʃənɪzəm/ n. Expressionism
same root expression n. performance
impressionism /ɪmˈpreʃənɪzəm/ n. impressionism
same root impression n. impression
neoclassicism /ˌniːəʊˈklæsɪˌsɪzəm/ n. neoclassicism
Same root neoclassical a. Neoclassical
realism /ˈriːəlɪzəm/ n. realism
Paired with realism painting realism painting
romanticism /roʊˈmæntɪsɪzəm/ n. romanticism
same root romantic a. romantic
surrealism /səˈriːəlɪzəm/ n. Surrealism
Same root surrealist n. Surrealist
symbolism /ˈsɪmbəlɪzəm/ n. symbolism
same root symbolize vt. symbol
Sentence 13
Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Bones exhibit a degree of elasticity. The "that" in the sentence introduces the attributive clause and modifies the preceding elasticity. The "although apparently rigid" at the beginning of the sentence serves as the concession adverbial of the entire sentence.
core vocabulary
apparently /əˈpærəntli/ ad. Apparently; apparently
Memory ap parent (parents) ly→Parents’ love for their children is obvious→Obviously
Synonyms obviously ad. Obviously obviously ad. Obviously
same root apparent a. obviously
rigid /ˈrɪdʒɪd/ a. hard; strict
memory rig (=rog requirement) id → constant requirement → strict
Same root rigidity n. rigidly ad. strictly
exhibit /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/ v. display; display
Memory ex (out) hibit (take) → take out → display
Synonyms show vt. show display vt. display
Tonggen exhibition n. exhibition
elasticity /ˌiːlæˈstɪsəti/ n. Elasticity; elasticity
Same root elastic a. Elastic
skeleton /ˈskelɪtn/ n. skeleton, skeleton; frame
With skeleton frame
Synonyms: framework n.
withstand /wɪðˈstænd/ v. withstand, endure; resist
Memory with (together with) stand (stand) → standing hand in hand, local torrent → resisting
Synonyms tolerate vt. tolerate endure vt. endure
considerable /kənˈsɪdərəbl/ a. Quite large (or many); quite considerable
Paired with considerable revenue considerable revenue
The same root considerably ad. Very; quite a lot
impact /ˈɪmpækt/ n. influence (force); impact vi. influence; impact
Memory im (meaning to strengthen) pact (tighten) → tighten with force → influence
collocation have an impact on resist the impact resist the impact
Synonyms affect vt. impact collision n. impact
Reference compact vt. compression n. contract, contract
Theme Summary: Body Organs
appendix /əˈpendɪks/ n. appendix; appendix
same root append vt. append
artery /ˈɑːrtəri/ n. artery
Same root arterial a. arterial
bladder /ˈblædər/ n. bladder
Pair with bladder cancer bladder cancer
capillary /ˈkæpəleri/ n. capillary
Memory capill (hair) ary→something as thin as hair→capillary
circulatory /ˈsɜːrkjələtɔːri/ a. cyclic
With circulatory system
digestive /daɪˈdʒestɪv/ a. digestive; digestive aid
With digestive system digestive system
gland /ɡlænd/ n. gland
Same root glandular a. glandular
joint /dʒɔɪnt/ n. joint
With elbow joint
kidney /ˈkɪdni/ n. kidney
With kidney stone
liver /ˈlɪvər/ n. liver
Paired with liver function liver function
lung /lʌŋ/ n. lung
Paired with lung lobe lung lobe
muscle /ˈmʌsl/ n. muscle
With cardiac muscle
muscular /ˈmʌskjələr/ a. muscular; muscular
With muscular system
nervous system nervous system
pancreas /ˈpæŋkriəs/ n. pancreas
Same root pancreatic a. pancreatic
plasma /ˈplæzmə/ n. plasma
reproductive system reproductive system
respiratory /ˈrespərətɔːri/ a. respiratory, for breathing
With respiratory system respiratory system
rib /rɪb/ n. ribs
With rib cage chest
shoulder blade scapula
skull /skʌl/ n. skull
Paired with skull fracture skull fracture
spine /spaɪn/ n. spine, spine
antonym spineless a. invertebrate
stomach /ˈstʌmək/ n. stomach
Pair with stomach ulcer gastric ulcer
tissue /ˈtɪʃuː/ n. tissue
With soft tissue soft tissue
urinary system urinary system
vein /veɪn/ n. vein; vein
Paired with gash vein crack vein
vessel /ˈvesl/ n. blood vessel
Paired with vessel wall
Topic Summary: Vocabulary related to physiology
anatomy /əˈnætəmi/ n. anatomy; human body structure
Same root anatomical a. anatomical
cardiology /ˌkɑːrdiˈɑːlədʒi/ n. cardiology
Same root cardiac a. heart
cell /sel/ n. Cell; grassroots tissue
With blood cells blood cells
chromosome /ˈkroʊməsoʊm/ n. chromosome
memory chromo (color) som (body) e→chromosome
cramp /kræmp/ n. spasm; cramp
Memory: Going camping (camp) and my legs cramped (cramp)
embryo /ˈembrioʊ/ n. embryo
Same root embryonic a. embryonic
excrete /ɪkˈskriːt/ v. Excretion; secretion
Same root excretion n. Secretion(matter); excretion
exhale /eksˈheɪl/ v. exhale (breath)
Memory ex (out) hale (breath) → exhale (breath)
fertilize /ˈfɜːrtəlaɪz/ vt. to fertilize; to pollinate
same root fertilization n. fertilization
gene /dʒiːn/ n. gene
Same root genetic a. Genetic
hormone /ˈhɔːrmoʊn/ n. Hormone; hormone
Same root hormonal a. Hormonal; hormonal
ingest /ɪnˈdʒest/ vt. Ingest; swallow
same root ingestion n. ingestion
inhale /ɪnˈheɪl/ v. inhale, inhale
Synonyms inbreathe vt. inhale
metabolism /məˈtæbəlɪzəm/ n. metabolism
Same root metabolic a. metabolic
neuron /ˈnʊrɑːn/ n. Nerve cell; neuron
memory neur (nerve) on (surface object) → neuron
physiology /ˌfɪziˈɑːlədʒi/ n. physiology
Same root physiological a. physiological
reproduction /ˌriːprəˈdʌkʃn/ n. reproduction; reproduction
same root reproduce v. reproduce, give birth
saliva /səˈlaɪvə/ n. saliva
Same root salivary a. salivary
secrete /sɪˈkriːt/ v. secrete
Same root secretion n. secretion, secretion
syndrome /ˈsɪndroʊm/ n. syndrome
memory syn (together) drom (run) e→symptoms occur at the same time→syndrome
Sentence 14
Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is The reflex produces not a cough but a cessation. The "not ... but ..." sentence pattern emphasizes the part after but; the prepositional phrase in reaction to irritants in the airway serves as an attributive, modifying the preceding the coughing reflex, in which reaction to sb./sth. is a fixed collocation , meaning "reaction or response to someone or something".
core vocabulary
reflex /ˈriːfleks/ n. reflex; reflex action; instinctive reaction
Memory re (reverse) flex (bend) → reverse bend → reflection
With reflex action instinctive reaction; reflex action
Same root reflexion n. reflection; reflection; image reflexive a. (word) reflexive; reflective
reaction /riˈækʃn/ n. reaction; resistance; side effect
memory re (reverse) action (action) → reaction
Same root reactive a. reactivity n. reactive reactor n. nuclear reactor
irritant /ˈɪrɪtənt/ n. irritant
Memory irrit (itch) ant→something that makes people feel itchy→irritant
Same root irritate vt. irritate; irritate; make unpleasant irritation n. irritate; irritate irritable a. impatient; easily irritated; allergic
airway /ˈerweɪ/ n. airway; route
Memory air (air) way (road) → airway
cessation /seˈseɪʃn/ n. stop; interrupt
memory cess (stop) ation→stop; interrupt
Synonyms suspension n. suspension
Reference incessant a. Continuously, non-stop
incessantly ad. constantly
Theme summary: "Respiratory system" related diseases
allergic /əˈlɜːrdʒɪk/ a. allergic
Allergy n. allergen n. allergen (substance that causes allergic reaction)
asthma /ˈæzmə/ n. Asthma
with bronchial asthma bronchial asthma
tuberculosis /tuːˌbɜːrkjəˈloʊsɪs/ n. tuberculosis
Theme summary: "Respiratory system" related structures
breastbone /ˈbrestboʊn/ n. sternum
Memory breast bone → sternum
bronchia /ˈbrɒŋkɪə/ n. bronchus
same root bronchitis n. bronchitis
chest /tʃest/ n. chest, chest
Pair with chest pain
lung /lʌŋ/ n. lung
Paired with lung lobe lung lobe
marrow /ˈmæroʊ/ n. bone marrow; essence
Memory The arrow is the marrow of the entire arrow
respiratory system respiratory system
rib /rɪb/ n. ribs
Paired with rib cage
spine /spaɪn/ n. spine, spine, spine
Same root spinal a. Spinal, spinal
trachea /ˈtreɪkiə/ n. trachea
Theme summary: other words related to "disease"
abnormal /æbˈnɔːrml/ a. Abnormal; irregular
Collocation with abnormal phenomena abnormal phenomena
acute /əˈkjuːt/ a. acute
advanced stage late stage
ailment /ˈeɪlmənt/ n. disease (especially slight illness)
Collocation with common ailment common disease
alleviate /əˈliːvieɪt/ vt. alleviate; alleviate
same root alleviation n. alleviation
benign /bɪˈnaɪn/ a. benign
Pair with benign tumor benign tumor
buzzing /bʌzɪŋ/ a. buzzing
Memory comes from buzz (vi. buzz n. buzz)
chilly /ˈtʃɪli/ a. Afraid of the cold
Memory comes from chill (n. cold vt. make cold)
chronic /ˈkrɑːnɪk/ a. chronic
with chronic bronchitis chronic bronchitis
communicable /kəˈmjuːnɪkəbl/ a. Contagious; communicable
same root communication n. communication; communication
congenital /kənˈdʒenɪtl/ a. congenital
with congenital defect congenital defect
contagious /kənˈteɪdʒəs/ a. infectious
collocation contagious disease contactable infectious disease
convulsion /kənˈvʌlʃn/ n. convulsion, convulsion
same root convulse vt. cause convulsion
cramp /kræmp/ n. cramp, cramp
with muscle cramp
dehydration /ˌdiːhaɪˈdreɪʃn/ n. dehydration
Same root dehydrate v. dehydration
diagnose /ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊs/ v. diagnose
Same root diagnosis n. diagnosis
dizziness /ˈdɪzinəs/ n. dizziness, dizziness
Paired with dizziness and tinnitus
drowsy /ˈdraʊzi/ a. drowsy
Paired with feel drowsy
fever /ˈfiːvər/ n. fever
with get a fever fever
flu /fluː/ n. influenza
Paired with bird flu
food poisoning food poisoning
headache /ˈhedeɪk/ n. headache
Pair with violent headache severe headache
hoarse /hɔːrs/ a. (voice) hoarse
With hoarse voice hoarse voice
impotent /ˈɪmpətənt/ a. Weak; weak
Same root impotence n. Weakness; weakness
incurable /ɪnˈkjʊrəbl/ a. incurable
Collocation with incurable disease
itchy /ˈɪtʃi/ a. itchy
Memory comes from itch (n. itch vi. itch)
killing /ˈkɪlɪŋ/ a. fatal n. murder
With mercy killing euthanasia
latent period latent period
lethal /ˈliːθl/ a. fatal
with lethal dose lethal dose
malignant /məˈlɪɡnənt/ a. malignant
With malignant neoplasm malignant tumors
neglect of exercise lack of exercise
non-infectious /nɑːnɪnˈfekʃəs/ a. non-infectious
Collocation with non-infectious disease non-communicable disease
numbness /ˈnʌmnəs/ n. numbness
memory from numb (vt. numb a. numb)
occasional /əˈkeɪʒənl/ a. Occasionally
collocation with occasional sleeplessness occasional insomnia
overfatigue /ˈoʊvərfəˈtiːɡ/ n. Overfatigue
Memory over (over) fatigue (fatigue) → over fatigue
palpitate /ˈpælpɪteɪt/ vi. (Heart) throbbing; beating
Same root palpitation n. palpitation; beating
phlegm /flem/ n. phlegm
Pair with eliminate phlegm to remove phlegm
potential complication potential complication
prevent further worsening prevent further deterioration
recheck /riːˈtʃɛk/ vt. recheck
Synonyms countercheck vt. review
remediable /rɪˈmiːdiəbl/ a. treatable; correctable
Same root remediation n. remedy; correction
remittent /rɪˈmɪtənt/ a. intermittent
Pair with remittent fever
runny nose runny nose
slight feverlow fever
sneeze /sniːz/ vi. sneeze
Pair with sneeze at scorn
sore /sɔːr/ a. painful
Pair with sore throat
sprain /spreɪn/ vt. sprain
Memory sp rain (rain) → the road was slippery on a rainy day and my foot was sprained → sprained
stabbing pain stabbing pain
stuffy nose stuffy nose
symptom /ˈsɪmptəm/ n. symptom
with clinical symptom clinical manifestation
tolerate /ˈtɑːləreɪt/ vt. tolerate
same root toleration n. endure ulcerated tongue ulcerated tongue sore
unbearable /ʌnˈberəbl/ a. unbearable
with unbearable pain unbearable pain
uncomfortable /ʌnˈkʌmftəbl/ a. uncomfortable
antonym comfortable a. comfortable
under the weather feel unwell, sick
unwell /ʌnˈwel/ a. sick
Paired with feel unwell
Sentence 15
But when consumers do not know they are being lobbied, they may accept claims they would otherwise be suspicious of.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is They may accept claims. In the sentence, when introduces a time adverbial clause, in which they are being lobbied is an object clause that omits that and serves as the object of the verb know. They would otherwise be suspicious of at the end of the sentence is an attributive clause that omits that, and this attributive clause modifies claims.
core vocabulary
consumer /kənˈsuːmər/ n. consumer, user
Memory con (means to strengthen) sum (take, take) er (person) → the person who takes it all out (spends it) → consumer
Same root consume v. consumption; exhaustion
lobby /ˈlɑːbi/ v. Lobby (or channel) to (members of parliament, etc.) n. Lounge, hall; outside activity group
Memory: One of his hobbies was counting people coming and going in the hotel lobby.
Synonyms persuade v. persuade, persuade lounge n. waiting room, lounge
Tonggen lobbyist n. political lobbyist
accept /əkˈsept/ v. accept; acknowledge
Memory ac (strengthen) cept (take) → take again and again → accept
same root acceptable a. acceptable
claim /kleɪm/ vt. claim; demand n. claim; ownership; demand for money
Used with claim sth. back to claim back
same root claimant n. claimant
suspicious /səˈspɪʃəs/ a. suspicious; suspicious
memory sus (below) pic (= spic, look) ious→look down below→suspicious
Same root suspicion n. suspicion
Topic summary: words related to "consumer psychology"
age /eɪdʒ/ n. age
With be of age, under age, under age
allocate /ˈæləkeɪt/ vt. allocate; allocate
Same root allocation n. allocation
analysis /əˈnæləsɪs/ n. analysis
Paired with analysis report analysis report
bestseller bestseller
brainwashing /ˈbreɪnwɔːʃɪŋ/ n. brainwashing
memory from brainwash (vt. to brainwash someone)
cash-strapped /ˈkæʃ stræpt/ a. lack of cash
Synonyms: cash-starved a. lack of cash
cheap and fine high quality and low price
client /ˈklaɪənt/ n. customer
Paired with client service customer service
conspicuous consumption conspicuous consumption
consumer psychology consumer psychology
consumer surplus consumer surplus (the difference between the highest price consumers are willing to pay and the actual price paid)
customer /ˈkʌstəmər/ n. Customer, customer
Paired with customer loyalty customer demand customer demand
decisive /dɪˈsaɪsɪv/ a. Decisive, decisive
with decisive role decisive role
discount /ˈdɪskaʊnt/ n. discount v. discount
Same root discounter n. discount store
disposable income disposable income
elasticity of demand elasticity of demand
emotional /ɪˈmoʊʃənl/ a. emotional; emotional
Antonym emotionless a. Emotionless; indifferent
exceptional /ɪkˈsepʃənl/ a. exceptional
With exceptional case special circumstances
gender /ˈdʒendər/ n. gender
collocation gender discrimination sex discrimination
high income high income
high-end /ˌhaɪ ˈend/ a. High-end; high-end
Synonyms luxury a. luxurious
impulse /ˈɪmpʌls/ n. impulse
same root impulsive a. impulsive
light-hearted /ˌlaɪt ˈhɑːrtɪd/ a. Relaxed; pleasant; carefree
Reference light-footed a. light-footed
low income low income
passivity /pæˈsɪvəti/ n. passivity
perspective /pərˈspektɪv/ n. point of view; insight
Synonyms viewpoint n. point of view; opinion
Precisely /prɪˈsaɪsli/ ad. Precisely
with precisely describe sth. describe precisely...
propensity to consume propensity to consume
purchasing power purchasing power
silly /ˈsɪli/ a. silly
Paired with silly money (enough to squander) ridiculous money, windfall
silly idea silly idea
spree /spriː/ n. Have fun; indulge
Paired with a shopping spree
stylish /ˈstaɪlɪʃ/ a. Stylish; elegant
Synonyms: classy a. Fashionable; classy
supply and demand supply and demand
sway /sweɪ/ v./n. Swing; influence
collocation be easily swayed easily influenced
target audience target customers
temptation /tempˈteɪʃn/ n. temptation
Pair with resist temptation to resist temptation
trivial /ˈtrɪviəl/ a. unimportant; trivial
Same root trivia n. trivia
unconscionable /ʌnˈkɑːnʃənəbl/ a. Unconscionable; unreasonable; extremely unfair
Paired with unconscionable sales practices Unfair sales tactics
unemotionally /ˌʌnɪˈmoʊʃənli/ ad. indifferently; not easily moved emotionally
upscale /ˌʌpˈskeɪl/ a. high-consumption class
With upscale clientele high-level customers
voucher /ˈvaʊtʃər/ n. ticket
Same root vouch v. Guarantee; guarantee
well-heeled /ˌwel ˈhiːld/ a. rich
Paired with well-heeled shopper high-end consumers
wise /waɪz/ a. wise
same root wisdom n. wisdom
Sentence 16
Buyers and sellers should be aware of new developments in technology which can and does affect marketing activities. Buyers and sellers should be aware of new developments in technology which can and does affect marketing activities.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is that Buyers and sellers should be aware of new developments in technology. The attributive clause introduced by which in the sentence modifies technology.
core vocabulary
aware /əˈwer/ a. aware of; aware of
with be aware of
Same root awareness n. consciousness; know
development /dɪˈveləpmənt/ n. development; development
Memory comes from develop (v. development; progress)
with the same root developing a. developed a. developed
technology /tekˈnɑːlədʒi/ n. technology; craft
With advanced technology advanced technology
The same root technical a. technical; technological
marketing /ˈmɑːrkɪtɪŋ/ n. promotion; marketing
memory from market (n. market; transaction v. promotion)
With marketing mix marketing mix
Same root marketer n. seller
activity /ækˈtɪvəti/ n. activity; active
Memory act (do) activity (statement) → activity
with criminal activities criminal activities
Same root activist n. activist n. activist
Topic summary: words related to “high and new technology”
accelerate /əkˈseləreɪt/ v. promote; accelerate
Same root acceleration n. acceleration
antithetical /ˌæntɪˈθetɪkl/ a. Opposite
Same root antithesis n. Opposition; comparison
breakthrough /ˈbreɪkθruː/ n. Breakthrough; major discovery (invention)
Pair with make a breakthrough to achieve breakthrough progress
commercialized /kəˈmɜːrʃəlaɪz/ a. commercialized
same root commercial a. commercial
double-edged sword double-edged sword
electronic products electronic products
expediency /ɪkˈspiːdiənsi/ n. expediency
Same root expedient n. expedient a. appropriate; appropriate
high technology high technology
hi-tech /ˌhaɪ ˈtek/ a. High-tech
Antonym low-tech a. Low-tech content
overshadow /ˌoʊvərˈʃædoʊ/ vt. Eclipse; cast a shadow
precision /prɪˈsɪʒn/ n. precision; precision
memory from precise (a. precise)
soaring /sɔːr/ a. Soaring
Same root soar vi. soar; lift off; fly high
sophisticated /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/ a. advanced
Synonyms advanced a. Advanced
sustainable /səˈsteɪnəbl/ a. sustainable
Same root sustain vt. maintain; make maintain
unprecedented /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ a. unprecedented
antonym precedented a. precedented
usher /ˈʌʃər/ vt. Lead; guide n. Usher
Same root usherette n. female usher
Topic summary: words related to "advertising marketing"
advertisement /ˌædvərˈtaɪzmənt/ n. Advertisement; advertising activity
Paired with advertisement plan
advocacy /ˈædvəkəsi/ n. Support; advocate
same root advocate vt. support; advocate n. supporter
arresting /əˈrestɪŋ/ a. Attractive; attention-grabbing
Synonyms attractive a. attractive
attraction /əˈtrækʃn/ n. attraction
collocation have attraction for attractive to
audiovisual /ˌɔːdioʊˈvɪʒuəl/ a. audiovisual
Reference audiobook n.
brevity /ˈbrevəti/ n. concise; short
Synonyms conciseness n. brevity
bundling /ˈbʌndlɪŋ/ n. Bundling sales
Same root bundle vt. bundle; bundle
classifieds /ˈklæsɪˌfaɪdz/ n. classified ads
Pair with free classifieds free classified ads
copyrighted /ˈkɑːpiraɪtɪd/ a. Copyrighted
same root copyright n. copyright
coverage /ˈkʌvərɪdʒ/ n. news coverage
Same root covering n. Covering layer; covering
customer orientation customer orientation
cut-price /ˈkʌtˈpraɪs/ a. discounted, cheap
Synonyms cut-rate a. reduced price
deceitful /dɪˈsiːtfl/ a. fraudulent
Synonyms: deceptive a. deceptive
exaggerate /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt/ v. exaggerate, exaggerate
Same root exaggeration n. Exaggeration; exaggeration
experiential /ɪkˌspɪriˈenʃl/ a. experiential
Paired with experiential promotion
exposure /ɪkˈspoʊʒər/ n. reveal; be reported; expose
Same root expose vt. expose; expose
fictitious /fɪkˈtɪʃəs/ a. made up
same root fictional a. fictional
flier /ˈflaɪər/ n. small advertising flyer
Synonym flyer n. small leaflet go into detail detail
guarantee /ˌɡærənˈtiː/ n. guarantee; guarantee
same root guarantor n. guarantor
handout /ˈhændaʊt/ n. leaflet
memory from the phrase hand out (distribute)
highlight /ˈhaɪlaɪt/ vt. highlight; emphasize; make eye-catching n. The most exciting part
Same root highlighter n. highlighter
humorous /ˈhjuːmərəs/ a. humorous; humorous
Same root humor n. Humor; witty
inundate /ˈɪnʌnˌdeɪt/ vt. to overwhelm; to overwhelm
same root inundation n. inundation
leaflet /ˈliːflət/ n. leaflet
memory leaf (page) let (little thing) → leaflet
life span expiration date
lifestyle /ˈlaɪfstaɪl/ n. lifestyle
Paired with a lavish lifestyle lavish lifestyle
market segmentation market segmentation
medium /ˈmiːdiəm/ n. medium; means
memory plural form media
merchantable /ˈmɜːrtʃəntəbl/ a. Marketable, marketable
With merchantable quality merchantable quality
middleman /ˈmɪdlmæn/ n. middleman; broker
memory plural form middlemen
modifiable /'mɑdəˌfaɪəbl/ a. Modifiable
same root modification n. correction
monopoly /məˈnɑːpəli/ n. monopoly; monopolist
Same root monopolize vt. Monopoly; occupy
outlet /ˈaʊtlet/ n. Export; dealership; discount store
antonym inlet n. import
position /pəˈzɪʃn/ n. position; orientation
Same root positional a. Positional
predict /prɪˈdɪkt/ vt. prophecy; forecast
Same root prediction n. prediction
premeditated /ˌpriːˈmedɪteɪtɪd/ a. planned in advance
Reference meditate vi. Contemplate vt. Plan
promotion /prəˈmoʊʃn/ n. promotion
Paired with promotion mix
propagate /ˈprɑːpəɡeɪt/ vt. publicity
same root propagation n. spread propaganda n. publicity
retail /ˈriːteɪl/ vt./n. retail
Same root retailing n. retail industry
retention /rɪˈtenʃn/ n. retention
Paired with customer retention customer retention
segmented /ˈseɡməntɪd/ a. segmented
same root segmentation n. division; division
slogan /ˈsloʊɡən/ n. slogan; advertising slogan
Match brand slogan brand slogan
targeted /ˈtɑːrɡɪtɪd/ a. directed
Same root target n. target; object vt. oriented; taking... as the target
testimonial /ˌtestɪˈmoʊniəl/ n. Letter of certification; prize
Same root testimony n. Proof; testimony
tout /taʊt/ v. tout; promotion n. ticket seller
Synonyms: scalper n. ticket seller
Sentence 17
With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors. change.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is that Designers are attempting to personalize them. The beginning of the sentence is the accompanying state of with.
core vocabulary
mechanized /ˈmekənaɪzd/ a. Mechanized; dull
Same root mechanize vt. mechanize mechanism n. mechanize
attempt /əˈtempt/ vi. attempt; effort n. attempt
Synonyms strive vi. strive
personalize /ˈpɜːrsənəlaɪz/ vt. Specially made for the individual; personalized
Same root personalized a. Personalized
severe /sɪˈvɪr/ a. Too simple, without decoration
Same root severity n. Simplicity
interior /ɪnˈtɪriər/ n. internal a. internal; inland
Match interior decoration interior decoration
antonym exterior n. exterior a. external
Theme summary: words related to "decoration"
background wall background wall
bay window (protruding out of the wall) bay window, bay window
brick /brɪk/ n. brick
ceiling /ˈsiːlɪŋ/ n. ceiling
Paired with ceiling lamp
cement /sɪˈment/ n. cement
central heating central heating
composite board composite board
concrete /ˈkɑːŋkriːt/ n. concrete a. concrete
With concrete structure concrete structure
decorate /ˈdekəreɪt/ v. decorate
match decorate with decorate with…
downcomer /ˈdaʊnˌkʌmə/ n. sewer pipe
draftsman /ˈdræftsmən/ n. draftsman
emulsion paint latex paint
furnish /ˈfɜːrnɪʃ/ vt. arrange, furnish...
Tonggen furnishing n. [pl.] Furniture and furnishings, etc.
glass cement glass glue
granite /ˈɡrænɪt/ n. granite
Memory gran (particle) +ite (surface object) → stone with a granular surface → granite
molding /ˈmoʊldɪŋ/ n. decorative lines; casting
same root mold vt. shape
mortar /ˈmɔːrtər/ n. mortar
ornament /ˈɔːrnəmənt/ n. decoration (object) vt. decoration
With architectural ornament architectural decoration
paint roller paint brush
paintbrush /ˈpeɪntbrʌʃ/ n. paintbrush
pendent lamp chandelier
plane graph plane graph
plaster /ˈplæstər/ n. plaster
plasterboard /ˈplæstərbɔːrd/ n. gypsum board
rebuild /ˌriːˈbɪld/ vt. Rebuild, reassemble
memory re (re) build (building) → rebuild
regular maintenance regular maintenance
repaint /riːˈpeɪnt/ vt. repaint
memory re (re) paint (paint) → repaint
restructure /ˌriːˈstrʌktʃər/ v. Change structure; adjust
roof /ruːf/ n. Roof; top
With roof structure roof structure
slate /sleɪt/ n. slate vt. covered with slates
socket /ˈsɑːkɪt/ n. socket
solder /ˈsɑːdər/ n. solder v. welding
Synonyms weld v. welding
strong current strong current
subtle design subtle design
switch /swɪtʃ/ n. switch v. switch
Paired with switch off
triangular valve triangular valve
upholster /ʌpˈhoʊlstər/ vt. Upholster (sofa, etc.); decorate with...
wallpaper /ˈwɔːlpeɪpər/ n. wallpaper, wallpaper
weak current weak current
weather bar waterproof strip
wire /ˈwaɪər/ vt. Wire...
With electric wire
wood /wʊd/ n. wood, wood
Match wood floor wooden floor
Sentence 18
The worker and soldier castes of termites consist of both males and females, and the queen lives permanently with a male consort. Together.
Grammar notes: This sentence is composed of two parallel sentences connected by and. The stem of the first clause is the castes consist of both males and females; the stem of the second clause is the queen lives with a consort.
core vocabulary
caste /kæst/ n. social class; social grade
With the ruling caste ruling class
termite /ˈtɜːrmaɪt/ n. termite
with a termite colony termite colony
male /meɪl/ n. Male animals (plants); male a. Male
Paired with male ant
female /ˈfiːmeɪl/ n. Female animals (plants); female a. Female; female
Reference feminine a. Female; women's
permanently /ˈpɜːrmənəntli/ ad. permanently
Same root permanent a. permanent permanent n. permanent
consort /ˈkɑːnsɔːrt/ n. (especially the ruler’s) spouse vi. Make friends, pair up
With the prince consort prince (the queen's husband)
Theme summary: words related to "arthropods"
arthropod /ˈɑːrθrəpɑːd/ n. arthropod
insect /ˈɪnsekt/ n. insect
Pair with injurious insect pest
bug /bʌɡ/ n. Bug; bedbug
Pair with bug repellent
larva /ˈlɑːrvə/ n. larva, larvae
Memory The larva (larva) was melted away by the lava (lava)
ant /ænt/ n. Ant
Paired with soldier ant
bee /biː/ n. Bee
Paired with worker bee
wasp /wɑːsp/ n. Wasp, wasp
bumblebee /ˈbʌmblbiː/ n. bumblebee
butterfly /ˈbʌtərflaɪ/ n. butterfly
With monarch butterfly monarch butterfly; monarch butterfly
moth /mɔːθ/ n. moth
Paired with silk moth
dragonfly /ˈdræɡənflaɪ/ n. dragonfly
firefly /ˈfaɪərflaɪ/ n. firefly
fly /flaɪ/ n. fly
Paired with fruit fly
horsefly /ˈhɔːrsflaɪ/ n. horsefly; horsefly
mosquito /məˈskiːtoʊ/ n. mosquito
Paired with mosquito killer
anopheles /əˈnɒfɪˌliːz/ n. (especially the malaria-transmitting) Anopheles mosquito
flea /fliː/ n. flea
louse /laʊs/ n. louse
spider /ˈspaɪdər/ n. spider
With spider web spider web
black widow spider black widow spider
beetle /ˈbiːtl/ n. beetle
grasshopper /ˈɡræshɑːpər/ n. grasshopper, locust
Synonyms locust n. locust
ladybug /ˈleɪdibʌɡ/ n. ladybug
cricket /ˈkrɪkɪt/ n. cricket
silkworm /ˈsɪlkwɜːrm/ n. silkworm
Memory silk (silk) worm (worm) → worm that spins silk → silkworm
cabbage worm cabbage caterpillar
cockroach /ˈkɑːkroʊtʃ/ n. cockroach
centipede /ˈsentɪpiːd/ n. centipede
Memory centi (hundred) + ped (foot) + e → centipede → centipede
scorpion /ˈskɔːrpiən/ n. scorpion
crab /kræb/ n. crab
Comes with crab claw
invertebrate /ɪnˈvɜːrtɪbrət/ n. invertebrate a. invertebrate
Reference vertebrate n. vertebrate
antenna /ænˈtenə/ n. tentacles; tentacles
Synonyms tentacle n. tentacle
abdomen /ˈæbdəmən/ n. Abdomen; abdominal cavity
prey /preɪ/ n. prey animal vi. prey
with prey on prey
sting /stɪŋ/ v. sting, sting n. sting, sting; sting
Paired with bee sting
Theme summary: words related to "gender equality"
bias /ˈbaɪəs/ n. bias vt. make biased
collocation bias against prejudice against
consciousness /ˈkɑːnʃəsnəs/ n. consciousness, awareness
Paired with women consciousness female consciousness
discrimination /dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/ n.
Discriminate vi. Discriminate
egalitarian /iˌɡælɪˈteriən/ a. Egalitarian n. Egalitarian (person)
Same root egalitarianism n. Egalitarianism
eliminate /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/ vt. eliminate; eliminate
Same root elimination n. Elimination
enhance /ɪnˈhæns/ vt. improve, enhance
Pair with enhance social position to improve social status
equality /iˈkwɑːləti/ n. equality
antonym inequality n. inequality
equality in employment employment equality
fair play fair competition
feminism /ˈfemənɪzəm/ n. feminism; feminist movement
Paired with feminism movement
feminist /ˈfemənɪst/ n. Feminist
Paired with feminist psychologyfeminist psychology
gender /ˈdʒendər/ n. gender
collocation gender equity gender equality
male chauvinism
partial /ˈpɑːrʃl/ a. unfair
antonym impartial a. fair
political equality political equality
sexual /ˈsekʃuəl/ a. sexual; gender
Paired with sexual assault sexual assault
Sentence 19
Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Children are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence. The attributive clause introduced by whose modifies parents.
core vocabulary
firm /fɜːrm/ a. Firm; resolute
Synonyms steadfast a. Firm
same root firmly ad. firmly
consistent /kənˈsɪstənt/ a. Consistent; stable; consistent
Synonyms coherent a. consistent
antonym inconsistent a. inconsistent
same root consistency n. consistency
rational /ˈræʃnəl/ a. rational, rational
Paired with rational analysis rational analysis
antonym irrational a. irrational
inclined /ɪnˈklaɪnd/ a. tend to...
Use inclined to do to tend to do something
same root incline v. tilt; tend to
possess /pəˈzes/ vt. have, possess
Memory poss (as boss, boss) ess→The boss has a lot of property→has, owns
Synonyms own vt. own
Possession of the same root possessed a. Possession n. Property
self-confidence /ˌself ˈkɑːnfɪdəns/ n. self-confidence
Same root confidence n. confidence
Theme summary: words that mean "optimistic and positive"
affirmative /əˈfɜːrmətɪv/ a. Positive, positive
Synonyms positive a. Positive
be eager to do eager to do something
broad-minded /brɔːdˈmaɪndɪd/ a. open-minded
confident /ˈkɒnfɪd(ə)nt/ adj. Confident; convinced
dynamic /daɪˈnæmɪk/ a. energetic
Match dynamic personality with dynamic personality
eagerness /ˈiːɡərnəs/ n. desire
Same root eager a. eager
energetic /ˌenərˈdʒetɪk/ a. energetic
Same root energy n. energy
enthusiasm /ɪnˈθuːziæzəm/ n. enthusiasm; enthusiasm
Paired with arouse the enthusiasm to mobilize enthusiasm
high-spirited /haɪˈspɪrɪtɪd/ a. in high spirits
antonym low-spirited a. depressed
keen /kiːn/ a. enthusiastic, eager
with a keen interest strong interest
lively /ˈlaɪvli/ a. active, lively
Paired with lively atmosphere, the atmosphere is lively
optimist /ˈɑːptɪmɪst/ n. optimist
antonym pessimist n. pessimist
outgoing /ˈaʊtɡoʊɪŋ/ a. cheerful, friendly
readily /ˈredɪli/ ad. readily
Synonyms willingly ad. willingly
rosy /ˈroʊzi/ a. optimistic
sanguine /ˈsæŋɡwɪn/ a. optimistic; hopeful
Synonyms optimistic a. optimistic
spirited /ˈspɪrɪtɪd/ a. Vibrant
Paired with spirited discussion, lively discussion
sunny /ˈsʌni/ a. cheerful
Pair with sunny side, optimistic side
upbeat /ˈʌpbiːt/ a. optimistic
Paired with upbeat view, optimistic view
vigorous /ˈvɪɡərəs/ a. energetic
Same root vigor n. vitality
vitality /vaɪˈtæləti/ n. vitality; vitality
Same root vital a. energetic
Theme summary: words describing "positive personality"
adorable /əˈdɔːrəbl/ a. cute
same root adore vt. love
ambitious /æmˈbɪʃəs/ a. Ambitious
Same root ambition n. ambition
aspiring /əˈspaɪərɪŋ/ a. Ambitious, ambitious
Tonggen aspire v. Aspire to
blunt /blʌnt/ a. frank
same root bluntly ad. bluntly
bravery /ˈbreɪvəri/ n. Brave; courage
Same root brave a. Brave
brilliant /ˈbrɪliənt/ a. talented
Pair with brilliant mind clever mind
brisk /brɪsk/ a. Agile, lively
capable /ˈkeɪpəbl/ a. capable
with be capable of
courageous /kəˈreɪdʒəs/ a. brave, courageous
Same root courage n. Courage
creative /kriˈeɪtɪv/ a. creative, creative
Same root creativity n. creativity
daring /ˈderɪŋ/ a. Bold
diligent /ˈdɪlɪdʒənt/ a. diligent
Collocation with be diligent in diligent in
fearless /ˈfɪrləs/ a. brave, fearless
forgiving /fərˈɡɪvɪŋ/ a. lenient, tolerant
Paired with forgiving heart, forgiving heart
genial /ˈdʒiːniəl/ a. cordial, kind
Synonyms amiable a. amiable
humorous /ˈhjuːmərəs/ a. humorous
Same root humor n. humor
independent /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/ a. independent
with independent thinking independent thinking
ingenuous /ɪnˈdʒenjuəs/ a. simple, simple
Synonyms naïve a. naive
intrepid /ɪnˈtrepɪd/ a. brave, fearless
Same root intrepidity n. Fearless
perfect /ˈpɜːrfɪkt/ a. perfect
Same root perfection n. Perfect
quick wit, quick wit
romantic /roʊˈmæntɪk/ a. romantic
Romanticism n. Romanticism
spunky /ˈspʌŋki/ a. energetic
Theme summary: words indicating "negative character"
arbitrary /ˈɑːrbətreri/ a. arbitrary, arbitrary
arrogant /ˈærəɡənt/ a. arrogant, arrogant
Synonyms haughty a. arrogant
bad-tempered /ˌbæd ˈtempərd/ a. bad-tempered
barbaric /bɑːrˈbærɪk/ a. barbaric
Synonyms savage a. Savage
bossy /ˈbɑːsi/ a. Domineering; loving to command others
conceited /kənˈsiːtɪd/ a. Conceited; fanciful
same root conceit n. conceited
dishonest /dɪsˈɑːnɪst/ a. dishonest
antonym honest a. honest
emotional /ɪˈmoʊʃənl/ a. emotional
Synonyms sentimental a. sentimental
foxy /ˈfɑːksi/ a. cunning
Synonyms crafty a. cunning
hasty /ˈheɪsti/ a. hasty
Same root haste n. sloppy hasten v. speed up
hypocritical /ˌhɪpəˈkrɪtɪkl/ a. hypocritical
Same root hypocrisy n. hypocrisy
impassive /ɪmˈpæsɪv/ a. indifferent, indifferent
impatient /ɪmˈpeɪʃnt/ a. impatient, impatient
collocation with be impatient with feel impatient with
irresponsible /ˌɪrɪˈspɑːnsəbl/ a. irresponsible
antonym responsible a. responsible
irritable /ˈɪrɪtəbl/ a. impatient, irritable
Same root irritation n. stimulation
offensive /əˈfensɪv/ a. offensive, rude
antonym inoffensive a. not offensive
passive /ˈpæsɪv/ a. negative
Synonyms inactive a. negative
quarrelsome /ˈkwɔːrəlsəm/ a. quarrelsome
reckless /ˈrekləs/ a. rash, reckless
Synonyms rash a. Reckless
rude /ruːd/ a. rude
selfish /ˈselfɪʃ/ a. selfish, self-interested
collocation selfish behavior selfish behavior
vulgar /ˈvʌlɡər/ a. Vulgar
Same root vulgarity n. vulgarity
weird /wɪrd/ a. Weird
Synonyms odd a. odd
Sentence 20
Lucretia Mott's influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States. people.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is “Lucretia Mott’s influence was so significant that ...”. "so... that..." means "so... that...", and that introduces a resultant adverbial clause.
core vocabulary
influence /ˈɪnfluəns/ n. influence
Memory Influenza affects the lives of many people
collocation have an influence on have an influence on
Influential a. Influential; powerful
significant /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ a. Significant; huge amount
memory sign (mark) ific (do) ant → worthy of marking → significant
with significant difference significant difference
Same root signify vt. means; foreshadows vi. importantsignificance n. meaning; important
authority /əˈθɔːrəti/ n. power; authority; official
Memory The author has the authority to control the fate of the protagonist
Authoritative a. authoritative; authoritative
originator /əˈrɪdʒɪneɪtər/ n. Initiator; origin
memory origin (origin) ator→ (life) beginning→origin
same root originate vt. creation vi. origin; origination n. origin
feminism /ˈfemənɪzəm/ n. feminism; feminist movement
antonym patriarchy n. patriarchy; male chauvinism
Same root feminist n. Feminist feminine a. Theme summary of women: words related to "democratic politics"
abolish /əˈbɑːlɪʃ/ vt. abolish, cancel
Same root, abolishment n.
ascendency /əˈsendənsi/ n. Dominance, advantage
same root ascend v. rise
authoritative /əˈθɔːrəteɪtɪv/ a. Authoritative; arbitrary
with authoritative person authoritative person
autonomy /ɔːˈtɑːnəmi/ n. autonomy
Paired with economic autonomy economic autonomy local autonomy local autonomy
civic right civil rights
class conflict class conflict
consensus /kənˈsensəs/ n. consensus, consensus
Paired with the 1992 Consensus
democracy /dɪˈmɑːkrəsi/ n. democracy
With democracy movement democratic movement liberal democracy liberal democracy
democratic centralism democratic centralism
democratic /ˌdeməˈkrætɪk/ a. Democratic
Paired with democratic theory democratic theory
demonstrate /ˈdemənstreɪt/ vi. demonstrate
Same root demonstration n. Demonstration
espouse /ɪˈspaʊz/ vt. support, support, approve
Memory e (out) spous (agreement) e→give agreement→support, approve
figurehead /ˈfɪɡjərhed/ n. honorary leader
Memory figure (character) head (head) → honorary leader
harmonious society harmonious society
humanitarian /hjuːˌmænɪˈteriən/ n. humanitarian
Same root humanist n. humanist
intercommunity /ɪntərkəˈmjuːnɪtɪ/ n. commonality; publicity
Memory inter (between) community (community) → there are commonalities between communities → commonalities
irrational /ɪˈræʃənl/ a. Unreasonable
Paired with irrational price Unreasonable price
liberty /ˈlɪbərti/ n. freedom
with civil liberty civil liberties
liberty of conscience freedom of belief
majority principle majority principle
multitude /ˈmʌltɪtuːd/ n. majority, large number; people
with a multitude of a large number, many
patriotic /ˌpeɪtriˈɑːtɪk/ a. patriotic
Paired with patriotic movement patriotic movement
plural society plural society
political /pəˈlɪtɪkl/ a. political, partisan
With political party political party
politics /ˈpɑːlətɪks/ n. politics, political science
with party politics party politics
popular sovereignty people's sovereignty
precursor /priːˈkɜːrsər/ n. pioneer
Memory pre (in front of) curs (run) or→run in front→pioneer
principle /ˈprɪnsəpl/ n. principle, principle
Collocations basic principle principle of equality principle of freedom principle of freedom
represent /ˌreprɪˈzent/ v. represent
with represent for
sovereignty doctrine sovereignty principle
statesman /ˈsteɪtsmən/ n. politician
Synonyms politician n. politician, politician
submit /səbˈmɪt/ v. obey
with submit to obey
suffrage /ˈsʌfrɪdʒ/ n. right to vote, right to vote
Paired with universal suffrage universal suffrage
supervision /ˌsuːpərˈvɪʒn/ n. supervision
Collocation with democratic supervision democratic supervision
the principle of compromise the principle of compromise
unanimous /juˈnænɪməs/ a. Unanimous, without objection
with unanimous agreement unanimously agree
universality /ˌjuːnɪvɜːrˈsæləti/ n. Universality
With high universality, strong versatility
wholesome /ˈhoʊlsəm/ a. sound
Memory whole (whole) some→can save a whole→sound
Theme summary: words related to "social change"
consolidation /kənˌsɑːlɪˈdeɪʃn/ n.
same root consolidate v. consolidate; strengthen
encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntər/ n./v. encounter
collocation encounter with encounter, encounter
example /ɪɡˈzempləri/ a. exemplary
Memory ex (outside) empl (take) ary→take (example) from outside→exemplary
expire /ɪɡˈzempləri/ vi. Expiration; termination
same root expiration n. expiration
incessant /ɪnˈsesnt/ a. Continuous, non-stop, continuous
same root incessantly ad. constantly
innovator /ˈɪnəveɪtər/ n. reformer, innovator
Tonggen innovative a. innovative, innovative
interference /ˌɪntərˈfɪrəns/ n. Interference; obstruction
Collocation with interference with interference, hindrance
irreparable /ɪˈrepərəbl/ a. irreparable
Collocation with irreparable injury irreparable damage
liberate /ˈlɪbəreɪt/ vt. Liberate; release
Combined with liberate the slaves
long-standing /ˌlɔːŋˈstændɪŋ/ a. Long-standing
memory long (long-term) stand (standing) ing→long-term existence
mimetic /mɪˈmetɪk/ a. imitate
Same root mime v. simulate, imitate
modernization /ˌmɑːdərnəˈzeɪʃn/ n. modernization
Paired with modernization theory modernization theory
overwhelming /ˌoʊvərˈwelmɪŋ/ a. overwhelming, unstoppable
Paired with overwhelming superiority
proliferation /prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/ n. Diffusion; surge
Combined with horizontal proliferation horizontal diffusion; horizontal diffusion
readjust /ˌriːəˈdʒʌst/ vt. readjust; adapt again
Same root adjust v. adjust
recurring /rɪ'k ɜːrɪŋ/ a. recurring, recurring
Synonyms: recurrent a. Periodic; recurrent
reformer /rɪˈfɔːrmər/ n. Improver, reformer
same root reform vt./n. reform
reformism /rɪˈfɔːrmɪzəm/ n. reformism
memory reform (reform) ism→reformism
reunification /ˌriːˌjuːnɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. reunification
with the complete reunification of our motherland
revolution /ˌrevəˈluːʃn/ n. revolution
Paired with commercial revolution commercial revolution
revolutionize /ˌrevəˈluːʃənaɪz/ vt. completely change; completely change
same root revolution n. revolution
social change social change
succession /səkˈseʃn/ n. Continuation; succession
With ecological succession ecological succession
successive /səkˈsesɪv/ a. Successive; inherited
Same root succeed vt. succeed, succeed
Sentence 21
No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams’ enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is “No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams’ enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities.”
core vocabulary
crusade /kruːˈseɪd/ n. Crusade (expedition); reform movement vi. Join the Crusade and join the justice movement
memory crus (cross) ade→crusader
Crusader n. Crusader; participant in a movement
arouse /əˈraʊz/ vt. Arouse; arouse
memory a rouse (awaken; arouse) → awaken; arouse
Use with arouse one’s interest to arouse someone’s interest
Same root arousal n. excitement; awakening
Enthusiasm /ɪnˈθuːziæzəm/ n. Enthusiasm; enthusiasm; passionate things
memory enthus (enthusiasm) iasm→enthusiasm; enthusiasm
same root enthusiastic a. enthusiastic
enthusiastically ad. enthusiastically
enthusiast n. fanatic
educational /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃənl/ a. educational; educational
Memory comes from education (n. education; training)
Same root educationalist n. educator
facility /fəˈsɪləti/ n. Equipment; facility
Memory fac (do) ility→things that assist people in doing things→equipment
Synonyms equipment n. equipment
Reference facility a. easy to do
facilitate vt. make it easy; promote
immigrant /ˈɪmɪɡrənt/ n. (foreign) immigrant a. immigrant
Memory im (inward) migr (move) ant (external person) → person who migrates inward → immigrant
Tonggen immigration n. [general name] foreign immigrants
Reference emigrant n. immigrant to a foreigner
Topic summary: words related to "immigration"
abandonment /əˈbændənmənt/ n. abandon; give up
Memory abandon (give up) ment→abandon; give up
accelerate /əkˈseləreɪt/ vt. Accelerate; promote
Use accelerate progress to speed up progress
acclimatize /əˈklaɪmətaɪz/ vt. to adapt to the new environment
with acclimatize oneself to adapt
accord /əˈkɔːrd/ vt. Make harmony
Pair with accord controversies to reconcile arguments.
affluence /ˈæfluəns/ n. wealthy
with the same root affluent a. rich
alienate /ˈeɪliəneɪt/ vt. alienate; transfer
Same root alienation alienation, alienation
blockage /ˈblɑːkɪdʒ/ n. obstruction, blockage
memory block age→block
burgeon /ˈbɜːrdʒən/ vi. rapid growth (development)
memory burg (= bud) eon → grow like a bud → grow rapidly
community /kəˈmjuːnəti/ n. society; group
Memory com (common) mun (service) ity→serve everyone→community
cultural difference cultural difference
demobilize /diːˈmoʊbəlaɪz/ vt. demobilize, demobilize
memory de (separation) mob (move) ilize→move in different directions→dismissal
destitute /ˈdestɪtuːt/ a. poor, lacking
Paired with destitute neighborhood destitute area
diversity /daɪˈvɜːrsəti/ n. Diversity, diversity
with cultural diversity cultural diversity
divert /daɪˈvɜːrt/ vt. divert; divert
Use with divert attention from to divert attention from...
flourish /ˈflɜːrɪʃ/ n. prosperity, prosperity vi. prosperity, prosperity
with in full flourish in its prime
formative /ˈfɔːrmətɪv/ a. forming
same root formation n. formation
harmonious /hɑːrˈmoʊniəs/ a. harmonious
Match harmonious world harmonious world
homestay /ˈhoʊmsteɪ/ n. The period of living in a local resident’s home
Memory home (home) stay (stay) → the period of living in a local resident’s home
host family host family
immersion /ɪˈmɜːrʃn/ n. immersion; concentration
Pair with immersion in immersion
immutable /ɪˈmjuːtəbl/ a. Unchanging; immutable
Collocation of immutable truth eternal truth
implication /ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. Meaning: involvement, influence
Memory im (inside) plic (fold) ation→has multiple meanings→meaning
improve /ɪmˈpruːv/ v. improve, improve
The same root improvement improvement, improvement
insuperable /ɪnˈsuːpərəbl/ a. insurmountable
with insuperable difficulty insurmountable difficulty
integrate /ˈɪntɪɡreɪt/ v. Integrate into the same culture; assimilate; integrate
with integrate into
language skill language skill
living habit living habits
local lifestyle local lifestyle
lodge /lɑːdʒ/ vi. lodge
Pair with lodge with boarding in…
long-range /ˈlɔːŋˌreɪndʒ/ a. remote; long-term
Memory long (far) range (range) → remote
migrant /ˈmaɪɡrənt/ n. Immigrant; migratory bird a. Migrant
same root migration n. migration
mischance /ˌmɪsˈtʃæns/ n. misfortune
memory mis (bad) chance (luck) → misfortune
mishap /ˈmɪshæp/ n. misfortune
memory mis (bad) hap (luck) → misfortune
periodical /ˌpɪriˈɑːdɪkl/ a. Periodic
Paired with periodical inspection
populate /ˈpɑːpjuleɪt/ vt. (a large number of people) living in; a population that constitutes...
same root population n. population
privation /praɪˈveɪʃn/ n. lack, poverty
with undergo hard privations
revelation /ˌrevəˈleɪʃn/ n. revelation, revelation
with revelation of the true facts revelation of the truth
socialize /ˈsoʊʃəlaɪz/ vt. Communicate; make (someone) adapt to social life
Same root socialization n. socialization
stimulate /ˈstɪmjuleɪt/ vt. stimulate; motivate
Paired with stimulate domestic demand stimulate domestic demand
strengthen /ˈstreŋθn/ vt. strengthen
Collocation strengthen the economy strengthen the economy
tractable /ˈtræktəbl/ a. easy to handle
same root tractability n. easy to handle
transmission /trænsˈmɪʃn/ n. broadcast; transmit
With data transmission data transmission
unrestrained /ˌʌnrɪˈstreɪnd/ a. unrestricted
Pair it with unrestrained joy to indulge in joy
urbanize /ˈɜːrbənaɪz/ vt. Make...urbanize
Same root urbanism n. urbanization; urban planning urbanite n. urbanite
Theme summary: words related to "education"
ability /əˈbɪləti/ n. ability; talent
Memory abil (as able, able to...) ity (noun suffix) → ability
all-round /ˌɔːl ˈraʊnd/ a. all-round development
Paired with all-round talent
attainment /əˈteɪnmənt/ n. attainment
Same root attain vt. reach; obtain
attitude /ˈætɪtuːd/ n. attitude; opinion
collocation attitude towards attitude towards basic education basic education basic quality basic quality compulsory education compulsory education
creativity /ˌkriːeɪˈtɪvəti/ n. creativity
Pair creativity and innovation innovation
cultivate /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/ vt. cultivate
same root cultivation n.
enlightening /ɪnˈlaɪtənɪŋ/ a. to enlighten people
Collocation with enlightening significance enlightening significance
exam-oriented education exam-oriented education
higher education higher education
insightful /ˈɪnsaɪtfʊl/ a. insightful, profound
Paired with insightful learning
intelligence /ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/ n. intelligence
Collocation with intelligence quotient IQ
labor skill labor skill
lower secondary education junior high school education
mentality /menˈtæləti/ n. mentality; intelligence
Memory mental (thought, mind) ity (noun suffix) → mentality
moral value moral value
morality /məˈræləti/ n. Morality; conduct
Same root moralism n. moral education, moral code
potential /poʊˈtenʃəl/ a. potential, possible; n. potential, potential
with potential energy a. potential energy
pre-primary education pre-school education
primary education primary education, primary education
quality-oriented education quality-oriented education
registered school registered school
value /ˈvæljuː/ n. value
view of life view of life
world view world view
Sentence 22
Since wind-pollinated flowers have no need to attract insects or other animals, they have dispensed with bright petals, nectar, and scent. Petals, nectar and scent.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is "They have dispensed with petals, nectar, and scent", where "dispense with" is a fixed collocation, meaning "no longer needed". Since at the beginning of the sentence introduces an adverbial clause of reason.
core vocabulary
wind-pollinated /ˈwɪndˈpɑləˌneɪtɪd/ a. Pollinated by wind
attract /əˈtrækt/ vt. attract, attract (attention, etc.)
Memory at (strengthen) tract (pull) → keep pulling (eyeball) → attract
collocation be attracted to sth. attracted by
Synonyms lure vt. attract, tempt
Same root attractive a. attractive attraction n. attraction, temptation attractant n. lure
insect /ˈɪnsekt/ n. insect, insect
dispense /dɪˈspens/ vt. distribute; exempt
Memory dis (separate) pens (spend) e→split the cost→distribute
collocation dispense with sb./sth. no longer needed; discard
Same root dispensable a. Unnecessary dispensation n. Distribution; implementation
petal /ˈpetl/ n. petal
nectar /ˈnektər/ n. nectar; nectar
scent /sent/ n. aroma; smell
Synonyms fragrance n. odor n. smell smell n.
Theme summary: words related to "flowers and grass"
blossom /ˈblɑːsəm/ n. flower; blossom
bouquet /buˈkeɪ/ n. bouquet
Reference banquet n. banquet, feast
bud /bʌd/ n. bud, bud
Memory buds from mud
chlorophyll /ˈklɔːrəfɪl/ n. chlorophyll
coronary /ˈkɔːrəneri/ a. corolla
evergreen /ˈevərɡriːn/ a. Evergreen
Match evergreen trees evergreen trees
exuberant /ɪɡˈzuːbərənt/ a. lush
Memory ex (enhancement) uber (fruit) ant (…) → all fruits → lush
fertilize /ˈfɜːrtəlaɪz/ vt. to fertilize...
fertilization n. fertilization; fertilization
fertilizer /ˈfɜːrtəlaɪzər/ n. Fertilizer, chemical fertilizer
floral /ˈflɔːrəl/ a. of flowers; of flora
Memory flor (flower) al (…of) → flower
floriculture /ˈflɔrɪˌkʌltʃər/ n. flower cultivation
Memory flori (flower) cult (cultivation) ure→flower and plant cultivation
foliage /ˈfoʊliɪdʒ/ n. (plant) leaves
Memory foli (leaf) age (general name) → leaf
grassy /ˈɡræsi/ a. grassy
Paired with grassy plain grassland
herb /ɜːrb/ n. herb
same root herbicide n. herbicide herbivore n. herbivore
photosynthesis /ˌfoʊtoʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/ n. photosynthesis
Memory photo (light) synthesis (synthesis) → photosynthesis
pistil /ˈpɪstɪl/ n. pistil
pollen /ˈpɑːlən/ n. pollen
pollinate /ˈpɑːləneɪt/ vt. pollinate...
same root pollination n. pollination
pollinator n. pollinator, pollinating insect
seed /siːd/ n. seed
Paired with seed player seed player
soil /sɔɪl/ n. soil
Paired with soil erosion soil erosion
sprayer /ˈspreɪər/ n. sprayer
memory from spray (vt. spray; cause splashing)
stalk /stɔːk/ n. stem
Memory is remembered together with talk (v. speak)
stamen /ˈsteɪmən/ n. stamen
stigma /ˈstɪɡmə/ n. Stigma; shame
memory stig (thorn) ma→the thorn left on the reputation→shame
succulent /ˈsʌkjələnt/ a. (Plant) succulent
tissue /ˈtɪʃuː/ n. [often pl.] tissue
water /ˈwɔːtər/ vt. watering
weed /wiːd/ n. weed
Memory The seeds grow tenaciously among the weeds
wither /ˈwɪðər/ v. (to make) wither, wither
Memory The slowly getting colder weather (weather) makes the flowers wither (wither)
Theme summary: words related to "attraction"
absorb /əbˈzɔːrb/ vt. absorb; attract the attention of...
Memory ab (strengthen) sorb (absorb) → absorb
absorbing /əbˈzɔːrbɪŋ/ a. Very attractive
addict /ˈædɪkt/ n. A person who is fascinated by
same root addictive a. addictive
addiction n. addiction
allure /əˈlʊr/ n./vi. temptation, attraction
memory al (towards) lur (to attract) e→temptation
appeal /əˈpiːl/ vi. attract; appeal
Memory ap (toward) peal (=pel, drive) → drive the past → attract
appealing /əˈpiːlɪŋ/ a. attractive
bait /beɪt/ n. bait, bait
Memory Wait (wait) fish eat bait (bait)
charisma /kəˈrɪzmə/ n. Charismatic
Same root charismatic a. Charismatic
draw /drɔː/ vt. attract
engrossing /ɪnˈɡroʊsɪŋ/ a. Very eye-catching
entice /ɪnˈtaɪs/ vt. Temptation, encouragement
fascinate /ˈfæsɪneɪt/ vt. deeply attracted, fascinated
same root fascination n. fascinating a. attractive
glamorous /ˈɡlæmərəs/ a. charming, charming
memory from glamor (n. charm)
grip /ɡrɪp/ v./n. Hold tightly; attract the attention (or imagination, etc.) of...
Memory is remembered together with trip (n. travel)
intriguing /ɪnˈtriːɡɪŋ/ a. arousing interest (or curiosity), attractive
inviting /ɪnˈvaɪtɪŋ/ a. moving, tempting
magnet /ˈmæɡnət/ n. Magnet; attractive person (or thing)
Magnetism n. Magnetize vt. Magnetization
mesmerize /ˈmezməraɪz/ vt. hypnotize; enchant
tempt /tempt/ vt. To induce; to arouse the interest of...
Same root temptation n. Temptation
tempting a. attractive
Sentence 23
In the absence of a tradition of classical stone-carving and building, the desire to develop Roman amenities would have been difficult to fulfill. realized.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is The desire to develop Roman amenities would have been difficult to fulfill. The "in the absence ... building" at the beginning of the sentence is a prepositional phrase used as an adverbial. Would have been is a subjunctive mood, indicating the opposite of past facts.
core vocabulary
classical /ˈklæsɪkl/ a. Classical, classical
With classical architecture classical architecture
The same root classicism n. Classicism neoclassical a. Neoclassical
amenity /əˈmenəti/ n. [pl.] Living welfare facilities, convenience facilities
memory a men (people) ity→serve the people→living welfare facilities
with public facilities public facilities
fulfill /fʊlˈfɪl/ vt. realize; fulfill
Synonyms achieve vt. Realize; complete vi. Success
Same root fulfillment n. completion; fulfillment
Theme summary: words related to "architecture"
architectural /ˌɑːrkɪˈtektʃərəl/ a. architectural
Match architectural style architectural style
archway /ˈɑːrtʃweɪ/ n. arcade
memory arch way → arcade
baroque /bəˈroʊk/ a. Baroque style
with baroque period baroque period
elevation /ˌelɪˈveɪʃn/ n. (drawn to scale) front view, elevation view of a building
habitable /ˈhæbɪtəbl/ a. Habitable
Match habitable space living space
lay the foundation lay the foundation
reconstruction /ˌriːkənˈstrʌkʃn/ n. reconstruction
Paired with reconstruction project
renewal /rɪˈnuːəl/ n. Reconstruction, revival
same root renew v. revive
residential /ˌrezɪˈdenʃl/ a. residential, residential
Same root resident n. resident
scale /skeɪl/ n. Scale v. Measurement; determined according to proportion
Match in scale proportionally, commensurately
spiral stair spiral staircase
civil engineering civil engineering
Theme summary: words related to "ancient Roman architecture"
aisle /aɪl/ n. passage; corridor
Synonyms walkway n. walkway
amphitheater /ˈæmfɪθiːətər/ n. amphitheater
memory amphi(circle) theatre(theater) → amphitheater
basilica /bəˈzɪlɪkə/ n. (Ancient Rome) rectangular synagogue; rectangular colonnaded hall
beam /biːm/ n. beam
Byzantine /ˈbɪzəntiːn/ a. Byzantine
With Byzantine architecture Byzantine architecture
circus /ˈsɜːrkəs/ n. circular square
Memory circ (circle) us (noun) → circular square
classical architecture classical architecture
classical order classical column type
colonnade /ˌkɑːləˈneɪd/ n. colonnade
column /ˈkɑːləm/ n. column, pillar
Synonyms pillar n. cylinder
concrete /ˈkɑːŋkriːt/ n. concrete a. concrete
With concrete structure concrete structure
decorative /ˈdekəreɪtɪv/ a. Decorative, for decoration
same root ornamental a. decorative
dome /doʊm/ n. dome, dome
Synonyms: cupola n. dome
forum /ˈfɔːrəm/ n. square
Paired with Roman forum
infrastructure /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃər/ n. infrastructure
same root infrastructural a. infrastructure
lintel /ˈlɪntl/ n. lintel
marble /ˈmɑːrbl/ n. marble
with a block of marble
monolith /ˈmɑːnəlɪθ/ n. Single boulder
Memory mono (one) lith (stone) → monolith
monumental architecture monumental architecture
Romanesque architecture Romanesque architecture
semicircular /ˌsemiˈsɜːrkjələr/ a. semicircular
Memory semi (half) circ (circle) ular (...) → semicircular
structural /ˈstrʌktʃərəl/ a. structural; architectural
same root structure n. structure
triumphal arch triumphal arch
vault /vɔːlt/ n. vault
Same root vaulted a. Arched
Theme summary: words expressing "lack"
insufficient /ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃnt/ a. insufficient, not enough
antonym sufficient a. enough
scanty /ˈskænti/ a. insufficient; lacking
Paired with scanty evidence insufficient evidence
meager /ˈmiːɡər/ a. insufficient, poor
needy /ˈniːdi/ a. poor, needy
antonym affluent a. rich
stingy /ˈstɪndʒi/ a. Lack of; stingy
devoid /dɪˈvɔɪd/ a. Lack of; nothing at all
memory de (meaning to strengthen) void (empty) → nothing
scarce /skers/ a. scarce, rare
Same root scarcity n. lack, deficiency
deficient /dɪˈfɪʃnt/ a. insufficient, lacking
Same root deficiency n. deficiency, lack
Sentence 24
Out in remote areas of the countryside, in rural locations, music was more traditional; the same songs were enjoyed by previous generations. .
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is "Music was more traditional; the same songs were enjoyed." The beginning of the sentence "out in remote ... rural locations" is an adverbial of location.
core vocabulary
remote /rɪˈmoʊt/ a. remote, remote
Match remote mountain area remote mountain area
Synonyms distant a. distant
rural /ˈrʊrəl/ a. rural, rural
Memory rur (rural) al (... of) → rural
same root ruralize vt. ruralize vi. live in the countryside
rurality n. rural scenery
location /loʊˈkeɪʃn/ n. location; place
Memory loc (place) ation→location; place
Synonyms locality n. location; location
Same root locate vt. locate
previous /ˈpriːviəs/ a. First, previous
Memory pre (front) vi (road) ous (...) → the road ahead → the previous
Synonyms former a. former preceding a. previous
Same root previously ad. Previously, before
generation /ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/ n. Generation (people); produce, occur
Memory gener (birth) ation (noun) → generation after generation of people born → generation (person)
collocation for generations several generations
Theme summary: "pop music and folk songs" related words
absolute music pure music
blues /bluːz/ n. blues music; blues
Pair with country blues country blues; country blues
country music country music
country-folk /ˈkʌntrifoʊk/ n. country folk
country-pop /ˈkʌntripɑːp/ n. country pop
electric blues electronic blues; electronic blues
folk jazz folk jazz
folk music folk music
funk /fʌŋk/ n. country jazz
hip-hop /ˈhɪphɑːp/ n. hip-hop music
instrumental music instrumental music
jazz /dʒæz/ n. Jazz vt. Lively
with jazz band jazz band
jazz blues jazz blues; jazz blues
latin rap latin rap
percussion /pərˈkʌʃn/ n. percussion instrument; percussion
Paired with percussion instrument
pop music pop music
punk /pʌŋk/ n. punk music
R&B (rhythm & blues) /ˌɑːr ən ˈbiː/ abbr. Rhythm and blues, rhythm and blues
rap /ræp/ n. rap music
with pop rap pop rap
rock and roll rock and roll
soul /soʊl/ n. soul music
Paired with soul jazz soul jazz
traditional folk traditional folk
Theme summary: words related to "music, music history"
album /ˈælbəm/ n. album
with debut album debut album
chorus /ˈkɔːrəs/ n. chorus, chorus; chorus
Paired with chorus master
composition /ˌkɑːmpəˈzɪʃn/ n. composition
Paired with musical composition music
conservatory /kənˈsɜːrvətɔːri/ n. Conservatory of Music
disc /dɪsk/ n. record
euphonious /juːˈfoʊniəs/ a. beautiful voice
memory eu (beautiful) phon (sound) ious (…) → beautiful voice
harsh /hɑːrʃ/ a. Harsh
Harshness n. harshness
instrument /ˈɪnstrəmənt/ n. musical instrument
The same root instrumental a. musical instrument
lyric /ˈlɪrɪk/ n. lyrics
Lyricist n. Lyricist
melodic /məˈlɑːdɪk/ a. beautiful in tone
Same root melody n. melody
movement /ˈmuːvmənt/ n. movement
music demo tune
musical /ˈmjuːzɪkl/ a. melodious
with musical comedy musical comedy
notation /noʊˈteɪʃn/ n. music score
Paired with musical notation sheet music
note /noʊt/ n. note
orchestra /ˈɔːrkɪstrə/ n. orchestra
same root orchestral a. orchestral
pitch /pɪtʃ/ n. pitch
Paired with high pitch tweeter
rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/ n. rhythm, rhythm
Paired with sense of rhythm
score /skɔːr/ n. music score
Paired with musical score
stereo /ˈsterioʊ/ a. Stereo
With stereo system
string /strɪŋ/ n. string
Pair with string music
tempo /ˈtempoʊ/ n. (music) speed, rhythm
Paired with moderate tempo soothing beats
tuneful /ˈtuːnfl/ a. with a beautiful tone
Synonyms musical a. melodious
vocal /ˈvoʊkl/ n. vocal works
Pair with vocal music vocal music
Theme summary: words related to "classical music"
concerto /kənˈtʃɜːrtoʊ/ n. concerto
duet /duˈet/ n. duet
memory du (2) et→ duet
fantasia /fænˈteɪziə/ n. Fantasia
impromptu /ɪmˈprɑːmptuː/ n. Impromptu
march /mɑːrtʃ/ n. March
nocturne /ˈnɑːktɜːrn/ n. nocturne
overture /ˈoʊvərtʃər/ n. Prelude; overture
prelude /ˈpreljuːd/ n. Prelude
Memory pre (front) lud (drama) e→Performance before the start of the drama→Prelude
rhapsody /ˈræpsədi/ n. Rhapsody
serenade /ˌserəˈneɪd/ n. Serenade
solo /ˈsoʊloʊ/ n. solo
Same root soloist n. Soloist
sonata /səˈnɑːtə/ n. sonata
With sonata form sonata form
symphony /ˈsɪmfəni/ n. symphony
with symphony orchestra
variation /ˌveriˈeɪʃn/ n. variation
Sentence 25
In the second half of the millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. The area occupied is growing significantly.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is There was an escalation. The past participle phrase occupied by permanent settlements is used as a postpositional attributive to modify the area. The two phrases starting with in at the beginning of the sentence serve as the adverbials of time and place respectively.
core vocabulary
millennium /mɪˈleniəm/ n. One thousand years; millennium
Memory mill (thousand) enn (year) ium → one thousand years
enormous /ɪˈnɔːrməs/ a. Huge, huge
Memory e (out) norm (rule) ous (…) → beyond the rules → huge
Synonyms massive a. huge
escalation /ˌeskəˈleɪʃn/ n. Gradually rise; gradually increase
Memory escal (ladder) + ation → the ladder makes people rise gradually → gradually rise
same root escalate v. gradually rise
occupy /ˈɑːkjupaɪ/ vt. occupy; occupy
Memory Something big happened (occur), the enemy occupied (occupy) the city
same root occupant n. resident occupation n. residence
permanent /ˈpɜːrmənənt/ a. lasting; fixed
Memory per (penetration) man (stay) ent (...) → always staying → lasting
Paired with permanent residence
Same root permanency n. Permanently ad. Permanently
settlement /ˈsetlmənt/ n. Immigration; pioneering; (especially settlements that pioneer and settle down)
settle v. settle down
Topic summary: words related to "housing and real estate"
agency /ˈeɪdʒənsi/ n. agency, agency
Paired with agency fee
appreciation /əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃn/ n. added value
Paired with currency appreciation currency appreciation
deposit /dɪˈpɑːzɪt/ n. deposit; deposit
same root depositor n. depositor
depress /dɪˈpres/ vt. reduce (price)
Same root depression n. depression; depression
flatmate /ˈflætmeɪt/ n. A person who shares an apartment; a roommate
landlord /ˈlændlɔːrd/ n. landlord
loan /loʊn/ n. loan
Paired with commercial loan commercial loan
mansion /ˈmænʃn/ n. (used in the name of an apartment building) building, mansion
Synonyms dwelling n. mansion
mortgage /ˈmɔːrɡɪdʒ/ n. mortgage, mortgage (loan)
Paired with housing mortgage
outskirts /ˈaʊtskɜːrts/ n. (the edge of the town), suburbs
property /ˈprɑːpərti/ n. real estate, real estate; ownership
Match private property private property
real estate real estate
realtor /ˈriːəltər/ n. real estate agent
Same root realty n. real estate
rent /rent/ n. rent v. rent a house
Use with for rent for rent; to be rented
residential area residential area
speculator /ˈspekjuleɪtər/ n. speculator
Same root speculate v. speculate
suburb /ˈsʌbɜːrb/ n. suburb, outside the city
The same root suburban a. suburban
tenure /ˈtenjər/ n. (real estate) tenure, tenure
Paired with tenure of use
uptown /ˌʌpˈtaʊn/ ad. leaving the city center; on the outskirts of the city
urban /ˈɜːrbən/ a. urban, urban, town
Match urban area urban area
Theme summary: words related to "chronological date"
century /ˈsentʃəri/ n. Century
with half a century half a century
decade /ˈdekeɪd/ n. ten years, ten years
with over the past decade in the past decade
epoch /ˈepək/ n. era
same root epochal a. epochal
era /ˈɪrə/ n. Era, era
Paired with the Christian era AD
calendar /ˈkælɪndər/ n. calendar, calendar
Paired with academic calendar
fortnight /ˈfɔːrtnaɪt/ n. two weeks
Pair in a fortnight two weeks later
leap year leap year
lunar calendar lunar calendar
solar calendar solar calendar
Topic Summary: Common “Units of Measurement”
centimeter /ˈsentɪmiːtər/ n. Centimeter
decimeter /ˈdesɪmiːtər/ n. decimeter
gram /ɡramɪ/ n. Gram
hectare /ˈhekter/ n. hectare
with output per hectare output per hectare
inch /ɪntʃ/ n. inch
with square inch square inch
kilometer /ˈkɪləmiːtər/ n. Kilometer
millimeter /ˈmɪlimiːtər/ n. millimeter
ounce /aʊns/ n. ounce
Theme summary: words related to "arithmetic"
arithmetic /əˈrɪθmətɪk/ n. arithmetic
calculate /ˈkælkjuleɪt/ v. calculate
Same root calculator n. calculator
convert /kənˈvɜːrt/ n. Conversion
Memory con (strengthen) vert (turn) →convert →convert
division /dɪˈvɪʒn/ n. division
same root divide v. divide
even number even number
multiplication /ˌmʌltɪplɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. Multiplication
same root multiply v. multiply
odd number odd number
subtraction /səbˈtrækʃn/ n. subtraction
Same root subtract v. subtract
summation /sʌˈmeɪʃn/ n. summation
Paired with summation formula summation formula
Sentence 26
By fossils, we mean traces of prehistoric animals such as bones, which become mineralized, or impressions of bones or organs that are left in stone. It is the impression left by a bone or organ on a stone.
Grammar notes: The stem of this sentence is "By fossils, we mean traces of prehistoric animals." In the sentence, such as is followed by two parallel elements connected by or, namely bones and impressions of bones or organs. These two parallel elements are each followed by an attributive clause. Among them, bones are followed by a non-restrictive attributive clause introduced by which, and impressions of bones or organs are followed by an attributive clause introduced by that.
core vocabulary
fossil /ˈfɑːsl/ n. Fossil
with fossil fuelfossil fuel
Same root fossilize vt. Fossilized a. Fossilized
trace /treɪs/ n. Traces; remains
Synonyms imprint n. trace
prehistoric /ˌpriːhɪˈstɔːrɪk/ a. prehistoric; old
With prehistoric times prehistoric times
mineralize /ˈmɪnərəˌlaɪz/ vt. to mineralize
Same root mineral n. Mineralization n. Mineralization
impression /ɪmˈpreʃn/ n. imprint, indentation; impression
The same root impress vt. make remember
organ /ˈɔːrɡən/ n. organ
Paired with organ transplant organ transplant
Theme summary: words related to "fossil"
antiquity /ænˈtɪkwəti/ n. Antiquities; antiquities
Same root antique a. ancient
biochemical /ˌbaɪoʊˈkemɪkl/ a. biochemical
Paired with biochemical weapon biochemical weapon
body fossil solid fossil
carbonization /ˌkɑːrbənəˈzeɪʃn/ n. Carbonization; carbide
Same root carbon n. Carbon
chemical reduction chemical reduction
decay /dɪˈkeɪ/ v./n. (to cause) decay, decay
Paired with decay process decay process
diagenesis /ˌdaɪəˈdʒɛnɪsɪs/ n. Lithification
dinosaur fossil dinosaur fossil
formation /fɔːrˈmeɪʃn/ n. formation, composition
memory form (formation) ation→formation
fossil record fossil record
fossiliferous /ˌfɒsɪˈlɪfərəs/ a. containing fossils
fossilization /ˌfɑːsələˈzeɪʃn/ n. petrification
Synonym petrifaction n. petrification
geological /ˌdʒiːəˈlɑːdʒɪkl/ a. Geological, geological
With geological time geological time
index fossil standard fossil
microfossil /ˈmaɪkrəʊˌfɒsəl/ n. microfossil
memory micro (tiny) fossil (fossil) → microfossil
paleontology /ˌpeɪliənˈtɑlədʒi/ n. paleontology
precipitation /prɪˌsɪpɪˈteɪʃn/ n. precipitation
Synonyms sediment n. sedimentation
remains /rɪˈmeɪnz/ n. ancient relics, remains
with preserved remains preserved remains
rock formation rock formation
sedimentary layer sedimentary rock layer
skeletal /ˈskelətl/ a. skeletal, skeletal
Same root skeleton n. skeleton
specimen /ˈspesɪmən/ n. specimen
Synonyms sample n. specimen
stratum /ˈstreɪtəm/ n. [pl. strata] (especially rock formation) layer, stratum
subfossil /ˈsʌbˌfɒsəl/ n. Subfossil specimen
trace fossil trace fossil
Topic summary: words related to "energy development"
abandoned /əˈbændənd/ a. Abandoned
Match abandoned well abandoned well
abundant resource abundant resource
clay /kleɪ/ n. soil, clay
Synonyms mud n. clay
deposit /dɪˈpɑːzɪt/ n. sediment; sedimentary layer
Paired with placer deposit
dowse /daʊz/ vi. to explore for water or mineral deposits
Same root dowser n. Prospector
drain /dreɪn/ v. (to make) flow away, gradually drain out
Same root drainage n. Drainage
energy /ˈenərdʒi/ n. energy
With energy source energy
exploratory /ɪkˈsplɔːrətɔːri/ a. Exploration; exploration
Paired with exploratory research exploratory research
extraction /ɪkˈstrækʃn/ n. extract, pull out
Same root extract vt. extract; take out
gemstone /ˈdʒemstoʊn/ n. gemstone
With natural gemstone natural gemstone
geological material geological material
gravel /ˈɡrævl/ n. gravel, gravel
With sandy gravel sandy gravel
limestone /ˈlaɪmstoʊn/ n. limestone
Paired with limestone quarry limestone quarry
lode /loʊd/ n. lode
metal /ˈmetl/ n. metal
With rare metal rare metal
mineral /ˈmɪnərəl/ n. mineral
With radioactive mineral radioactive mineral
ore /ɔːr/ n. Ore
Paired with iron ore iron ore
petrochemical /ˌpetroʊˈkemɪkl/ a. petrochemical
With petrochemical industry petrochemical industry
prospect /ˈprɑːspekt/ vi. prospecting, exploration
Same root prospector n. prospector; miner
reef /riːf/ n. Mineral vein
rock salt rock salt
shale /ʃeɪl/ n. Shale; mudstone
Paired with oil shale oil shale
vein /veɪn/ n. vein
Sentence 27
The application of electronic controls made possible by the microprocessor and computer storage have multiplied the uses of the modern typewriter.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is The application of electronic controls have multiplied the uses of the modern typewriter. The past participle phrase made possible by the microprocessor and computer storage is used as a postpositional attributive modification of electronic controls.
core vocabulary
application /ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. Request, application (book, form); application, application
memory from apply (v. apply; apply)
Paired with application for application
Same root applicable a. Applicable; suitable applicant n. Applicant
electronic /ɪˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk/ a. Electronic
Paired with electronic commerce e-commerce
Same root electrical a. electrical, related to electricity electrode n. electrode electron n. electron
control /kənˈtroʊl/ vt. control; management; suppression n. control; control; control device
Paired with remote control
Synonyms: regulate v. manage, control
same root controller n. controller
microprocessor /ˌmaɪkroʊˈproʊsesər/ n. microprocessor
memory micro (tiny) processor (processor) → microprocessor
storage /ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/ n. warehouse; storage, safekeeping; storage
memory from store (vt. storage)
Paired with storage space storage room
Synonyms warehouse n. warehouse
multiply /ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/ v. (to make) increase, multiply; multiply
Memory multi (multiple) ply (fold) → multiple → (make) increase, multiply
Same root multiplication n. Multiplication
Topic summary: words related to "computer accessories"
bluetooth /ˈbluːtuːθ/ n. Bluetooth
Paired with bluetooth telephone
card reader card reader
CD (compact disc) /ˌsiː ˈdiː/ abbr. Compact disc; compact disc
CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory) /ˌsiː diːˈrɑːm/ abbr. CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory)
component /kəmˈpoʊnənt/ n. component
With component part component
cord /kɔːrd/ n. Thin line, with
With telephone cord
CPU (central processing unit) /ˌsiː piː ˈjuː/ abbr. Central processing unit
Paired with CPU cooling fan
earphone /ˈɪr.foʊn/ n. earphones
Pair with a pair/set of earphones
expandable /ɪkˈspændəbl/ a. Expandable
Use expandable memory to expand memory
film /fɪlm/ n. film
Paired with mobile phone film
headset /ˈhedset/ n. Headphones
Paired with bluetooth headset Bluetooth headset
ink box ink cartridge
keyboard /ˈkiːbɔːrd/ n. keyboard
With keyboard shortcut shortcut keys
lens /lenz/ n. lens
With zoom lens
memory card memory card
memory-chip /ˈmɛmərɪ tʃɪp/ n. memory chip
microphone /ˈmaɪkrəfoʊn/ n. microphone
Paired with wireless microphone wireless microphone
modem /ˈmoʊdem/ n. modem
monitor /ˈmɑːnɪtər/ n. monitor
Paired with computer monitor computer monitor
motherboard /ˈmʌðərbɔːrd/ n. motherboard, motherboard
mouse /maʊs/ n. mouse
Paired with wireless mouse wireless mouse
plug in; plug in; connect to power; network
power adapter power adapter
power supply power supply
router /ˈruːtər/ n. router
Memory comes from route (n. route; way)
screen /skriːn/ n. screen
With display screen
slot /slɑːt/ n. slot
Paired with coin slot coin slot
solid state disk solid state disk
switch /swɪtʃ/ n. converter v. transformation; conversion
Synonyms swap v. conversion
trial version trial version
USB cable
USB hub
webcam /ˈwebkæm/ n. webcam
Sentence 28
Even though the precise qualities of hero in literary words may vary over time, the basic exemplary function of the hero seems to remain constant. It seems to remain unchanged.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is The function of the hero seems to remain constant. In the sentence, even though guides the concession adverbial clause.
core vocabulary
precise /prɪˈsaɪs/ a. accurate, precise
Memory preci (value, price) se→pricing is generally accurate→accurate
collocation to be precise accurately
Synonyms exact a. precise, accurate accurate a. correct, accurate
antonym imprecise a. imprecise
Same root precisely ad. Precisely; exactly
quality /ˈkwɑːləti/ n. Quality; quality; characteristics a. Excellent, high-quality
Memory is remembered with equality (n. equality; equal)
Same root qualitative a. Qualitative
literary /ˈlɪtəreri/ a. Literary (upper); literati, bookish
memory liter (text) ary→literary→literary
Same root literacy n. literate illiterate a. illiterate, unable to read and write
example /ɪɡˈzempləri/ a. Exemplary; typical
Memory ex (outside) empl (take) ary→take (example) from outside→exemplary
Same root exemplar n. Model; sample exemplify vt. Is a typical example of...
remain /rɪˈmeɪn/ vi. remain unchanged; remain; stay n. remainder
Memory re (again) main (stay) → stay again and again → remaining
Same root remainder n. Difference, remainder; remainder remaining a. Remaining; remainder; remaining remnant n. residue
constant /ˈkɑːnstənt/ a. Firm; stable; unchanging, continuous n. Constant, measurement
Memory con (together) stant (to stand) → stand together → firm; unchanging
Paired with constant temperature
Synonyms: stable a. firm; stable
Reference instant a. Immediate
Theme summary: words related to "literary works"
anthology /ænˈθɑːlədʒi/ n. (selection of works of art)
Paired with the Greek anthology
aphorism /ˈæfərɪzəm/ n. aphorism, aphorism
The same root aphoristic a. aphoristic; aphoristic
ballad /ˈbæləd/ n. Narrative poetry; folk songs; ballads
same root balladeer n. narrative poetry author
biography /baɪˈɑːɡrəfi/ n. biography
Pair with celebrity biography celebrity biography
classic /ˈklæsɪk/ n. literary masterpiece; classical literature
The same root classical a. classical; classic
creation /kriˈeɪʃn/ n. work
same root create v. create
cultural /ˈkʌltʃərəl/ a. cultural, humanistic
with cultural undertaking cultural undertaking
deploy /dɪˈplɔɪ/ v. expand; deploy
Same root deployment n. Expand; deploy
digest /daɪˈdʒest/ n. summary
Paired with Reader’s Digest
drama /ˈdrɑːmə/ n. drama
same root dramatic a. dramatic
eclogue /ˈɛklɒɡ/ n. Idyll; pastoral
Synonyms pastoral n. pastoral; pastoral poetry
elegy /ˈelədʒi/ n. elegy
Same root as elegiac a. Elegiac
encomium /enˈkoʊmiəm/ n. Eulogy; praise
epic /ˈepɪk/ a. epic, narrative poem
Pair with an epic novel epic novel
essay /ˈeseɪ/ n. essay
Paired with essay method narrative method
excerpt /ˈeksɜːrpt/ v. excerpt; quote
same root excerption n. excerpt
fiction /ˈfɪkʃn/ n. (fictional) novel
Pair with crime fiction crime fiction
folklore /ˈfoʊklɔːr/ n. folklore
Paired with Chinese folklore Chinese folklore
foreword /ˈfɔːrwɜːrd/ n. Preface, preface
idyllic /aɪˈdɪlɪk/ a. idyllic
Pair with idyllic poem idyllic poem
legend /ˈledʒənd/ n. legend
With urban legend urban legend literary criticism literary criticism literary genre literary genre
literature /ˈlɪtrətʃər/ n. literature
with comparative literature comparative literature
locution /ləˈkjuːʃn/ n. Language expression; wording style; idioms
With body locution human body idioms
lyric /ˈlɪrɪk/ n. lyric poetry
with lyric song lyric song
masterpiece /ˈmæstərpiːs/ n. masterpiece; representative work
Paired with period masterpiece
metaphor /ˈmetəfər/ n. metaphor; metaphor
same root metaphorical a. metaphorical
metonymy /məˈtɑːnəmi/ n. metonymy
myth /mɪθ/ n. myth
Pair with Greek myth Greek mythology
narrator /nəˈreɪtər/ n. narrator, narrator
Same root narration n. Narration; telling
nonfiction /ˌnɒnˈfɪkʃənn/ n. nonfiction literature
Reference nonprofit a. Non-profit
novel /ˈnɑːvl/ n. (long) novel
Pair with sentimental novel romance novel
novella /nəˈvelə/ n. novella
ode /oʊd/ n. long poem
Paired with Ode to Joy
platitude /ˈplætɪtuːd/ n. cliche
same root platitudinous a. cliche
poem /ˈpoʊəm/ n. poem
With narrative poem narrative poem lyric poem lyric poem
poet /ˈpoʊət/ n. poet
With Poet Laureate Poet Laureate
poetry /ˈpoʊətri/ n. Poetry, poetry
With lyric poetry lyric poetry garden poetry pastoral poetry
precept /ˈpriːsept/ n. Proverbs; admonishment
Paired with precept platform
prose /proʊz/ n. prose
Paired with descriptive prose descriptive prose
realism /ˈrɪəlɪzəm/ n. realism
with critical realism critical realism
Renaissance /ˈrenəsɑːns/ n. Renaissance period
Pair with Renaissance art Renaissance art
reportage /rɪˈpɔːrtɪdʒ/ n. reportage
same root reporter n. reporter
rhyme /raɪm/ n. rhyme, rhyme v. (make) rhyme
collocation rhyme with rhyme with
romanticism /roʊˈmæntɪsɪzəm/ n. romanticism
same root romantic a. romantic short story short story
simile /ˈsɪməli/ n. simile
With simile marker figurative words
sonnet /ˈsɑːnɪt/ n. sonnet
Pair with Shakespeare’s sonnets Shakespeare’s sonnets
verse /vɜːrs/ n. Psalm
with ragged verse
versemonger /ˈvɜːrsˈmʌŋɡə/ n. versemonger
versification /ˌvɜːrsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. poetic rhythm; rhythm
Theme summary: common literary types
ancient literature ancient literature
classical literature classical literature
contemporary literature contemporary literature
modern literature modern literature
oral literature oral literature
realistic literature realistic literature
romantic literature romantic literature
written literature written literature
Sentence 29
When Henry Ford first sought financial backing for making cars, the very notion of farmers and clerks owning automobiles was considered ridiculous. This idea is too ridiculous.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is The notion was considered ridiculous. In the sentence, when introduces the time adverbial clause; the present participle phrase owning automobiles is used as a postpositional attributive modification of farmers and clerks.
core vocabulary
seek /siːk/ v. seek; seek
Memory: I have always wanted to find (seek) a car with smooth lines (sleek).
Collocation seek for seek seek sth. out select out
Same root seeker n. seeker; pursuer
financial /faɪˈnænʃl/ a. Financial; financial; financial
memory from finance (n. finance; finance)
Collocation with financial deficit financial aid financial aid
Same root finance n. Finance, finance financier n. financier financially ad. Finance, finance
notion /ˈnoʊʃn/ n. idea; belief; understanding
Memory not (know) ion (noun suffix) → know → have concepts and ideas → concepts; ideas
same root conceptual a. theoretically ad. theoretically
automobile /ˈɔːtəməbiːl/ n. automobile, motor vehicle
memory auto (automatic) mobile (movable) → car
Synonyms motor n. car; motor
Same root automotive a. automobile
Reference immobile a. Fixed; inactive
consider /kənˈsɪdər/ v. consider, think; think; consider
collocation all things considered
same root consideration n. consider, think; considerate considerate a. considerate, considerate
Ridiculous /rɪˈdɪkjələs/ a. Ridiculous; ridiculous
memory from ridicule (vt./n. ridicule; ridicule)
Same root ridiculously ad. Ridiculously; ridiculously ridiculousness n. Ridiculous; absurd
Topic summary: words related to "car buying and selling"
after-sale service after-sale service
all-terrain vehicle all-terrain vehicle; off-road vehicle
brand awareness brand awareness
bumper pad cushion pad
coupe /kuːˈpeɪ/ n. (fastback) two-door car
With sporty coupe sports sedan
credibility /ˌkredəˈbɪləti/ n. Credibility
same root credible a. credible
humanization /ˌhjuːmənəˈzeɪʃn/ n. humanization
Same root humanize vt. Make more suitable for people; make humane
ignition /ɪɡˈnɪʃn/ n. ignition; ignition
Same root ignite v. ignite; ignite
limousine /ˈlɪməziːn/ n. large luxury car
minivan /ˈmɪnivæn/ n. small minivan
personalization /ˌpɜːrsənəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ n. personalization
same root personalize vt. make personal
professional /prəˈfeʃənl/ a. professional
Same root profession n. profession; occupation
sale price special price
sedan /sɪˈdæn/ n. (three-box) four-door car
Paired with sedan chair
service /ˈsɜːrvɪs/ n. service
Paired with out of service service charge service charge
station wagon station wagon
trip distance mileage
unified store unified store
Topic summary: words related to "auto accessories"
alternator /ˈɔːltərneɪtər/ n. alternator
With alternator transmitter high frequency generator
automotive engine system automotive engine system
car audio car audio
chassis /ˈʃæsi/ n. (vehicle) chassis
combination meter combination meter
motor /ˈmoʊtər/ n. motor
With motor system motor system
reverse sensor reversing radar
spare part spare part
spark plug spark plug
starter motor starter motor
tire /ˈtaɪər/ n. tire
With tire pressure tire pressure
Topic summary: words related to "car maintenance"
antifreeze solutionantifreeze solution
car care product car care product
car maintenance car maintenance
car polish car waxing
car washing car washing
fill up fill up
gasoline /ˈɡæsəliːn/ n. gasoline
Paired with premium gasoline premium gasoline gasoline engine gasoline engine
oil spill
recap /ˈriːkæp/ v. retread; restate; summarize n. retreaded tires
Same root recapitulate v. Restate; summarize
scrub away scrub away
sponge down rub with sponge
unleaded /ˌʌnˈledɪd/ a. Lead-free
Paired with unleaded gasoline
wax /wæks/ n. wax vt. wax...
Same root waxen a. waxy; waxed
wiper /ˈwaɪpər/ n. something for wiping
Memory comes from wipe (vt./n. wipe; wipe)
Sentence 30
Many people who wanted to become archaeologists ended up pursuing other careers and contributing to archaeological research only as unpaid amateurs. Many people who wanted to become archaeologists ended up pursuing other careers and contributing to archaeological research only as unpaid amateurs. Make a contribution.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Many people ended up pursuing other careers and contributing to archaeological research. In the sentence, who introduces the attributive clause who wanted to become archaeologists and modifies people; and connects two parallel non-predicate verb forms, pursuing and contributing.
core vocabulary
pursue /pərˈsuː/ vt. pursue; engage in; chase
Collocation with pursue a goal pursue a goal
The same root pursuit n. pursuit; looking for pursuer n. pursuer
career /kəˈrɪə/ n. career, experience; occupation
Memory is remembered with the homophone Korea (n. Korea)
Synonyms profession n. occupation
Same root careerist n. careerism n. careerism
unpaid /ˌʌnˈpeɪd/ a. Unpaid; free; obligation
Memory un (negative) paid (payment) → unpaid
Reference unorganized a. Unorganized
amateur /ˈæmətər/ a. amateur n. amateur
antonym professional a. professional
Same root amateurism n. amateur sex
Topic Summary: Common Occupations
accountant /əˈkaʊntənt/ n. accountant, accountant
actor /ˈæktər/ n. actor
same root actress n. actress
anesthetist /əˈnɛsθətɪst/ n. anesthesiologist
Same root anesthetic a. anesthetic; anesthetic
architect /ˈɑːrkɪtekt/ n. architect
Tonggen architectural a. associate professor of architecture associate professor
attendant /əˈtendənt/ n. waiter
Paired with room attendant room attendant
baker /ˈbeɪkər/ n. baker
Same root bakery n. bakery
ballerina /ˌbæləˈriːnə/ n. ballerina
ballet n. ballet
bank teller bank teller
beautician /bjuːˈtɪʃn/ n. beautician
same root beautiful a. beautiful
blacksmith /ˈblæksmɪθ/ n. blacksmith, forger
Reference smithy n. blacksmith shop blue-collar worker blue collar
bricklayer /ˈbrɪkleɪər/ n. Bricklayer
Same root bricklaying n. bricklaying
butcher /ˈbʊtʃər/ n. meat seller
Same root butchery n. slaughter; massacre
carpenter /ˈkɑːrpəntər/ n. carpenter
Same root carpentry n. carpentry
cashier /kæˈʃɪr/ n. cashier
memory from cash (n. cash; money)
chief judge chief judge
chief of police chief of police
civil engineer civil engineer
civil planner urban designer
civil servant (a civil servant of a country's government or an international organization), civil servant
clerk /klɜːrk/ n. Clerk; clerk; receptionist
Synonyms: receptionist n. receptionist
cobbler /ˈkɑːblər/ n. shoemaker
memory from cobble (vt. shoemaking; repairing shoes)
composer /kəmˈpoʊzər/ n. composer
Same root composition n. composition; composition; work
conductor /kənˈdʌktər/ n. conductor
same root conductress n. female conductor
copywriter /ˈkɑːpiraɪtər/ n. copywriter
Synonyms writer n. Writer; author
delivery boy courier
designer /dɪˈzaɪnər/ n. designer
With fashion designer fashion designer
detective /dɪˈtektɪv/ n. detective
same root detector n. detector
director /dəˈrektər/ n. director
same root direction n. direction; guidance
docker /ˈdɑːkər/ n. dock worker
memory from dock (n. dock)
dressmaker /ˈdresmeɪkər/ n. tailor
Synonyms tailor n. tailor
electrician /ɪˌlekˈtrɪʃn/ n. electrician
Same root electric a. electric
firefighter /ˈfaɪərfaɪtər/ n. firefighter
memory fire fighter → firefighter
fishmonger /ˈfɪʃmʌŋɡər/ n. fishmonger
Memory fish monger → fishmonger
florist /ˈflɔːrɪst/ n. florist; flower grower; florist
same root floral a. floral
greengrocer /ˈɡriːnɡroʊsər/ n. vegetable vendor
Memory green (green) grocer (food vendor) → vegetable vendor
hairdresser /ˈherdresər/ n. hairdresser
Memory hair dresser → hairdresser
interpreter /ɪnˈtɜːrprɪtər/ n. interpreter
same root interpretation n. translation
lecturer /ˈlektʃərər/ n. lecturer
collocation university lecturer university lecturer
mailman /ˈmeɪlmæn/ n. Postman
Memory mail (mail) man (person) → postman
mechanic /məˈkænɪk/ n. mechanic
Same root mechanism n. Mechanical device; principle
merchant /ˈmɜːrtʃənt/ n. merchant
Same root merchandise n. merchandise; goods
miner /ˈmaɪnər/ n. miner
Pairs with coal miner coal miner
newscaster /ˈnuːzkæstər/ n. Newscaster
Same root newscast n. news broadcast
novelist /ˈnɑːvəlɪst/ n. novelist
same root novelistic a. novelistic
public servant civil servant, public servant, public servant
pharmacist /ˈfɑːrməsɪst/ n. pharmacist
Same root pharmacy n. pharmacy; pharmacy
photographer /fəˈtɑːɡrəfər/ n. photographer
same root photograph n. photo
porter /ˈpɔːrtər/ n. Luggage porter; care worker; concierge
producer /prəˈduːsər/ n. producer
Same root production n. product; work
sailor /ˈseɪlər/ n. sailor
memory from sail (n. sail v. sailing)
salesman /ˈseɪlzmən/ n. salesperson, salesman
Paired with an export salesman foreign trade salesman
secretary /ˈsekrəteri/ n. secretary
Match senior secretary senior secretary
stewardess /ˈstuːərdəs/ n. Stewardess
Same root steward n. flight attendant
surgeon /ˈsɜːrdʒən/ n. surgeon
Same root surgery n. surgical operation; outpatient department
teaching assistant teaching assistant
technician /tekˈnɪʃn/ n. technician
Paired with equipment technician
typist /ˈtaɪpɪst/ n. typist
with a fast typist a typist who types quickly
welder /ˈweldər/ n. welder
memory from weld (n./v. welding)
white-collar worker white-collar worker
Sentence 31
Even before the discovery of germs, beliefs that disease spread by “miasmas” (noxious forms of bad air) prompted attention to sewers and open garbage. Already, concerns have been raised about drains and open waste.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Beliefs prompted attention. The prepositional phrase "even before the discovery of germs" at the beginning of the sentence serves as a time adverbial, and the "that" after "beliefs" guides the appositive clause to explain "beliefs".
core vocabulary
discovery /dɪˈskʌvəri/ n. discovery; discovery
memory from discover (vt. discovery; discovery)
Reference displace vt. replace
germ /dʒɜːrm/ n. Microorganism; bacteria; germination
Memory itself is the root word meaning "bud"
Synonyms microorganism n. microorganism
Reference germfree a. Sterile
noxious /ˈnɑːkʃəs/ a. Harmful; poisonous
memory nox (poison) ious→poisonous
Reference nocuous a. Toxic; harmful
prompt /prɑːmpt/ vt. Promote; arouse a. Agile; rapid
Memory pro (forward) mpt (=empt to take) → take forward → promote, push
The same root promptly ad. promptness n. prompt, rapid
attention /əˈtenʃn/ n. attention; concern
Memory at tent (stretch) ion (noun suffix) → stretched one’s neck → attention
Collocation pay attention to pay attention to; pay attention to
Topic summary: words related to "drainage"
drain /dreɪn/ n. Drainage channel
drainage /ˈdreɪnɪdʒ/ n. Drainage; sewage
Match with drainage ditch drainage hole drainage system drainage system
sewage /ˈsuːɪdʒ/ n. sewage; sewer
With sewage disposal sewage treatment
sewage engineering sewage discharge engineering
sewer /ˈsuːər/ n. sewer; sewer
Theme summary: words related to "poison gas"
detoxify /ˌdiːˈtɑːksɪfaɪ/ vt. detoxify
Same root detoxification n. detoxification
intoxicate /ɪnˈtɑːksɪkeɪt/ vt. To intoxicate; to poison
Same root intoxication n. Poisoning; intoxication
poison /ˈpɔɪzn/ n. poison
Poisonous a. Poisonous
toxin /ˈtɑːksɪn/ n. toxin
Toxic a. Toxic toxicity n. Poisoning toxicology n. Toxicology
Theme summary: words related to "disease"
acne /ˈækni/ n. Acne
acute /əˈkjuːt/ a. Acute; serious; acute
Same root acuteness n. acute; severe; keen
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) /eɪdz/ abbr. AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
ailment /ˈeɪlmənt/ n. disease (especially slight illness)
Collocation with common ailment common disease
alcoholism /ˈælkəhɔːlɪzəm/ n. alcoholism
with chronic alcoholism chronic alcoholism
allergic /əˈlɜːrdʒɪk/ a. allergic
Pair with allergic dermatitis allergic rhinitis allergic rhinitis
anemia /əniːmiə/ n. anemia, anemia
With nutritional anemia nutritional anemia
appendicitis /əˌpendəˈsaɪtɪs/ n. Appendicitis; appendicitis
Same root appendix n. appendix; appendix
arthritis /ɑːrˈθraɪtɪs/ n. arthritis
same root arthritic a. arthritic
asthenia /æs'θinɪə/ n. Weakness
asthma /ˈæzmə/ n. Asthma
Same root asthmatic a. asthmatic
bird flu/avian influenza bird flu
the Black Death (the plague that spread across Europe and Asia in the 14th century)
bruise /bruːz/ n./v. bruise
same root bruising n. bruised a. bruised
bulimia /buˈlɪmiə/ n. Bulimia
Same root as bulimic a. Gluttonous
cancer /ˈkænsər/ n. cancer
with breast cancer breast cancer
caries /ˈkeriːz/ n. Caries; bone ulcer
cavity /ˈkævəti/ n. Cavity cavity; cavity
Reference caving n. Cave exploration
cervical spondylosis cervical spondylosis
chickenpox /ˈtʃɪkɪnpɑːks/ n. Chickenpox
with to get chickenpox to get chickenpox
chronic /ˈkrɑːnɪk/ a. chronic
same root chronically ad. chronically
color blindness color blindness
coma /ˈkoʊmə/ n. coma
with in a coma trapped in a coma
concussion /kənˈkʌʃn/ n. shock, impact
Paired with brain concussion concussion
congenital /kənˈdʒenɪtl/ n. congenital
Same root congenitally ad. Xiantiandi
congestion /kənˈdʒestʃən/ n. congestion
The same root congested a. Congested
coronary heart disease coronary heart disease
despondent /dɪˈspɑːndənt/ a. frustrated, disappointed
same root despondency n. frustration
diabetes /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz/ n. diabetes
with diabetes mellitus diabetes
diarrhoea /ˌdaɪəˈriːə/ n. dysentery
dislocation /ˌdɪsloʊˈkeɪʃn/ n. dislocation
same root dislocate vt. to dislocate
dreaminess /ˈdriːminəs/ n. dreaminess
The same root dreamless a. dreamless
dysentery /ˈdɪsənteri/ n. Dysentery; diarrhea
endemic /enˈdemɪk/ n. endemic disease
endocrine /ˈendəkrɪn/ n. endocrine
With endocrine dyscrasia endocrine disorders
enteritis /ˌentəˈraɪtəs/ n. Enteritis
Paired with chronic enteritis chronic enteritis
fatigue /fəˈtiːɡ/ n. fatigue
Paired with mental fatigue, chronic fatigue, chronic fatigue
feeble /ˈfiːbl/ a. weak
Same root feebleness n. weakness
fracture /ˈfræktʃər/ n. fracture
same root fractured a. fractured
freckle /ˈfrekl/ n. mole; freckle
Synonyms ephelis n. mole; freckle
gastritis /ɡæˈstraɪtɪs/ n. gastritis
Same root gastric a. stomach
heart disease heart disease
heat stroke heatstroke
hives /haɪvz/ n. Urticaria
Synonyms: urticaria n. Urticaria
hoarse /hɔːrs/ a. (voice) hoarse
With hoarse voice hoarse voice
hypertension /ˌhaɪpərˈtenʃn/ n. high blood pressure
Antonym hypotension n. low blood pressure
incubation /ˌɪŋkjuˈbeɪʃn/ n. incubation period
indigestion /ˌɪndɪˈdʒestʃən/ n. indigestion
inflammation /ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn/ n. inflammation
leukemia /luːˈkiːmiə/ n. (tumor) leukemia
mad cow disease mad cow disease
malaria /məˈleriə/ n. malaria
with falciparum malaria falciparum malaria; tropical malaria
malnutrition /ˌmælnuːˈtrɪʃn/ n. malnutrition
same root malnourished a. malnourished
nausea /ˈnɔːziə/ n. nausea
Same root nauseous a. Nauseous; want to vomit
nearsightedness /ˌnɪrˈsaɪtɪdnəs/ n.
Synonyms myopia n. myopia
nervousness /ˈnɜːrvəsnəs/ n. nervousness, nervousness
Same root nervousness n. nervousness
perturbed /pərˈtɜːrbd/ a. restless
Same root perturbation n. uneasiness; disturbance
pneumonia /nuːˈmoʊniə/ n. pneumonia
Same root pneumatic a. inflated; wind-driven
pulmonary tuberculosis
quarantine /ˈkwɔːrəntiːn/ vt./n. Quarantine; isolation
rabies /ˈreɪbiːz/ n. rabies
Reference rabid a. Extreme; crazy
relapse /rɪˈlæps/ n. Relapse
with suffer a relapse
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratary Syndrome) /sɑːrz/ abbr. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
scalding /ˈskɔːldɪŋ/ a. burning
Same root scald n./vt. scald scarlet fever scarlet fever
smallpox /ˈsmɔːlpɑːks/ n. smallpox
With smallpox vaccine smallpox vaccine
sore /sɔːr/ a. painful
Paired with sore throat sore eyes eye pain
sprain /spreɪn/ vt./n. sprain
Paired with in a bad ankle sprain severe ankle sprain
stroke /stroʊk/ n. stroke
Collocation with suffer a stroke suffer a stroke
stupor /ˈstuːpər/ n. coma
Pair in a drunken stupor
sub-health /ˈsʌbhelθ/ n. Sub-health
Memory sub (Part 2) health (health) → sub-health
suboptimal health status suboptimal health status
trauma /ˈtraʊmə/ n. trauma
Same root traumatic a. Painful; traumatic
tumor /ˈtuːmər/ n. tumor
Pair with benign tumor benign tumor
unresponsive /ˌʌnrɪˈspɑːnsɪv/ a. unresponsive
antonym responsive a. responsive; answering
vomit /ˈvɑːmɪt/ v./n. vomit
wan /wɑːn/ a. pale, bloodless
Pair with pale and wan to look pale
wearisome /ˈwɪrisəm/ a. makes people feel tired
Same root weary a. tired
Sentence 32
Since the consumer considers the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive, the grower must provide products that satisfy the discerning eye. Products for which customers have a discerning eye.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is The grower must provide products. The beginning of the sentence is the adverbial clause of reason introduced by since. The backbone of this clause is The consumer considers the best fruit to be that, where that is a pronoun, referring to fruit, and the following which is the most attractive is an attributive clause, modifying the previous pronoun that , indicating what the fruit should look like. That satisfy the discerning eye in the main sentence is an attributive clause that modifies products.
core vocabulary
attractive /əˈtræktɪv/ a. attractive, charming
antonym unattractive a. unattractive
Same root attractiveness n. charm, attraction
satisfy /ˈsætɪsfaɪ/ vt. satisfy, (make) satisfied
Same root satisfaction n. Satisfaction satisfactory a. Satisfactory
discerning /dɪˈsɜːrnɪŋ/ a. discerning; discerning
Same root discern v. to be aware of; to identify discernment n. to identify ability; insight
Topic Summary: Common Fruits
apricot /ˈæprɪkɑːt/ n. apricot
avocado /ˌævəˈkɑːdoʊ/ n. avocado, avocado
blackberry /ˈblækberi/ n. blackberry
blueberry /ˈbluːberi/ n. blueberry
Pair with wild blueberry wild blueberry
cherry /ˈtʃeri/ n. cherry
Paired with cherry blossom cherry blossoms
coconut /ˈkoʊkənʌt/ n. coconut
Pair with coconut milk
durian /ˈdʊriən/ n. Durian
fig /fɪɡ/ n. fig
grapefruit /ˈɡreɪpfruːt/ n. grapefruit
With grapefruit fiber grapefruit fiber
guava /ˈɡwɑːvə/ n. guava
kiwi fruit kiwi fruit
Paired with kiwi fruit jam
lemon /ˈlemən/ n. lemon
Serve with a slice of lemon
lime /laɪm/ n. lime
longan /ˈlɒŋɡən/ n. Longan
loquat /ˈloʊkwɑːt/ n. Loquat
lychee /ˌlaɪˈtʃiː/ n. lychee
mango /ˈmæŋɡoʊ/ n. mango
Paired with green mango green mango
muskmelon /ˈmʌskˌmɛlən/ n. melon, melon
papaya /pəˈpaɪə/ n. papaya
peach /piːtʃ/ n. peach
Pair with honey peach
persimmon /pərˈsɪmən/ n. persimmon
pineapple /ˈpaɪnæpl/ n. pineapple
Paired with dried pineapple
plum /plʌm/ n. plum
pomegranate /ˈpɑːmɪɡrænɪt/ n. pomegranate
raspberry /ˈræzberi/ n. raspberry
starfruit /ˈstɑːˌfruːt/ n. star fruit
strawberry /ˈstrɔːberi/ n. strawberry
Served with strawberry jam
watermelon /ˈwɔːtərmelən/ n. watermelon
Pair with watermelon juice
Theme summary: words related to "consumer psychology"
analysis /əˈnæləsɪs/ n. analysis
Paired with statistic analysis statistical analysis
client /ˈklaɪənt/ n. customer
Paired with client service customer service
consumer /kənˈsuːmər/ n. consumer
Paired with consumer price index consumer price index
consumer psychology consumer psychology
customer /ˈkʌstəmər/ n. Customer, customer
Paired with customer loyalty customer loyalty
customer demand customer demand
decisive /dɪˈsaɪsɪv/ a. Decisive, decisive
with decisive role decisive role
exceptional /ɪkˈsepʃənl/ a. exceptional
With exceptional case special circumstances
gender /ˈdʒendər/ n. gender
collocation gender discrimination sex discrimination
impulse /ˈɪmpʌls/ n. impulse
Paired with impulse buying
low-income /ˌləʊˈɪnkʌm/ a. low-income
passivity /pæˈsɪvəti/ n. passivity
Same root passive a. passive
Precisely /prɪˈsaɪsli/ ad. Precisely
Same root precise a. precise
propensity /prəˈpensəti/ n. tendency, habit
Paired with consumption propensity consumption propensity
psychology /saɪˈkɑːlədʒi/ n. Psychology (study)
Paired with educational psychology educational psychology
purchasing power purchasing power
realistic psychology realistic psychology
stylish /ˈstaɪlɪʃ/ a. Stylish
Synonyms fashionable a. fashionable
supply and demand supply and demand
target audience target customers
temptation /tempˈteɪʃn/ n. temptation
Pair with resist temptation to resist temptation
upscale /ˌʌpˈskeɪl/ a. high-consumption class
With upscale clientele high-level customers
Sentence 33
With no oceans to dissolve it, outgassed carbon dioxide began to accumulate in the atmosphere, intensifying the greenhouse effect even more.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Carbon dioxide began to accumulate in the atmosphere. The beginning of the sentence is an independent nominative structure introduced by with. At the end of the sentence, intensifying the greenhouse effect even more is a present participle phrase used as the result adverbial.
core vocabulary
outgas /ˌaʊtˈɡæs/ v. Remove gas (from solids); deflate
Memory out (come out) gas (gas) → let the gas come out → deflate
carbon /ˈkɑːrbən/ n. carbon
With carbon emissioncarbon emission
dioxide /daɪˈɑːksaɪd/ n. Dioxide
Memory di (two) ox (oxygen) ide→dioxide
With sulfur dioxide
accumulate /əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/ v. Accumulate; accumulate; (quantity) gradually increases
Memory ac (means to strengthen) cumul (accumulate) ate→accumulate
Synonyms amass vt. accumulation, accumulation
Same root accumulation n. accumulation
intensify /ɪnˈtensɪfaɪ/ v. strengthen; enhance; intensify
Synonyms heighten v. improve; enhance
Same root intensification n. enhancement; strengthening
Topic summary: words related to "global warming"
anthropogenic /ˌænθrəpəʊˈdʒɛnɪk/ a. man-made
with anthropogenic pollution man-made pollution
biomass energy bioenergy
climate change climate change
combustion /kəmˈbʌstʃən/ n. combustion
With perfect combustion, complete combustion
Copenhagen Accord Copenhagen Accord
desertification /dɪˌzɜːrtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. desertification
emission /iˈmɪʃn/ n. emission
Paired with toxic emission exhaust emissions
energy consumption energy consumption
exhaust /ɪɡˈzɔːst/ n. exhaust gas; exhaust pipe
Match exhaust gas exhaust gas
extreme weather extreme weather
glacier /ˈɡleɪʃər/ n. glacier, glacier
global warming global warming
greenhouse /ˈɡriːnhaʊs/ n. greenhouse
With greenhouse effect
greenhouse gas greenhouse gas
heat /hiːt/ n. heat; high temperature
Pair with heat release to release heat
heat wave heat wave
Kyoto Protocol Kyoto Protocol
melt /melt/ v. melt
Pair with melt away
off-gas /ˈɔːfɡˈæs/ n. tail gas; exhaust gas
Paired with off-gas line exhaust pipe
precipitation change precipitation change
reduce emission
rising sea level rising sea level
species extinction species extinction
temperature increase temperature increase
Topic summary: words related to "greenhouse effect"
absorb /əbˈzɔːrb/ vt. absorb
Same root absorption n. absorption
airflow /ˈerfloʊ/ n. Airflow
convection /kənˈvekʃn/ n. Convection
With convection currents convection airflow
diurnal cycle day and night cycle
effective temperature effective temperature
heat flux heat flux
infrared /ˌɪnfrəˈred/ a. infrared n. infrared
methane /ˈmeθeɪn/ n. Methane
ozone /ˈoʊzoʊn/ n. Ozone
With ozone layer ozone layer
radiate energy radiate energy
radiation /ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn/ n. radiation
With solar radiation solar radiation
solar energy solar energy
surface temperature surface temperature
thermal /ˈθɜːrml/ a. hot, thermal
With thermal radiation thermal radiation
troposphere /ˈtroʊpəsfɪr/ n. troposphere
ultraviolet /ˌʌltrəˈvaɪələt/ a. Ultraviolet (ray)
Paired with ultraviolet ray
water vapor water vapor
wavelength /ˈweɪvleŋθ/ n. wavelength
with wavelength range wavelength range
Sentence 34
Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. People adapt to the climate while making it economically affordable.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is "Buildings contribute to life when they...". The adverbial clause introduced by when contains five predicate verbs: provide, enrich, complement, suit, and are.
core vocabulary
contribute /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ v. contribute; contribute
memory con (together) tribut (to give) e→together to contribute→to contribute
Same root contribution n. contribution; donation; manuscript contributor n. contributor
Reference attribute n. attribute
distribute vt. distribute
shelter /ˈʃeltər/ n. shelter; residence vt. shelter; protection
Memory shel (as shell, shell) ter→a shell-like place→shelter
Synonyms harbor n. shelter protect v. protection
Same root sheltered a. Covered, sheltered
enrich /ɪnˈrɪtʃ/ vt. to enrich; to make fertile
memory en (to make...) rich (sufficient; fertile) → to enrich; to make fertile
Synonyms fertilize vt. make fertile
same root enrichment n. fertile
complement /ˈkɑːmplɪment/ vt. complement, make perfect
Memory com (to strengthen) ple (to fill in) ment→supplement, to complete
Reference supplement n. addendum
implement n. tool
site /saɪt/ n. location, ruins
Match building site construction site
climate /ˈklaɪmət/ n. climate; tendency
climatic a. related to the climate of a certain region
Economic /ˌiːkəˈnɑːmɪkli/ ad. Economically, cheaply
Same root economical a. frugal, economical
feasible /ˈfiːzəbl/ a. Feasible; doable
memory feas (do) ible (can...) → doable → feasible
Feasibility n. feasibility; possibility; reality
Topic Summary: Common Architectural Vocabulary
arch /ɑːrtʃ/ n. Arch, arch
Reference archway n. Arcade
architecture /ˈɑːrkɪtektʃər/ n. Architecture
Same root architectural a. architectural
architect n. architect
attic /ˈætɪk/ n. Attic, top floor
balcony /ˈbælkəni/ n. balcony
beam /biːm/ n. beam
Memory be am→be myself and become the pillar of the country→beam
block /blɑːk/ n. (a group of buildings facing the street on all sides; building; obstacle)
Paired with new year’s block
clay /kleɪ/ n. clay
concrete /ˈkɑːŋkriːt/ n. concrete
With cement concrete cement concrete
construct /kənˈstrʌkt/ vt. Build; create
same root reconstruct vt. rebuild, transform
reconstruction n. reconstruction
corridor /ˈkɔːrɪdɔːr/ n. Corridor
Paired with ice-free corridor, the corridor will not freeze
elevator /ˈelɪveɪtər/ n. elevator
Same root elevate vt. lift, raise
elevation n. increase; altitude
erect /ɪˈrekt/ a. upright vt. establish; erect
Memory e (upward) rect (straight) → upright; establish
facade /fəˈsɑːd/ n. (the front of a building)
Memory fac (as face, front) ade→front
Gothic /ˈɡɑːθɪk/ a. Gothic
hut /hʌt/ n. (shabby) hut, shack
lime /laɪm/ n. lime
Reference limestone n. Limestone
marble /ˈmɑːrbl/ n. marble
Memory mar (March) ble→Dali’s beautiful scenery in March→marble
mortar /ˈmɔːrtər/ n. mortar
plaster /ˈplæstər/ n. gypsum, plaster
skyscraper /ˈskaɪskreɪpər/ n. skyscraper
Memory sky (sky) scrape (friction) r→The building is so high that it can scrape the sky→skyscraper
slate /sleɪt/ n. slate v. covered with slates
tile /taɪl/ n. Tile; floor tile
timber /ˈtɪmbər/ n. wood
Synonyms: lumber n. wood, wood
log n. log; wood
vault /vɔːlt/ n. vault
Same root vaulted a. Arched
ventilation /ˌventɪˈleɪʃn/ n. ventilation equipment
With ventilation system ventilation system
natural ventilationnatural ventilation
Sentence 35
Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life. Casualties.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Research is directed toward improving the ability. The infinitive after ability "to predict ... and thus to minimize ... and avoid ..." is used as the postpositional attributive of ability.
core vocabulary
dynamics /daɪˈnæmɪk/ n. dynamics
memory dynam (power) ics (…study) → dynamics
same root dynamic a. dynamic
predict /prɪˈdɪkt/ v. prophecy, prediction
memory pre (in front of) dict (say) → prophecy, prediction
Synonyms foretell v. prophecy
forecast v. forecast
same root predictable a. predictable prediction n. prophecy
minimize /ˈmɪnɪmaɪz/ vt. Reduce... to the minimum; minimize
Memory minim (small amount) ize (…) → minimize
antonym maximize vt. maximize
Same root minimum a. lowest
damage /ˈdæmɪdʒ/ n./v. destruction, damage
Synonyms destroy v. destroy
avoid /əˈvɔɪd/ vt. avoid, avoid
Memory a (strengthen) void (empty; empty) → empty → avoid
same root avoidable a. avoidable avoidance n. avoid
Topic summary: words related to "climate"
climate /ˈklaɪmət/ n. climate
with climate change climate change
littoral climate coastal climate
monsoon climate monsoon climate
plateau climate plateau climate
polar climate polar climate
sub-tropical climate subtropical climate
temperate climate temperate climate
tropical climate tropical climate
tropical cyclone tropical cyclone
tropical marine climate tropical marine climate
Topic summary: words related to "meteorology"
atmosphere /ˈætməsfɪr/ n. atmosphere (layer); air
With atmosphere pressure atmospheric pressure
barometric /ˌbærəˈmetrɪk/ a. barometric
Same root barometer n. barometer
cold front cold front
cold low cold low pressure
cold wave cold wave
evaporate /ɪˈvæpəreɪt/ v. (make) evaporate; disappear
Same root evaporation n. evaporation
humid /ˈhjuːmɪd/ a. moist, moist
Same root humidity n. Humidity
meteorology /ˌmiːtiəˈrɑːlədʒi/ n. meteorology
Same root meteorologist n. Meteorologist
thermal high thermal high pressure
tide /taɪd/ n. Tide; tide
Same root tidal a. tidal
tropic /ˈtrɑːpɪk/ n. regression line; tropical a. tropical
Same root tropical a. Tropical
twilight /ˈtwaɪlaɪt/ n. Twilight, twilight
with in the twilight twilight
Theme summary: "natural disasters" and related words
aftershock /ˈæftərʃɑːk/ n. aftershock
Paired with aftershock wave
avalanche /ˈævəlæntʃ/ n./vi. avalanche
Synonyms snowslide n. avalanche
blizzard /ˈblɪzərd/ n. blizzard
Paired with blizzard fatality snowstorm disaster
crest /krest/ n. Hongfeng
cyclone /ˈsaɪkloʊn/ n. cyclone; cyclone
drought /draʊt/ n. drought, drought
with drought disaster drought
earthquake /ˈɜːrθkweɪk/ n. earthquake
Use predict an earthquake to predict an earthquake
frost /frɑːst/ n. Frost; severe cold v. Frost
Pair with ground frost
hurricane /ˈhɜːrəkən/ n. hurricane
landslide /ˈlændslaɪd/ n. landslide
Memory land slide → the ground slides down → landslide
tornado /tɔːrˈneɪdoʊ/ n. tornado
Memory tornad (=turn) o (surface object) → turning wind → tornado
typhoon /taɪˈfuːn/ n. typhoon
Paired with typhoon eye
calamity /kəˈlæməti/ n. Disaster, unfortunate event
same root calamitous a. disastrous
famine /ˈfæmɪn/ n. famine
Paired with severe famine severe famine
lava /ˈlɑːvə/ n. lava
Synonyms magma n. magma
alleviate /əˈliːvieɪt/ vt. alleviate; alleviate
Synonyms relieve vt. ease
devastate /ˈdevəsteɪt/ vt. ravage, destroy
Memory de (table strengthen) vast (empty) ate (make...) → make empty → destroy
evacuation /ɪˌvækjuˈeɪʃn/ n. evacuation
same root evacuate v. evacuate
magnitude /ˈmæɡnɪtuːd/ n. magnitude
rescue /ˈreskjuː/ n./vt. rescue
With rescue crew rescue personnel
shelter /ˈʃeltər/ n. shelter
Paired with bomb shelter
survivor /sərˈvaɪvər/ n. survivor
Same root survival n. survive, survive
wreckage /ˈrekɪdʒ/ n. wreckage
Matches aircraft wreckage aircraft wreckage
Sentence 36
Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. Their similarities to terrestrial mammals.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is "Their bodies, the absence of ..., and the presence of ... cannot disguise their affinities with ...". The subject of the sentence is longer and consists of three noun phrases.
core vocabulary
streamline /ˈstriːmlaɪn/ vt. to streamline
absence /ˈæbsəns/ n. Absence; lack
Memory ab (leave) sen (t) (send) ce→send away→absent
with absence of mind absentmindedly
Synonyms lack n. lack
Same root absent a. Absent
hind /haɪnd/ a. behind, behind
memory behind (hind) behind (hind)
presence /ˈprezns/ n. presence; appearance
Collocation in the presence of sth. There is the presence of
Antonym absence n. Absence; lack
Same root present a. current; existing
fluke /fluːk/ n. tail piece
blowhole /ˈbloʊhoʊl/ n. (the breathing hole on the head of a whale)
disguise /dɪsˈɡaɪz/ vt./n. cover up; disguise
memory dis (separation) guise (appearance) → make the true appearance invisible → cover up; disguise
Synonyms mask vt. cover up
pretend vt. pretend
conceal vt. conceal; conceal
affinity /əˈfɪnəti/ n. Similarity (between languages, organisms, etc.), approximation
Memory af (meaning strengthening) fin (boundary) ity → enter the range → close relationship
Reference infinity n. Infinite time or space; infinite
dwell /dwel/ vi. dwell
Synonyms reside vi. live; (nature, etc.) existence
Same root dwelling n. residence, residence
dweller n. resident, resident
mammal /ˈmæml/ n. mammal
Memory mamma (mother) l→grew up on mother’s milk→mammal
Same root as mammalian a. Mammalian, Mammalian
Topic Summary: Common Mammals
antelope /ˈæntɪloʊp/ n. antelope
anthropoid /ˈænθrəpɔɪd/ n. great ape
Same root anthropology n. Anthropology
baboon /bæˈbuːn/ n. baboon
bat /bæt/ n. bat
beaver /ˈbiːvər/ n. beaver
beluga /bəˈluːɡə/ n. white whale
buffalo /ˈbʌfəloʊ/ n. buffalo
camel /ˈkæml/ n. camel
cetacean /sɪˈteɪʃn/ n. Cetacean (some of which are the largest animals on earth)
chimpanzee /ˌtʃɪmpænˈziː/ n. Chimpanzee
dolphin /ˈdɑːlfɪn/ n. dolphin
donkey /ˈdɔːŋki/ n. donkey
elk /elk/ n. Elk
fox /fɑːks/ n. fox
gibbon /ˈɡɪbən/ n. Gibbon
giraffe /dʒəˈræf/ n. giraffe
gorilla /ɡəˈrɪlə/ n. gorilla
hippo /ˈhɪpoʊ/ n. hippopotamus
hyena /haɪˈiːnə/ n. hyena
marten /ˈmɑːrtn/ n. marten
moose /muːs/ n. moose
otter /ˈɑːtər/ n. otter
ox /ɑːks/ n. Ox
pony /ˈpoʊni/ n. Pony
porpoise /ˈpɔːrpəs/ n. dolphin, small whale
primate /ˈpraɪmeɪt/ n. primate
reindeer /ˈreɪndɪr/ n. reindeer
rhinoceros /raɪˈnɑːsərəs/ n. rhinoceros
rodent /ˈroʊdnt/ n. rodent
Memory rod (bite) ent→Animals that like to bite with their teeth→Rodents
seal /siːl/ n. seal
with a colony of seals
sloth /sloʊθ/ n. sloth
Same root slothful a. lazy
squirrel /ˈskwɜːrəl/ n. squirrel
vertebrate /ˈvɜːrtɪbrət/ n. vertebrate
Reference invertebrate n. invertebrate
walrus /ˈwɔːlrəs/ n. walrus
whale /weɪl/ n. whale
Pair with sperm whale pilot whale, sperm whale
yak /jæk/ n. Yak
zebra /ˈziːbrə/ n. zebra
Theme summary: words related to "fish"
aquatic /əˈkwætɪk/ a. aquatic
memory aqua (water) tic→aquatic
scale /skeɪl/ n. fish scale
same root scaled a. scaly
gill /ɡɪl/ n. Fish gills, respirator
With gill cover
fin /fɪn/ n. fin
school /skuːl/ n. group
with a school of whales
Sentence 37
Scientists do not know why dinosaurs became extinct, but some theories postulate that changes in geography, climate, and sea levels were responsible. Scientists do not know why dinosaurs became extinct, but some theories postulate that changes in geography, climate, and sea levels were responsible. of.
Grammar notes: In this sentence, but connects two parallel clauses. The first clause contains an object clause introduced by why, and the backbone of the first clause is "scientists do not know why..."; the second clause contains an object clause introduced by that, and the second clause The backbone of is "theories postulate that...".
core vocabulary
dinosaur /ˈdaɪnəsɔːr/ n. dinosaur
Memory dino (terrible) saur (lizard) → dinosaur
Reference tyrannosaur n. Tyrannosaurus rex
pterosaur n. pterosaur
extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/ a. extinct, non-existent
Memory ex (out) tinct (thorn) → use acupuncture to make nothing → extinct
with an extinct species an extinct species
extinct volcano extinct volcano
same root extinction n. extinction
postulate /ˈpɑːstʃəleɪt/ vt./n. Assume, assume
Memory postul (requirement) ate→require→assume, hypothesis
same root postulation n. assumption
geography /dʒiˈɑːɡrəfi/ n. geography
Memory geo (earth) graph (drawing) y→draw a picture of the earth→geography
same root geology n. geology
geologist n. geologist
responsible /rɪˈspɑːnsəbl/ a. Responsible, responsible
memory re (again, again) spons (promise, agreement) ible (able to...) → keep promises again and again → have a sense of responsibility
Same root responsibility n. Responsibility, responsibility
Theme summary: words related to "animal and plant extinction"
brontosaurus /ˌbrɑːntəˈsɔːrəs/ n. Brontosaurus
chondrule /'kɑndrʊ/ n. chondrule
crater /ˈkreɪtər/ n. crater; crater, crater
cretaceous /krɪˈteɪʃəs/ a. Cretaceous; chalky n. Cretaceous
endotherm /ˌendoʊˈθɜːrm/ n. warm-blooded animals
Endothermic a. Warm-blooded
eruption /ɪˈrʌpʃn/ n. volcanic eruption, (war) outbreak, (disease) attack
Same root erupt v. break out
evaporate /ɪˈvæpəreɪt/ v. (make) evaporate; disappear, cease to exist
Same root evaporation n. evaporation; disappearance
evolutionary /ˌiːvəˈluːʃəneri/ a. evolutionary, developmental
Paired with evolutionary psychology evolutionary psychology
fossil /ˈfɑːsl/ n. Fossil; old stubborn
a. Archaic; fossilized
of the same root fossilize vt. to make fossils
fossilized a. fossilized; decayed
hypothesize /haɪˈpɑːθəsaɪz/ v. Assume, hypothesis
Same root hypothetical a. hypothetical
mutualism /ˌmjuːtʃuˈæləzəm/ n. symbiosis, mutual benefit and symbiosis
same root mutual a. common
petrifaction /petrɪˈfækʃən/ n. petrification; stunned
Synonyms fossilization n. petrification
primordial /praɪˈmɔːrdiəl/ a. original, original; basic
Synonyms primeval a. original
primitive a. primitive
fundamental /ˌfʌndəˈmentl/ a. basic
Fundamentalist n. Fundamentalist; fundamentalist
progression /prəˈɡreʃn/ n. march, process
Same root progress vi. advance; progress
regularity /ˌreɡjuˈlærəti/ n. Regularity, regularity, neatness
Collocation with regularity assumption regularity assumption
remediation /rɪˌmiːdiˈeɪʃn/ n. Remedy, rectification; repair
Paired with remediation goal
renewal /rɪˈnuːəl/ n. renewal; revival; supplement
same root renew vt. update
resilience /rɪˈzɪliəns/ n. Resilience; adaptability; (referring to people) optimistic temperament
Paired with ecosystem resilience
resilient /rɪˈzɪliənt/ a. resilient, adaptable
Memory re (again) sili (jump) ent (about...) → able to jump up repeatedly → elastic
resistant /rɪˈzɪstənt/ a. Resistant, resistant; resistant to...
Pair with drought-resistant crops Drought-resistant crops
scarce /skers/ a. scarce, rare, rare
Same root scarcely ad. Hardly; just now
scarcity n. lack, deficiency
selection /sɪˈlekʃn/ n. selection; selection; selected people (or things)
Synonyms choice n.
symbiotic /ˌsɪmbaɪˈɑːtɪk/ a. symbiotic, commensal
With symbiotic bacteria
Theme summary: words related to "ecological environment"
air-water interaction air-water interaction
biont /'baiɔnt/ n. Biology; organism
contaminated land contaminated land
eco-environment /ˌiːkoʊˈɪnvaɪrənmənt/n. ecological environment
Memory eco (ecology) environment (environment) → ecological environment
endangered species endangered species
global warming global warming
greenhouse effect greenhouse effect
greenhouse gas greenhouse gas
hydrosphere /ˈhaɪdroʊsfɪr/ n. hydrosphere, water realm
Memory hydro(water) spher(ball) e→Earth’s water→hydrosphere
inorganic environment inorganic environment
land carrying capacity land carrying capacity
land use classification land use classification
law of the jungle law of the jungle law of the jungle
modification /ˌmɑːdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. transformation
Same root modify vt. modify
precipitation enhancement precipitation increase
rejuvenation /rɪˌdʒuːvəˈneɪʃn/ n. recovery; rejuvenation
same root rejuvenate vt. restore
sea level rise sea level rise
shield /ʃiːld/ n. protection; shield vt. protection, shelter
Use with shield off to ward off; to avoid
solar radiation solar radiation
surrounding /səˈraʊndɪŋ/ a. Surrounding; environmental
same root surround vt. surround, surround
transpiration /ˌtrænspɪˈreɪʃn/ n. Transpiration
Same root transpire v. evaporate; discharge
Sentence 38
The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed. Eliminating inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is "The elimination of inflation would ensure that ...", where that introduces an object clause.
core vocabulary
elimination /ɪˌlɪmɪˈneɪʃn/ n. Eliminate, remove
memory e (remove) limin (restriction) ation (noun) → eliminate restrictions on things → eliminate
Same root eliminate vt. eliminate; eliminate
inflation /ɪnˈfleɪʃn/ n. inflation; inflation
Paired with currency inflation inflation
antonym deflation n. deflation
ensure /ɪnˈʃʊr/ vt. ensure, guarantee
memory en (make...) sur (determine) e→ensure
Reference assure vt. ensure; make sure
insure vt. to insure...
repay /rɪˈpeɪ/ v. repay, return
Use repay a loan to pay off a loan
Same root repayment n. repay debt
loan /loʊn/ n./v. loan; lend
Memory "leak" → Because the money was lent out, there are holes in the account book → Lending
Match loan interest rate loan interest rate
Topic summary: words related to "currency issuance and circulation"
appreciation /əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃn/ n. added value
Paired with currency appreciation currency appreciation
budget deficit budget deficit
circulating medium circulating medium
currency /ˈkɜːrənsi/ n. currency
With currency exchange currency exchange
credit currency credit currency
currency circulation currency circulation
currency issue currency issue
deflation /ˌdiːˈfleɪʃn/ n. deflation
Paired with deflation policy austerity policy
depreciate /dɪˈpriːʃieɪt/ vt. (especially for tax) depreciation; depreciation vi. depreciation
Same root depreciation n. depreciation; depreciation
financial /faɪˈnænʃl/ a. financial, financial
Collocation with financial deficit fiscal deficit
macro control macro control
means of payment means of payment
monetary /ˈmɑːnɪteri/ a. monetary, fiscal
Same root monetarist n. Monetarist
monetary policy monetary policy
money supply total amount of money, money supply
pecuniary /pɪˈkjuːnieri/ a. monetary
with pecuniary loss pecuniary loss
price level price level
virtual currency virtual currency
Topic Summary: Words related to "Lending and Leasing"
amortize /ˈæmərtaɪz/ vt. amortize
amortization n. amortization
borrower /ˈbɑːroʊər/ n. borrower
Memory borrow (borrow) er (table person) → debit
collateralized loan mortgage loan
credit /ˈkredɪt/ n. Credit; lender
Paired with credit balance credit balance
deadline /ˈdedlaɪn/ n. deadline
memory dead line → deadline
debit /ˈdebɪt/ n. Debit vt. Debit...
Paired with debit balance debit balance
debt collector debt collector
debt /det/ n. debt
collocation be in debt debt
extension /ɪkˈstenʃn/ n. extension
With the same root extensive a. A large number, extensive
guarantee /ˌɡærənˈtiː/ n./vt. guarantee
Paired with loan guarantee loan guarantee
high credit risk high credit risk
high default risk high default risk
high interest rate high interest rate
high-risk loan high-risk loan
high-value loan high-value loan
installment /ɪnˈstɔːlmənt plæn/ n. installment payment
With installment payment
lender /ˈlendər/ n. Lender, lender
With lender of last resort the last lender
long-term loan long-term loan
offset /ˈɔːfset/ vt. offset
collocation be offset by offset by
overtime /ˈoʊvərtaɪm/ n. overdue
Memory over (over) time (time) → overdue
short-term loan short-term loan
substitute /ˈsʌbstɪtuːt/ n./v. substitute
Use substitute A for B to replace A with B
warrantor /ˈwɔːrəntə/ n. guarantor
Memory warrant (guarantee) or (former) → guarantor
Theme Summary: Words that mean "economic prosperity"
boom /buːm/ n. prosperity vi. rapid development; surge
With economic boom economic prosperity
boost /buːst/ vt. Promote, increase
Promote economic development with boost the economy
brisk /brɪsk/ a. prosperous
Paired with brisk trade, trade is booming
business boom business boom
economic development economic development
escalate /ˈeskəleɪt/ v. (to make) gradually expand
Use escalate into to gradually upgrade to
momentum /moʊˈmentəm/ n. Momentum, momentum
Paired with economic momentum economic momentum
outpace /ˌaʊtˈpeɪs/ vt. exceed the speed of..., overtake
Memory out (over) pace (speed) → overtake
skyrocket /ˈskaɪrɑːkɪt/ vi. rocket rise; soar
Memory sky (sky) rocket (rocket) → rocket takes off; soaring
stimulus /ˈstɪmjələs/ n. stimulation; promotion (factor)
Paired with fiscal stimulus fiscal stimulus
Topic Summary: Words for “Economic Recession”
bank crisis bank crisis
banking panic banking panic
bubble economy bubble economy
contraction /kənˈtrækʃn/ n. contraction, contraction
Paired with economic contraction economic contraction
credit risk credit crisis
currency crisis currency crisis
debt crisis debt crisis
depression /dɪˈpreʃn/ n. depression
with economic depression economic depression
devalue /ˌdiːˈvæljuː/ v. to devalue (currency)
Same root devaluation n. devaluation
downturn /ˈdaʊntɜːrn/ n. downturn, recession
collocation in decline in decline
economic downturn economic downturn period
economic slump economic recession
file for bankruptcy file for bankruptcy
financial crisis financial crisis
financial storm financial storm
financial tsunami financial tsunami
fiscal deficit fiscal deficit
fluctuation /ˌflʌktʃuˈeɪʃn/ n. fluctuation
Paired with price fluctuation price fluctuation
gloomy /ˈɡluːmi/ a. Gloomy; depressed
memory gloom (dim) y→gloomy
housing crisis real estate crisis
IMF (International Monetary Fund) abbr. World Monetary Fund
plunge /plʌndʒ/ n. plunge, plummet
Paired with stock plunge
prospective /prəˈspektɪv/ a. future, expected
Paired with prospective earnings expected earnings
recession /rɪˈseʃn/ n. recession
collocation with in recession in a period of recession
recovery /rɪˈkʌvəri/ n. recovery
Use with recovery from to recover from
slack /slæk/ a. inactive; depressed
Paired with slack time
sluggish /ˈslʌɡɪʃ/ a. depressed
Paired with sluggish market sluggish market
squeeze /skwiːz/ n. shortage, shortage v. squeeze
with squeeze into
stagnant /ˈstæɡnənt/ a. sluggish; stagnant
with stagnant economy economic depression
stagnation /stæɡˈneɪʃn/ n. stagnation
Paired with stagnation theory economic stagnation theory
stock market crash stock market crash
subprime mortgage crisis subprime mortgage crisis
economic slump economic recession
unemployment rate unemployment rate
US housing bubble US housing bubble
Topic Summary: Common Economics Terms
capitalist economy capitalist economy
collective economy collective economy
economic climate economic situation
economic law economic law
economic potential economic potential
economic quality economic quality
economic resurgence economic recovery
economic structure economic structure
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) abbr. Gross Domestic Product
GNP (Gross National Product) abbr. Gross National Product
industrial structure industrial structure
liberal economy liberal economy
market economy market economy
measurement /ˈmeʒərmənt/ n. measure
With measurement accuracy measurement accuracy
mixed economy mixed economy
optimize /ˈɑːptɪmaɪz/ v. optimize
same root optimization n. optimization
planned economy planned economy
reform and opening up reform and opening up
rural economy rural economy
socialist economy socialist economy
Sentence 39
Futurism, an early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion. to beautify contemporary life.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Futurism rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life. The sentence "an early twentieth-century movement in art" is a parenthesis, supplementary explanation of futurism.
core vocabulary
futurism /ˈfjuːtʃərɪzəm/ n. futurism; futurism theory
memory futur (e) (future) ism (indicating academic or academic school) → futuristic
Reference atheism n. atheism
atomism n.
reject /rɪˈdʒekt/ vt. reject; abandon
Memory re (reverse) ject (throw) → be thrown back → reject
Same root rejection n. reject; abandon
glorify /ˈɡlɔːrɪfaɪ/ vt. beautify; praise
Memory glor (glory) ify (make...) → beautify; praise
Same root glory n. Glory; praise
emphasize /ˈemfəsaɪz/ vt. emphasize, focus
Memory em (meaning to strengthen) phas (to say) ize→emphasis
Same root emphasis n. Emphasis, focus
motion /ˈmoʊʃn/ n. motion, movement
Memory mot (movement) ion (noun suffix) → movement, movement
Use with put sth. in motion to make... move
Same root motionless a. motionless, stationary
Theme summary: words related to "futurism"
abstraction /æbˈstrækʃn/ n. abstraction; extraction
The same root abstracted a. absent-minded, absent-minded
artistic movements artistic trends of thought
combination /ˌkɑːmbɪˈneɪʃn/ n. combination; combination
Same root combine v. combine; combine
cubism /ˈkjuːbɪzəm/ n. Cubism
same root cubist n. cubist artist
dynamic state dynamic
identify /aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/ n. determine; identify; identify
same root identity n. identity
incarnate /ɪnˈkɑːrnət/ vt. to make concrete
same root incarnation n. incarnation
integrate /ˈɪntɪɡreɪt/ v. Integrate; make complete
Same root integration n. synthesis, fusion
manifestation /ˌmænɪfeˈsteɪʃn/ n.
same root manifest vt. prove; show
resurrection /ˌrezəˈrekʃn/ n. Resurrection; revival
Same root resurrect vt. Resurrection; revival
sensation /senˈseɪʃn/ n. feeling; sensation
same root sensitive a. sensitive
static state static
modernist aesthetics modernist aesthetics
Theme summary: 20th century art schools
abstractionism /æbˈstrækʃnɪzəm/ n. abstraction
The same root abstract a. abstract; abstract
Dadaism /ˈdɑːdɑːɪzəm/ n. Dadaism
Same root Dadaist n. Dadaist artist
expressionism /ɪkˈspreʃənɪzəm/ n. Expressionism
Same root expressionist n. Expressionist artist
fauvism /ˈfoʊvɪzəm/ n. fauvism
Same root Fauve n. Fauvist painter
hyperrealism /ˌhaɪpərˈriːəlɪzəm/ n. High realism
Same root hyperrealist n. Highly realistic artist
modernism /ˈmɑːdərnɪzəm/ n. modernism
Same root modernist n. modernist
pop art pop art, popular art
realism /ˈriːəlɪzəm/ n. realism
with critical realism critical realism
surrealism /səˈriːəlɪzəm/ n. Surrealism
The same root surreal a. Surrealism
Topic Summary: Common Art Vocabulary
aestheticism /esˈθetɪsɪzəm/ n. aestheticism
same root aestheticist n. aestheticist
avant-garde /ˌævɑəːˈɡɑːrd/ n. Avant-garde
Same root avant-gardism n. avant-gardism
biographer /baɪˈɑːɡrəfər/ n. autobiographer
Same root biography n. biography
choreographer /ˌkɔːriˈɑːɡrəfər/ n. choreographer
same root choreography n. choreography
conservatism /kənˈsɜːrvətɪzəm/ n. conservatism
Same root conservation n. save; maintain
constructivism /kənˈstrʌktɪvzəm/ n. Constructivism
Same root constructivist n. constructivist
critic /ˈkrɪtɪk/ n. critic
same root criticism n. criticism
genre /ˈʒɑːnrə/ n. style; genre
memory gen (genus) re→ style; genre
imagist /ˈɪmɪdʒɪst/ n. Imagist poet
Same root imagism n.
impressionist /ɪmˈpreʃənɪst/ n. impressionist
Same root impressionism n. Impressionism
literary elitism literary elitism
minimalist /ˈmɪnɪməlɪst/ n. minimalist abstract artist
Same root minimalism n. minimalist art
neoclassicism /ˌniːoʊˈklæsɪsɪzəm/ n. neoclassicism
Same root neoclassicist n. Neoclassicist
poetic works poetry
purism /ˈpjʊrɪzəm/ n. Purist
Same root purity n. Purity; pure
Renaissance /ˈrenəsɑːns/ n. Renaissance period
Pair with Renaissance art Renaissance art
rococo /rəˈkoʊkoʊ/ n. Decorativeism; Rococo
a. Rococo style
Memory Decorative style popular in Europe in the 18th century
romanticism /roʊˈmæntɪsɪzəm/ n. romanticism
Paired with neo-romantism
satirist /ˈsætərɪst/ n. satirist
same root satirise vt. satire
simplification /ˌsɪmplɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. Minimalism
same root simplify vt. simplify
territory /ˈterətɔːri/ n. territory; scope
memory terr(place) it ory(table place)→field
utopian /juːˈtoʊpiən/ a. Utopian; utopian
Same root utopia n. Utopia; ideal country
Sentence 40
Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red. It is corrosive to metals and can turn some blue plant dyes red.
Grammar Notes: The backbone of this sentence is Acids are chemical compounds. The following that introduces an attributive clause modifying compounds.
core vocabulary
acid /ˈæsɪd/ n. acid, acidic substance
Pair with acid rain acid rain
Same root acidic a. Acidic
acidity n.
compound /ˈkɑːmpaʊnd/ n. compound, mixture
Memory com (together) pound (to place) → put together to make a compound → compound
with chemical compound
compound eye compound eye
Synonyms mixture n. mixture
solution /səˈluːʃn/ n. solution; solution (method)
Memory solu (dissolve) → let it fully dissolve → solution
With water solution
saline solutionsaline solution
Synonyms liquor n. solution
sharp /ʃɑːrp/ a. Strong; sharp; keen
Paired with sharp mind
The same root sharply ad. sharply
sharpen v. sharpen
corrosive /kəˈroʊsɪv/ a. Corrosive (sexual)
With corrosive effect corrosive effect
Same root corrode v. erosion, corrosion
corrosion n. corrosion
metal /ˈmetl/ n. metal
Memory Medals are made of metal
With metal detector metal detector
dye /daɪ/ n. Pigment, dye
Memory: Bad dye (dye) can kill (die)
With synthetic dye synthetic dye
hair dye hair dye
Topic summary: subject name
accounting /əˈkaʊntɪŋ/ n. accounting
Same root accountant n. accountant
agriculture /ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər/ n. agronomy, agriculture
Pair with sustainable agriculture sustainable agriculture
anthropology /ˌænθrəˈpɑːlədʒi/ n. Anthropology
Memory anthropology (people, humans) ology (…study) → Anthropology
architecture /ˈɑːrkɪtektʃər/ n. Architecture, construction industry
Paired with classical architecture classical architecture
archival science archival science
biology /baɪˈɑːlədʒi/ n. biology
same root biological a. biological
botany /ˈbɑːtəni/ n. Botany
same root botanical a. botanical
botanist n. botanist
civil engineering civil engineering (study)
ecology /iˈkɑːlədʒi/ n. Ecology
Same root ecological a. Ecological
economics /ˌiːkəˈnɑːmɪks/ n. Economics
Paired with information economics information economics
electronic engineering electronic engineering
environmental science environmental science
ethics /ˈeθɪk/ n. Ethics
memory eth (custom) ics→moral code; ethics
ethnology /eθˈnɑːlədʒi/ n. ethnography
Memory ethn (ethnicity, race) ology (…study) → ethnology
geology /dʒiˈɑːlədʒi/ n. Geology
Same root geologist n. geologist
geological a. geological
linguistics /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪks/ n. Linguistics
with comparative linguistics comparative linguistics
literature /ˈlɪtrətʃər/ n. literature
memory liter (text) ature→literature; literary work
management /ˈmænɪdʒmənt/ n. Management
Paired with marketing management marketing
mathematics /ˌmæθəˈmætɪks/ n. mathematics
same root mathematical a. mathematical
meteorology /ˌmiːtiəˈrɑːlədʒi/ n. meteorology
Same root meteorologist n. Meteorologist
pedagogy /ˈpedəɡɑːdʒi/ n. pedagogy
memory ped (child) agog (guide) y→guide children→pedagogy
philosophy /fəˈlɑːsəfi/ n. philosophy; philosophy
Pair with Marxist philosophy Marxist philosophy
psychology /saɪˈkɑːlədʒi/ n. Psychology
Same root psychological a. psychological
seismology /saɪzˈmɑːlədʒi/ n. seismology
Memory seism (earthquake) ology (…study) → seismology
sociology /ˌsoʊsiˈɑːlədʒi/ n. sociology
Memory soci (companion, friendship) ology (…study) → sociology
zoology /zuˈɑːlədʒi/ n. Zoology
same root zoological a. zoological
Topic Summary: Chemical Elements
aluminum /ˌæljəˈmɪniəm/ n. aluminum
With aluminum oxide aluminum oxide
calcium /ˈkælsiəm/ n. calcium
Memory calc (stone) ium→hard as a stone→calcium
carbon /ˈkɑːrbən/ n. carbon
With carbon dioxide carbon dioxide
element /ˈelɪmənt/ n. element
same root elemental a. elemental
helium /ˈhiːliəm/ n. helium
hydrogen /ˈhaɪdrədʒən/ n. hydrogen
Memory hydro (water) gen (production) → substances involved in the generation of water → hydrogen
nitrogen /ˈnaɪtrədʒən/ n. Nitrogen
With nitrogen dioxide nitrogen dioxide
oxygen /ˈɑːksɪdʒən/ n. Oxygen
With oxygen gas oxygen
silicon /ˈsɪlɪkən/ n. Silicon
With silicon chip silicon chip
sodium /ˈsoʊdiəm/ n. sodium
With sodium chloride sodium chloride
sulfur /ˈsʌlfər/ n. sulfur
With sulfuric acid
Topic summary: words related to chemical reactions
artificial /ˌɑːrtɪˈfɪʃl/ a. artificial
With artificial fertilizer artificial fertilizer
catalyst /ˈkætəlɪst/ n. catalyst
Memory cata (below) lyst (separate) → act as decomposition below → catalyst
dissolve /dɪˈzɑːlv/ v. dissolve
Memory dis (separate) solv (loosen) e→disperse→(dissolve)
methane /ˈmeθeɪn/ n. Methane; biogas
Synonyms firedamp n. Methane; biogas
periodic table periodic table
refine /rɪˈfaɪn/ vt. refine, refine
Memory re (again) fine (good) → make it better → refine
solvent /ˈsɑːlvənt/ n. solvent
Memory solv (=solu unravel; dissolve) ent→solvent
synthetic /sɪnˈθetɪk/ a. synthetic
With synthetic dye synthetic dye
Sentence 41
In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostenatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere. Royal areas and luxurious and ostentatious palaces.
Grammar notes: The stem of this sentence is The cities lacked a precinct and the palaces. The attributive clause introduced by that in the sentence modifies the ostenatious palaces.
core vocabulary
instance /ˈɪnstəns/ n. Example, instance; situation
Memory in stance (see stand, stand) ce→The model standing is the best example→Example
with for instance for example
precinct /ˈpriːsɪŋkt/ n. Constituency; management area
With shopping precinct shopping area
Synonyms electorate n. electorate
otentatious /ˌɑːstenˈteɪʃəs/ a. Flashy; show off
Memory otent (appear) atious→show off→show off
contemporary /kənˈtempəreri/ a. Contemporary; contemporary n. People or things of the same period
memory con (common) tempor (time) ary (…) → contemporaneous
Synonyms current a. Contemporary
same root contemporaneous a. contemporary
Reference temporary a. Temporary; temporary
Theme summary: words related to "royalty and rule"
abdicate /ˈæbdɪkeɪt/ v. abdicate, give way
With abdicate from exit
administrative /ədˈmɪnɪstreɪtɪv/ a. Management; administrative
Same root administrator vt. management; management
authority /əˈθɔːrəti/ n. power; authority
Same root authorize vt. approve; authorize
bondage /ˈbɑːndɪdʒ/ n. Slavery; bondage
Synonyms: slavery n.
centralize /ˈsentrəlaɪz/ vt. centralize; centralize
Centralization n. Centralization
descent /dɪˈsent/ n. descent, lineage
Same root descendant n. Descendants, descendants
dignity /ˈdɪɡnəti/ n. Dignity; nobility; dignity
Same root dignified a. solemn
dynasty /ˈdaɪnəsti/ n. dynasty, dynasty
Paired with Qing Dynasty
emperor /ˈempərər/ n. emperor
Same root empire n. Empire
genealogy /ˌdʒiːniˈælədʒi/ n. Genealogy, lineage; genealogy
same root genealogical a. genealogical
imperial /ɪmˈpɪriəl/ a. Imperial; supreme, supreme
Paired with imperial palace 皇城
monarchy /ˈmɑːnərki/ n. monarchy
Same root monarch n. monarch, emperor
official /əˈfɪʃl/ a. official; formal
With official copy formal text
scepter /ˈseptər/ n. Monarch’s scepter; royal power
vt. Ascend to the throne; confer royal power
Synonyms: majesty n. royal power
throne /θroʊn/ n. throne; monarch
With accede to the throne
tribute /ˈtrɪbjuːt/ n. tribute; eulogy; praise
Reference distribute vt. distribute, distribute
emergence /iˈmɜːrdʒəns/ n. emergence
Same root emergent a. emergent; urgent
precedent /ˈpresɪdənt/ n. precedent; practice
same root precedence n. priority, first
prelude /ˈpreljuːd/ n. Prelude; prologue
Memory pre (in front of) lud (play) e→prelude
proximity /prɑːkˈsɪməti/ n. close; adjacent
same root proximate a. closest; adjacent
replacement /rɪˈpleɪsmənt/ n. replace; replace
Use replacement of instead
revitalization /ˌriːˌvaɪtələˈzeɪʃn/ n. rebirth, revival
Paired with revitalization movement
Theme summary: words related to "bloodline inheritance"
ancestor /ˈænsestər/ n. ancestor
Used with ancestor worship to worship ancestors
antecedent /ˌæntɪˈsiːdnt/ n. ancestor
Memory ante (in front of) ced (go) ent→walking in front→first
forebear /ˈfɔːrber/ n. ancestor
Synonyms forefather n. ancestor
founder /ˈfaʊndər/ n. founder, founder
identify /aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/ vt. identify; identify
Same root identification n. Identification; identification
posterity /pɑːˈsterəti/ n. Descendants, descendants
Memory post (behind) er (table person) ity→person behind→descendant
predecessor /ˈpredəsesər/ n. predecessor; (replaced) original thing
Memory pre (front) de cess (walk) or (table person) → the person walking in front → senior
Theme summary: words related to "religion"
auspice /ˈɔːspɪs/ n. omen, good omen
Same root auspicious a. auspicious
cult /kʌlt/ n. ritual; worship
Paired with personality cult personality cult
observance /əbˈzɜːrvəns/ n. ritual; practice
Same root observe v. observe; observe
pagoda /pəˈɡoʊdə/ n. (South Asian or East Asian) pagoda
prophecy /ˈprɑːfəsi/ n. prophecy
Paired with self-fulfilling prophecy self-fulfilling prophecy
prophet /ˈprɑːfɪt/ n. prophet; advocate
memory pro (in front of) phe (say) t→speak in advance→prophet
religious /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/ a. religious
Same root religion n. religion
ritual /ˈrɪtʃuəl/ n. ritual; routine
a. Ritual; customary
memory from rite (n. ceremony, ceremony)
temple /ˈtempl/ n. temple; temple
Memory is homophonic for "indifferent" → the people in the temple are indifferent to fame and fortune → the temple
Theme summary: words related to "palace"
baroque /bəˈroʊk/ a. Baroque style
with baroque period baroque period
Byzantine /ˈbɪzəntiːn/ a. Byzantine
With Byzantine architecture Byzantine architecture
chamber /ˈtʃeɪmbər/ n. room; club; room
vt. put into chamber (gun chamber)
Synonyms compartment n. compartment
colonnade /ˌkɑːləˈneɪd/ n. colonnade
memory colonn (column) ade (manufactured object) → colonnade
drape /dreɪp/ n. curtain vt. cover with curtain
Same root draper n. cloth merchant
elevation /ˌelɪˈveɪʃn/ n. (drawn to scale) front view of a building; elevation; height
Same root elevate vt. Lift; lift
glyph /ɡlɪf/ n. engraved text, statue; [architecture] vertical ditch (decoration)
Reference hieroglyph n. Hieroglyph
habitable /ˈhæbɪtəbl/ a. Habitable
Match habitable space living space
ledge /ledʒ/ n. protruding part, ledge, reef, vein, rock ridge
Memory l edge → something at the edge → protruding part
mural /ˈmjʊrəl/ a. wall, hanging on the wall
n. mural
Muralist n. Muralist
reconstruction /ˌriːkənˈstrʌkʃn/ n. reconstruction
Paired with reconstruction project
renewal /rɪˈnuːəl/ n. Reconstruction, revival
Same root renew vt. Revival; update
scale /skeɪl/ n. scale
vt. Measure; determine according to proportion; measure
Use scale up to enlarge proportionally and increase accordingly.
spiral stair spiral staircase
splendor /ˈsplendər/ n. Brilliance; magnificence; prominence
Same root splendid a. Brilliant; splendid
tapestry /ˈtæpəstri/ n. tapestry vt. decorated with tapestry paintings
with the same root tapestried a. hung with embroidered curtains
Sentence 42
Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the ocean’s continental fixtures—those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Platforms extend the search to the continental shelves. The noun phrase after the dash “those gently sloping ... continents” explains the ocean’s continental shelves.
core vocabulary
offshore /ˌɔːfˈʃɔːr/ a. offshore; offshore
Synonyms paralic a. Offshore
drill /drɪl/ v./n. drill (hole); training
Memory dr (said as dry, dry) ill (sick) → continue to train even if you are sick → train
Synonyms bore v. bore
practice v. training
platform /ˈplætfɔːrm/ n. platform; platform
extend /ɪkˈstend/ v. extend, extend
Memory ex (out) tend (stretch) → extend
Synonyms: stretch v. to extend; to exert all one's strength
Same root extension n. extension, extension; telephone extension
ocean /ˈoʊʃn/ n. ocean
Paired with deep ocean
continental /ˌkɑːntɪˈnentl/ a. continental
Paired with continental shelf continental shelf
continental drift continental drift (say)
Same root continent n. Continent
gently /ˈdʒentli/ ad. gently; gently
Tonggen gentle a. Gentle; (weather, temperature, etc.) mild
slope /sloʊp/ n. slope; incline v. (to make) incline
Memory: It is impossible to run (lope) on a slope (slope)
With fan-shaped slope fan-shaped slope
submarine /ˌsʌbməˈriːn/ a. underwater, seabed n. submarine
Memory sub (bottom) + marine (ocean) → under the sea → under the sea
Reference marine a. (navigation) sea; marine
mariner n. sailor, sailor
region /ˈriːdʒən/ n. (atmosphere, etc.) layer; region, region
memory reg (rule) ion→the place of rule→region
Synonyms district n. region, area
with the same root regional a. local, regional
regionalism n. local decentralization
regionalization n. arrangement by region
edge /edʒ/ n. edge, edge, edge
with on the edge of on the edge of
on edge nervousness; irritability
Synonyms: border n.
Topic Summary: Common Energy Vocabulary
alternative energy alternative energy
clean energy clean energy
electric /ɪˈlektrɪk/ a. electric, electric
With electric energy
fuel /ˈfjuːəl/ n. fuel
with fossil fuel fossil fuel
gas /ɡæs/ n. natural gas
new energy new energy
nuclear energy nuclear energy
petrol /ˈpetrəl/ n. gasoline
petroleum /pəˈtroʊliəm/ n. petroleum
With crude petroleum crude oil
solar energy solar energy
tidal energy tidal energy
white coal (a stream of water used as a source of power)
wind energy wind energy
wind power generation wind power generation
resource /ˈriːsɔːrs/ n. [Often pl.] resources, financial resources
same root resourceful a. resourceful
resourcefulness n. resourcefulness
ore /ɔːr/ n. Mine; ore
Memory ore (ore) one more m means more (more)
Topic summary: words related to "energy consumption and extraction"
consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ n. Consumption (amount), consumption (amount)
with energy consumptionenergy consumption
deplete /dɪˈpliːt/ vt. to dry up, to exhaust
Same root depletion n. consumption, exhaustion
drain /dreɪn/ v. (to make) flow away, gradually drain out
excavate /ˈekskəveɪt/ v. excavation
Memory ex (out) cav (hole) ate (verb suffix) → dig out a hole → dig
exploit /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/ vt. exploit
Same root exploitation n. development
over-exploitation n. over-exploitation
mine /maɪn/ v. Mining n. Mine
unexplored /ˌʌnɪkˈsplɔːrd/ a. unexplored
Same root explore v. explore, explore
untapped /ˌʌnˈtæpt/ a. Undeveloped, unused
memory from tap (vt. development, utilization)
fuel-efficient /ˈfjuːəl ɪˈfɪʃnt/ a. energy-saving
Synonyms energy-efficient a. energy-saving
non-renewable /ˌnɑːn rɪˈnuːəbl/ a. Non-renewable
antonym renewable a. renewable
rare /rer/ a. Rare; thin
Topic Summary: Words for “Energy Conservation”
conserve /kənˈsɜːrv/ vt. preserve; protect
same root conservation n. save
conservative a. conservative
preserve /prɪˈzɜːrv/ vt. preserve; protect
Same root preservation n. protection, preservation
well-preserved a. Well-preserved
Sentence 43
Even those artists who were most dependent on photography became reluctant to admit that they made use of it, in case this compromised their professional standing. , in case it affects their professional status.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is "Those artists became reluctant to...", in which who introduces an attributive clause modifying artists. The "that" after admit introduces an object clause. The adverbial clause of purpose introduced by in case serves as the adverbial of the entire sentence.
core vocabulary
dependent /dɪˈpendənt/ a. dependent; dependent
of
Memory depend (dependence) ent (having the nature of...) → dependent
antonym independent a. independent
same root dependable a. trustworthy
dependence n. dependence
photography /fəˈtɑːɡrəfi/ n. photography; photography
memory photo (photograph) graph (write, draw) y→photography
same root photograph n. photo vt. take a photo of...
Reference geography n. geography
reluctant /rɪˈlʌktənt/ a. reluctantly, reluctantly
Memory "Donkey pulls a tank" → reluctantly, reluctantly
Synonyms unwilling a. unwilling
Same root reluctance n. Reluctance; reluctantly
compromise /ˈkɑːmprəmaɪz/ vt. (especially because of unwise behavior) to put yourself in danger or to be suspected
n./vi. Compromise, compromise
memory com (common) promise (guarantee) → mutual guarantee → compromise
same root compromising a. disgraceful
professional /prəˈfeʃənl/ a. professional; professional
Memory pro (in front) fess (speak, express) ion → speak in front → professional
antonym amateur a. amateur
Same root profession n. profession; occupation
Theme summary: words related to "photography and photography"
angle of view angle of view
avocation /ˌævoʊˈkeɪʃn/ n. Hobby; side job
Memory a (non) vocation (occupation) → non-occupation → side job
battery /ˈbætri/ n. battery
With rechargeable battery rechargeable battery
brightness /ˈbraɪtnəs/ n. brightness
Memory bright (bright) ness (noun) → brightness
central focus central focus
charger /ˈtʃɑːrdʒər/ n. charger
memory charge r→charger
depth of field depth of field
digital /ˈdɪdʒɪtl/ a. digital, digital
With digital camera digital camera
exposure /ɪkˈspoʊʒər/ n. (Photo) exposure time
Paired with exposure control
exposure value exposure value
flare /fler/ n. light spot vi. flash
Synonyms sparkle vi. flash
flashlight /ˈflæʃlaɪt/ n. flashlight
memory flash light → flash
focus /ˈfoʊkəs/ v. (to focus)
n. focal length (of eye or lens)
With auto focus
focus length focal length
high speed photography high speed photography
hue /hjuː/ n. Hue, chroma; shout
Paired with hue and cry outcry
image capture capture image
image size image size
lens /lenz/ n. lens
Comes with lens hood
long exposure long exposure
manual focus manual focus
memory card memory card
overexposure /ˌoʊvərɪkˈspoʊʒər/ n. overexposure
memory over exposure → overexposure
panorama /ˌpænəˈræmə/ n. panoramic photo
same root panoramic a. panoramic
photocopy /ˈfoʊtoʊkɑːpi/ n. photocopy; copy
memory photo copy → copy
photoprint /ˈfəutəprint/ n. photocopy
memory photo print → photocopy
photograph album photo album
pixel /ˈpɪksl/ n. pixel
With pixel size pixel size
saturation /ˌsætʃəˈreɪʃn/ n. saturation
With saturation level saturation
saturation effect saturation effect
selfie /ˈselfiː/ n. selfie
Paired with selfie stick
self-timer /ˌself ˈtaɪmər/ n. automatic camera
memory self (self) timer (timer) → automatic camera
shutter /ˈʃʌtər/ n. shutter
With shutter speed shutter speed
single lens reflex camera
slow motion slow motion
snap /snæp/ n./v. Take a snapshot of...
spot /spɑːt/ n. Central point focus; spots v. Dirty
Same root spotless a. extremely clean
time-lapse photography time-lapse photography
tripod /ˈtraɪpɑːd/ n. tripod
With tripod stand
user-friendly /ˌjuːzər ˈfrendli/ a. easy to use
Reference environment-friendly a. Environmentally friendly
viewfinder /ˈvjuːfaɪndər/ n. (camera’s) viewfinder
Paired with hybrid viewfinder hybrid viewfinder
wide angle wide angle
zoom /zuːm/ vi. zoom
Use zoom in/out to zoom in/out
zoom lens zoom lens
Theme summary: words related to "artistic expression"
artistic /ɑːrˈtɪstɪk/ a. artistic (home); aesthetic
With artistic standards artistic standards
display /dɪˈspleɪ/ vt. display
Match display cabinet display cabinet
edify /ˈedɪfaɪ/ v. edification; enlightenment
same root edification n. enlightenment; edification
enlighten /ɪnˈlaɪtn/ vt. enlighten; teach
same root enlightenment n. Enlightenment
exhibit /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/ v. exhibition n. display; exhibit
Tonggen exhibition n. exhibition, exhibition
expressive /ɪkˈspresɪv/ a. expressive; expressive
Paired with expressive force
reproducibility /riːprəˌduːsəˈbɪlɪti/ n. Reproducibility
same root reproducible a. reproducible; reproducible
startling /ˈstɑːrtlɪŋ/ a. amazing
Paired with startingling news breaking news
Sentence 44
According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees facially, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows.
Grammar Notes: The stem of this sentence is The ancestors resembled chimpanzees. The attributive clause that stood upright modifies humans; in the prepositional phrase with sloping foreheads and protruding brows, the present participles sloping and protruding serve as prepositional attributives to modify foreheads and brows respectively, and the entire prepositional phrase serves as an accompanying adverbial in the clause.
core vocabulary
ancestor /ˈænsestər/ n. ancestor; pioneer; prototype
Memory an (strengthen) cest (=cess go) or (table person) → people who have been gone for a long time → ancestors
Same root ancestral a. ancestral; ancestral
Reference ancestry n. Lineage, lineage
upright /ˈʌpraɪt/ a. vertical; upright; upright
Memory up (up) right (correct) → up is the right direction → upright
Synonyms vertical a. Vertical
resemble /rɪˈzembl/ vt. similar to, like
memory re (again, again) sembl (the same, the same) e→
similar to, like
Same root resemblance n. Similar, similar
chimpanzee /ˌtʃɪmpænˈziː/ n. Chimpanzee
facially /ˈfeɪʃəli/ ad. facially
Memory facial (facial) ly→facial place
Facial a. Facial
protrud /proʊˈtruːd/ v. (to make) stretch out, highlight
Memory pro (forward) trud (push) e→push forward→protrude
Same root protrusive a. protruding, protruding
Topic summary: words related to "human evolution"
adapt /əˈdæpt/ vt. to adapt
collocation adapt oneself to make oneself adapt to…
antiquity /ænˈtɪkwəti/ n. ancient; ancient
biophysical environment biophysical environment
burgeon /ˈbɜːrdʒən/ vi. grow rapidly
memory burg (=bud bud) eon→grow like a bud→grow rapidly
cave man caveman
common descent common origin
cranial /ˈkreɪniəl/ a. cranial
With cranial cavity
Darwin /ˈdɑːrwɪn/ n. Darwin
Same root Darwinism n. Darwinism
degenerate /dɪˈdʒenəreɪt/ vi. degenerate
Same root degradation n. Degeneration
descendant /dɪˈsendənt/ n. descendant, descendant
Same root descend vi. inheritance; descent; origin (from)
directional selection directional selection
ecological anthropologist ecological anthropologist
evolutionary change evolutionary change
evolve /iˈvɑːlv/ v. (to make) gradually form; develop; (to make) evolve
same root evolution n. evolution
evolutionary a. evolutionary
extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃn/ n.
with species extinction species extinction
food chain food chain
hominid /ˈhɑːmɪnɪd/ n. primitive human; human (family)
Memory homin (=hum person) id (such as...) → primitive human being
homogeneous /ˌhoʊməˈdʒiːniəs/ a. of the same race (kind)
Memory homo (similar) gene (gene) ous → genetically the same → similar
Morphology /mɔːrˈfɑːlədʒi/ n. Morphology
Same root morphological a. Morphological
natural selection natural selection
offspring /ˈɔːfsprɪŋ/ n. Descendants, descendants
Synonyms descendant n. Descendants
origin /ˈɔːrɪdʒɪn/ n. origin
With origin of species origin of species
outgrow /ˌaʊtˈɡroʊ/ vt. Grow faster than...; grow too big and no longer need...
paleoanthropologist /ˌpeɪliəʊˌænθrə ˈpɑːlədʒɪst/ n. paleoanthropologist
Same root paleoanthropology n. paleoanthropology
psychological anthropologist psychological anthropologist
survival /sərˈvaɪvl/ n. survive, survive
with survival of the fittest survival of the fittest
weed out
Theme summary: words related to "ancient tribes"
centralized management centralized management, centralized management
chiefdom /ˈtʃiːfdəm/ n. The status of the leader
Memory chief (leader) dom (noun) → the status of the leader
civilization /ˌsɪvələˈzeɪʃn/ n. civilization
Same root civilian n. civilians
clan /klæn/ n. clan; family
Memory: Clan is formed because God created man from clay
remains /rɪˈmeɪnz/ n. inheritance; remains
Same root remainder n. Remainder; remainder
rock painting rock painting
ruin /ˈruːɪn/ n. ruins, ruins
With building ruins building ruins
succession /səkˈseʃn/ n. Succession; inheritance
Same root successive a. succeed; inherit
superior /suːˈpɪriər/ n. winner a. superior
same root superiority n. advantage
tribe /traɪb/ n. tribe
tribal a. tribal; racial
Stone Age Stone Age
Neolithic Age Neolithic Age
Paleolithic Age Paleolithic Age
Mesolithic Age Mesolithic Age
Theme summary: words related to "primate"
ape /eɪp/ n. ape
baboon /bæˈbuːn/ n. baboon
biological diversity biological diversity
bipedal /ˌbaɪˈpiːdl/ n. Bipedal
with erect bipedal primate
breed /briːd/ n. species, reproduction
Reference inbreeding n. Inbreeding, inbreeding
cub /kʌb/ n. cub
gorilla /ɡəˈrɪlə/ n. gorilla
grub /ɡrʌb/ n. larvae vi. search
With grub sth. out dig out
habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/ n. habitat
Same root habitation n. residence
herd /hɜːrd/ n. herd
Memory The herd lives in pursuit of the herb
inhabit /ɪnˈhæbɪt/ n. inhabit, live in
Same root inhabitation n. residence; habitat
instinct /ˈɪnstɪŋkt/ n. instinct
Same root instinctive a. Instinct; born
living creature creature
mature /məˈtʃʊr/ a. mature
antonym immature a. immature
omnivorous /ɑːmˈnɪvərəs/ a. omnivorous
Same root omnivore n. Omnivore
predator /ˈpredətər/ n. predator; predator
Same root predatory a. Carnivorous
prey /preɪ/ n. prey
with prey on prey
primate /ˈpraɪmeɪt/ n. primate
Theme Summary: Classification of Biological Levels
class /klæs/ n. [生] outline
family /ˈfæməli/ n. [生]科
genus /ˈdʒiːnəs/ n. [生] genus
order /ˈɔːrdər/ n. [生]目
species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ n. [生] species
suborder /sʌb'ɔdə/ n. [生] suborder
Sentence 45
Anarchism is a term describing a cluster of doctrines and attitudes whose principal uniting feature is the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary. And not necessary.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Anarchism is a term. The present participle phrase "describing a cluster ... unnecessary" serves as a postpositional attributive modification of a term, in which "who" introduces an attributive clause to modify a cluster of doctrines and attitudes. The attributive clause also contains an appositive clause introduced by that to explain the belief.
core vocabulary
anarchism /ˈænərkɪzəm/ n. anarchism
Memory an (none) arch (ruler) ism (expressionism) → no rule → anarchism
Same root anarchist n. Anarchist
anarchic a. Anarchy, anarchism
cluster /ˈklʌstər/ n. group; cluster; pile (of items), batch vi. gather
memory clust (=clot clot) er→clot→gather
Synonyms clump v. gather, be gathered into a group
doctrine /ˈdɑːktrɪn/ n. doctrine; doctrine
Memory doctr (=docteaching) ine (noun) → used for teaching → doctrine
same root doctrineaire n. dogmatist
principal /ˈprɪnsəpl/ a. main n. capital; principal
Memory prin (first) cip (grasp) al (...) → grasp as the first (priority) → main
Reference principle n. principle
government /ˈɡʌvərnmənt/ n. Government; management
Memory govern (rule) ment (noun) → government
Same root govern v. management; control
unnecessary /ʌnˈnesəseri/ a. unnecessary
Memory un (not) necessary (necessary) → unnecessary → unnecessary
Same root necessary a. Necessary; necessary
Topic Summary: Words related to "Government Functions"
administrator /ədˈmɪnɪstreɪtər/ n. Manager; administrative staff
With the same root administrative a. Administrative; management
allege /əˈledʒ/ vt. assert, claim
with the same root alleged a. alleged
avow /əˈvaʊ/ vt. acknowledge; declare publicly
Memory a (strengthen) vow (swear; make a wish) → declare publicly
charter /ˈtʃɑːrtər/ n. Charter; declaration
vt. issue a license; franchise
Memory is remembered together with chart (n. chart; chart)
cohesion /koʊˈhiːʒn/ n. Condensation; combination
With cohesion force cohesion
consistency /kənˈsɪstənsi/ n. coordination; consistency
same root consistent a. consistent
Dominate /ˈdɑːmɪneɪt/ vt. Dominate, control, rule
Same root domination n. Domination, control
dominance n.
enact /ɪˈnækt/ vt. promulgate; make laws
Same root enactment n. stipulation, formulation; promulgation
governance /ˈɡʌvərnəns/ n. Rule, dominate; manage
Memory govern (management) ance (noun) → management
implement /ˈɪmplɪment/ vt. (make) take effect; implement; execute
With implement plan execution plan
macro-control /ˈmækroʊkənˈtroʊl/ n. macro-control
memory macro (grand) control (control) → macro-control
maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/ vt. maintain
Same root maintenance n. maintenance; maintenance
mandate /ˈmændeɪt/ n. authorization; command
v. Authorize; promulgate
Same root mandatory n. trustee a. mandatory
permit /pərˈmɪt/ v. permit; allow
with the same root permissible a. allowable, permissible
plenary /ˈpliːnəri/ a. Plenary; all present
Paired with plenary power
pragmatic /præɡˈmætɪk/ a. pragmatic; seeking truth from facts; pragmatic
Actual method with pragmatic approach
prohibit /prəˈhɪbɪt/ vt. prohibit; prevent
Same root prohibition n. prohibit, prevent; prohibition
regulate /ˈreɡjuleɪt/ vt. Management, control; regulation
Same root regulation n. Management, control; regulation
safeguard /ˈseɪfɡɑːrd/ vt. to defend
Memory safe guard → guard
social securitysocial security
subordinate /səˈbɔːrdɪnət/ vt. to be in a secondary position; to obey
Same root subordination n. Subordination; attachment
supervise /ˈsuːpərvaɪz/ vt. supervise
Same root supervision n. Supervision
viable /ˈvaɪəbl/ a. feasible
Paired with viable option
Theme summary: words related to "social unrest"
aggravation /ˌæɡrəˈveɪʃn/ n. aggravation; worsening
aggravate vt. aggravate; worsen
animus /ˈænɪməs/ n. hostility, hatred
Use with animus against sb./sth. To be hostile to...
atrocity /əˈtrɑːsəti/ n. atrocity
The same root atrocious a. cruel
belligerent /bəˈlɪdʒərənt/ a. belligerent, belligerent
With belligerent act belligerent behavior
captivity /kæpˈtɪvəti/ n. Captivity
collocation in captivity restricted
collaborate /kəˈlæbəreɪt/ vi. cooperate; cooperate with the enemy
collocation collaborate with cooperate with
collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn/ n. Cooperation, collusion
With project collaboration project collaboration
contradiction /ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪkʃn/ n. Refutation; contradiction
collocation a contradiction in terms words that contradict one another
defection /dɪˈfekʃn/ n. betrayal
same root defector n. betrayer; deserter
defiance /dɪˈfaɪəns/ n. challenge, contempt
same root defiant a. openly defiant
designing /dɪˈzaɪn/ a. cunning; deliberate
Synonyms cunning a. cunning
deterrent /dɪˈtɜːrənt/ n. deterrent
Paired with deterrent force deterrent force
fiasco /fiˈæskoʊ/ n. fiasco
Synonyms catastrophe n. fiasco
frightening /ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/ a. frightening
paired with frightening experience frightening experience
greed /ɡriːd/ n. Greedy; greedy
Synonyms cupidity n. greed
incongruent /ɪnˈkɑːŋɡruənt/ a. incongruous
antonym congruent a. consistent; coordinated
incongruity /ˌɪnkɑːnˈɡruːəti/ n. incongruity, inappropriate
antonym congruity n. coordination; consistency
inequity /ɪnˈekwəti/ n. unfair
collocation gender inequity gender inequality
interception /ˌɪntərˈsepʃn/ n. interception; truncation
Use direct interception to intercept directly
illegal interception illegal interception
intersect /ˌɪntərˈsekt/ v. across; cross
same root intersected a. divided
juncture /ˈdʒʌŋktʃər/ n. joint; connection
Memory junct (connection) ure (noun) → connection
maelstrom /ˈmeɪlstrɑːm/ n. Chaos; maelstrom
Synonyms chaos n. chaos
menace /ˈmenəs/ n. Threat
Paired with security menace security threats
ostracism /ˈɑːstrəsɪzəm/ n. Exile, exclusion
Same root ostracize vt. exclude; banish
polarize /ˈpoʊləraɪz/ vt. polarize
polarization n. polarization
repulse /rɪˈpʌls/ vt. repel; reject
Same root repulsion n. Repulsion; disgust
repulsive a. repulsive
scandal /ˈskændl/ n. Scandal; slander
with bribery scandal bribery scandal
shattered /ˈʃætərd/ a. broken
The same root shatter v. shatter; shatter
social instability social unrest
stigma /ˈstɪɡmə/ n. Stigma; shame
memory stig (thorn) ma→the thorn left on the reputation→shame
tangle /ˈtæŋɡl/ n. state of confusion
collocation tangle with quarrel with; argue with
trap /træp/ n. trap, trick vt. to put... into trouble
Same root trapper n. trapper
tumult /ˈtuːmʌlt/ n. noisy; crowded
Same root tumultuous a. turbulent; noisy
turmoil /ˈtɜːrmɔɪl/ n. turmoil, chaos
Paired with social turmoil social unrest
ultimatum /ˌʌltɪˈmeɪtəm/ n. ultimatum
memory ultimat (e) (final) um→ultimatum
Sentence 46
A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Factories for power-spinning cotton cloth emerged.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is A rotary engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven. In the sentence attached to the steam engine is a past participle phrase used as a postpositional attributive modification of a rotary engine. The second half of the sentence, "resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton", is a present participle phrase used as a result adverbial at the end of the sentence, which also contains a present participle phrase "using steam power to spin and weave cotton" used as a postpositional attributive to modify mills.
core vocabulary
rotary /ˈroʊtəri/ a. rotating; turning
Memory rot (turn) + ary (…) → rotated
Same root rotate v. to rotate; to turn
rotation n.
attach /əˈtætʃ/ vt. connect; attach to; make attached
Memory at (strengthen) tach (nail) → nail firmly → connect
Synonyms connect v. connect
affix vt. attach to
same root attachment n. attachment
steam /stiːm/ n. (steam) vi. to emit steam
With steam engine steam engine
Synonyms vapor n. steam
shaft /ʃæft/ n. shaft, rod
Synonyms axis n. axis
spin /spɪn/ v. spinning; rotating
Synonyms twirl v. rotate
weave /wiːv/ v. to weave; to travel in a roundabout way
Synonyms knit v. knitting
same root weaver n. weaver; weaver
Topic Summary: Instruments and Tools
apparatus /ˌæpəˈrætəs/ n. instrument; equipment
Synonyms equipment n. equipment
awl /ɔːl/ n. (drilling leather) sharp drill
ax /æks/ n. ax
cleaver /ˈkliːvər/ n. cleaver
drill /drɪl/ n. drill bit v. (drill) drill
Drilling with drill holes
file /faɪl/ n. file
filter /ˈfɪltər/ n. filter
Synonyms strainer n. filter
fuse /fjuːz/ n. fuse v. melt
Same root fusion n. melt
hammer /ˈhæmər/ n. hammer
Synonyms: mallet n. bludgeon
jack /dʒæk/ n. jack
ladder /ˈlædər/ n. ladder
muffler /ˈmʌflər/ n. silencer
Same root muffle vt. lower the voice
nail /neɪl/ n. nail v. nail
Use nail down to nail down
nut /nʌt/ n. nut
pliers /ˈplaɪərz/ n. pliers
punch /pʌntʃ/ n. drilling machine
Same root punchy a. powerful
saw /sɔː/ n. saw v. saw
Paired with saw off
scaffold /ˈskæfoʊld/ n. Scaffolding (the frame used when building a house)
scoop /skuːp/ n. small shovel
screw /skruː/ n. screw (nail) vt. (tighten with screws)
With screw into
screwdriver /ˈskruːdraɪvər/ n. screwdriver
tweezers /ˈtwiːzərz/ n. Tweezers
wrench /rentʃ/ n. Wrench
Topic summary: words related to "industrial production"
assembly line assembly line
blowdown /ˈbləʊˌdaʊn/ n. sewage discharge
Paired with blowdown valve
composite /kəmˈpɑːzət/ n. mixture a. composite
With composite material synthetic material
current production flow operation, flow production
demanding /dɪˈmændɪŋ/ a. demanding; strenuous
with a demanding task a strenuous task
distend /dɪˈstend/ v. (to make) expand; expand
Memory dis (disperse) + tend (stretch) → disperse and stretch → expand
foam /foʊm/ n. foam
With foamed rubber foam rubber
generate /ˈdʒenəreɪt/ vt. generate, produce
same root generator n. generator
hoist /hɔɪst/ n. Crane; rise vt. To raise
With hoist rope lifting wire rope
intertwine /ˌɪntərˈtwaɪn/ v. entangle
Memory inter (mutual) + twine (weaving) → weaving together → entangled
invert /ɪnˈvɜːrt/ vt. to reverse
Memory in (reverse) vert (turn) → reverse → reverse
malleable /ˈmæliəbl/ a. Plastic; malleable
With malleable steel malleable steel
manufacturing /ˌmænjuˈfæktʃərɪŋ/ n. Manufacturing, industry
Same root manufacture v. production; manufacturing
meshed /meʃt/ a. meshed, meshed
same root mesh n. mesh
mold /moʊld/ n. mold
process /ˈprɑːses/ n./v. processing
Match process flow process flow
revolve /rɪˈvɑːlv/ v. (to make) rotate, revolve
With revolve around
rotate /ˈroʊteɪt/ v. (make) rotate; (make) take turns
same root rotation n. rotation
rust /rʌst/ n. rust v. (make) rust
Paired with rust removal
scrap /skræp/ n. Scrap, fragments
With scrap iron iron filings
sectional /ˈsekʃənl/ a. Partial; partial
With sectional view
workshop /ˈwɜːrkʃɑːp/ n. workshop, workshop
Paired with workshop director workshop director
wrought /rɔːt/ a. made; forged
Paired with wrought iron
Sentence 47
Self-awareness, even in its earliest stages, might entail an awareness of others, the ability to see their perspective and to look at the world from another's point of view. Human perception is the ability to understand other people's perspectives and to see the world from other people's perspectives.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is that self-awareness might entail an awareness of others. The noun phrase “the ability to see ... point of view” is used as an appositive to explain the preceding awareness of others; where and connects the parallel infinitives to see their perspective and to look at the world from another’s point of view.
core vocabulary
self-awareness /ˌself əˈwernəs/ n. self-awareness
Pair with develop self-awareness to develop self-awareness
stage /steɪdʒ/ n. stage; stage
Synonyms period n. stage
entail /ɪnˈteɪl/ vt. involve; make (something) necessary
Synonyms involve vt. involve
awareness /əˈwernəs/ n. awareness, awareness
Paired with public awareness public awareness
Same root aware a. aware of; aware of
Theme summary: words related to "social"
adjust oneself adjust oneself, learn to adapt to the environment
appealing /əˈpiːlɪŋ/ a. attractive
Paired with appealing look
attractive personality attractive personality
be adept in…
communication /kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃn/ n.
Paired with daily communication
convincing /kənˈvɪnsɪŋ/ a. convincing
same root convince vt. convince
cooperative /koʊˈɑːpərətɪv/ a. cooperative
antonym: incooperative a. unwilling to cooperate
eloquent /ˈeləkwənt/ a. Eloquent
Paired with eloquent speech
generous /ˈdʒenərəs/ a. Generous
Same root generosity n. generosity
greeting /ˈɡriːtɪŋ/ n. greeting
Use exchange greetings to greet each other
humorous /ˈhjuːmərəs/ a. humorous
Match humorous language with humorous words
informal /ɪnˈfɔːrml/ a. informal
Match informal occasion informal occasion
intelligent /ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt/ a. intelligent
Same root intelligence n. intelligence
interpersonal relationship interpersonal relationship
keep a promise keep a promise
moderate /ˈmɑːdərət/ a. Moderate
Paired with moderate character and gentle temperament
naïve /naɪˈiːv/ a. Naive; simple
with a naive argument naive argument
networking skill interpersonal skills, social skills
oral /ˈɔːrəl/ a. oral
collocation oral communication oral communication
punctual /ˈpʌŋktʃuəl/ a. punctual
same root punctuality n. punctuality
relationship networkrelationship network
reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ a. reliable
Synonyms trustworthy a. reliable
sociable /ˈsoʊʃəbl/ a. social
Paired with sociable personality
timidity /tɪˈmɪdəti/ n. timidity
Same root timid a. timid
tolerant /ˈtɑːlərənt/ a. tolerant
Same root tolerance n. patience
Theme summary: words related to "self-awareness and self-understanding"
altruistic /ˌæltruˈɪstɪk/ a. altruistic, selfless
Same root altruism n. altruism
cognitive /ˈkɑːɡnətɪv/ a. cognitive; perceptual
Paired with cognitive dissonance cognitive dissonance
confusion /kənˈfjuːʒn/ n. confusion; confusion
same root confuse vt. to confuse
consciousness /ˈkɑːnʃəsnəs/ n. consciousness; consciousness
Same root self-consciousness n. consciousness, self
differentiation /ˌdɪfəˌrenʃiˈeɪʃn/ n. difference; identification
same root differentiate v. difference
egoism /ˈeɡoʊɪzəm/ n. egoism
Memory ego(self)+ism→egoism
emotional state emotional state
empathy /ˈempəθi/ n. Sympathy; resonance
Paired with emotional empathy
identification /aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. identification, identification; identification
same root identify vt. identify; identify
interaction /ˌɪntərˈækʃn/ n. interaction, mutual influence
same root interact vi. interact
internal /ɪnˈtɜːrnl/ a. internal; inner
Paired with internal value internal value
introspection /ˌɪntrəˈspekʃn/ n. introspection; introspection
Same root introspective a. Good introspection
inward /ˈɪnwərd/ a. Spiritual, inner; inward
antonym outward a. outward
metacognition /ˌmɛtəkɒɡˈnɪʃən/ n. Metacognition
personality /ˌpɜːrsəˈnæləti/ n. Personality; character
With multiple personality multiple personality
psychology /saɪˈkɑːlədʒi/ n. Psychology
Paired with positive psychology positive psychology
recognition /ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃn/ n.identification; recognition
Paired with social recognition social recognition
self /self/ n. Habitual mentality; personality; self
Match the inner self’s inner thoughts and feelings
self-aware /ˌself əˈwer/ a. self-aware
Sentence 48
Various committees acted as an executive branch, implementing policies of the assembly and supervising, for instance, the food and water supplies and public buildings. Supervision and management.
Grammar notes: The stem of this sentence is Various committees acted as an executive branch. The following implementing policies of the assembly and supervising the food and water supplies and public buildings are two parallel present participle phrases connected by and. They serve as accompanying adverbials in the sentence, indicating that the predicate and the predicate acted as an executive branch occur at the same time.
core vocabulary
various /ˈveriəs/ a. various
Memory vari (change) + ous (...) → always changing → various
Same root variety n. Type; change
variation n. change; mutation
committee /kəˈmɪti/ n. committee
Paired with advisory committee advisory committee
Synonyms: council n. committee
executive /ɪɡˈzekjətɪv/ a. executive, implementation
n. general manager
with chief executive officer chief executive officer
Same root execute vt. execute; execute
branch /bræntʃ/ n. branch; branch; branch
Match branch company branch
implement /ˈɪmplɪment/ vt. To take effect, execute, implement
Memory im(make...)+ple(fill)+ment→fill→execute
same root implementation n. execution
assembly /əˈsembli/ n. legislative body, parliament; assembly
same root assemble v. collection
supervise /ˈsuːpərvaɪz/ v. supervise, manage
Memory super (top) + vis (look) + e → look at the top → supervise
Synonyms: oversee vt. supervise
Same root supervision n. Supervision
supervisor n. supervisor
Topic summary: words related to "government agencies"
cabinet /ˈkæbɪnət/ n. cabinet
Match cabinet office cabinet office
chairman /ˈtʃermən/ n. chairman; president
Match former chairman former chairman
vice chairmanvice chairman
chamber /ˈtʃeɪmbər/ n. chamber
Paired with Chamber of Commerce
council chamber
chancellor /ˈtʃænsələr/ n. Minister; chief judge
with lord chancellor
Chief Justice Chief Justice
congress /ˈkɑːŋɡrəs/ n. Congress; Congress
Use hold a congress to hold a representative meeting
congressman /ˈkɑːŋɡrəsmən/ n. Member of Parliament
Memory congress (Congress) man (person) → member of Congress
council /ˈkaʊnsl/ n. committee
with city council
court /kɔːrt/ n. court; court
with district court district court
federal /ˈfedərəl/ a. federal
Paired with Federal Reserve
House of Commons/the Lower Chamber (the House of Commons of the British Parliament)
House of Lords/the Upper House (The Upper House of the British Parliament)
legislative committee legislative committee
magistrate /ˈmædʒɪstreɪt/ n. Magistrate, Sheriff
Same root magisterial a. local administrator's
ministry /ˈmɪnɪstri/ n. government department
Pairs with the Ministry of Defense
National Committee National Committee
parliament /ˈpɑːrləmənt/ n. Parliament; Congress
Match British parliament British Parliament
premier /prɪˈmɪr/ n. Prime Minister; Prime Minister
Paired with Vice Premier
president /ˈprezɪdənt/ n. President
Use run for president to run for president
Privy Council of Britain
queen /kwiːn/ n. Queen, Queen
Pair with Queen of England
representative /ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv/ n. Representative
Matches House of Representatives House of Representatives
senate /ˈsenət/ n. Senate
Same root senator n. Senator
Sheriff /ˈʃerɪf/ n. Sheriff; Sheriff
with Sheriff Court County Court
spokesman /ˈspoʊksmən/ n. spokesperson
Memory spoke (past tense of speak "said") s man (person) → spokesperson
Standing Committee Standing Committee
state /steɪt/ n. country; state a. national; state
With U.S. State Department
Supreme Court Supreme Court
Legislative Council Standing Committee; Legislative Council
Theme summary: words related to "urban planning"
civil /ˈsɪvl/ a. citizen, citizen
with civil engineeringcivil engineering
conduit /ˈkɑːnduɪt/ n. (liquid, gas or wire) pipe
construct /kənˈstrʌkt/ vt. construct
same root reconstruct vt. reconstruct
coordination /koʊˌɔːrdɪˈneɪʃn/ n.
same root coordinate v. coordination
design /dɪˈzaɪn/ vt. design n. design
Pair with interior design interior design
development projectdevelopment project
drainage /ˈdreɪnɪdʒ/ n. Drainage device
Synonyms sewerage n. drainage facilities
electrical /ɪˈlektrɪkl/ a. electrical, related to electricity
Same root electricity n. electricity
garbage collectiongarbage collection
highway engineeringroad engineering
infrastructure /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃər/ n. infrastructure
With infrastructure network infrastructure network
leisure facilityleisure facilities
maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/ vt. repair; maintain
same root maintainer n. maintenance worker
municipal /mjuːˈnɪsɪpl/ a. Municipal (government); internal affairs
Match municipal engineering municipal engineering
optimize /ˈɑːptɪmaɪz/ vt. optimize; make full use of
Use optimize structure to optimize structure
public housingpublic housing
sewer /ˈsuːər/ n. sewage pipe; sewer
With sewer system sewage pipe system
sidewalk /ˈsaɪdwɔːk/ n. sidewalk
Synonyms pavement n. sidewalk
undertake /ˌʌndərˈteɪk/ vt. undertake; carry out; engage in
Same root undertaking n. career; task
urban engineeringurban engineering
waste managementwaste treatment
waste water treatment
Sentence 49
A mountain range may emerge and gradually split a population of organisms that can inhabit only lowland lakes; certain fish populations might become isolated in this way. Schools of fish may become isolated in this way.
Grammar Notes: This sentence is two parallel clauses connected by a semicolon. The backbone of the first clause is A mountain range may emerge and split a population, and the attributive clause that can inhabit only lowland lakes modifies organisms; the backbone of the second clause is Populations might become isolated.
core vocabulary
range /reɪndʒ/ n. range; mountains
Memory itself is the root word meaning "arrangement, order"
Collocation range from extension; (within a certain range) change
Synonyms scope n. scope
Same root ranger n. ranger
emerge /iˈmɜːrdʒ/ vi. to reveal; to appear (from hiding), to come out
memory e (out) merg (immersion) e→come out of immersion→reveal
Same root emergence n. appear; appear
emergency n. emergency, emergency
split /splɪt/ v. separate, split n. split
Memory "Crack it dead" → split → separate
inhabit /ɪnˈhæbɪt/ vt. Live in, (animal) dwell in
Memory in (make...) habit (have) → make someone → live in
same root inhabitant n. resident; dwelling animal
inhabited a. inhabited
uninhabited a. uninhabited
inhabitable a. suitable for habitation
uninhabitable a. Unfit for habitation
lowland /ˈloʊlənd/ n. lowland
Memory low (low) land (ground) → lowland
Pair with lowland lake lowland lake
antonym highland n. highland
isolate /ˈaɪsəleɪt/ v. (to make) isolate, (to make) isolated
Memory isol (=insul, island) ate (make...) → make an island → isolate, isolate
Collocation isolate from with isolate
Same root isolated a. Isolated, isolated
Theme summary: Common fish
carp /kɑːrp/ n. carp
trout /traʊt/ n. trout
salmon /ˈsæmən/ n. salmon, salmon
tuna /ˈtuːnə/ n. tuna
sardine /ˌsɑːrˈdiːn/ n. sardine
squid /skwɪd/ n. squid
sailfish /ˈseɪlˌfɪʃ/ n. swordfish
mackerel /ˈmækrəl/ n. Mackerel
billfish /ˈbɪlˌfɪʃ/ n. billfish
marlin /ˈmɑːrlɪn/ n. marlin
swordfish /ˈsɔːrdfɪʃ/ n. swordfish
octopus /ˈɑːktəpʊs/ n. octopus
Topic summary: words related to "biological population isolation"
allopatric /ˌæloʊˈpætrɪk/ a. (biology) distributed in different adjacent areas
barrier /ˈbæriər/ n. Barrier; obstacle
Paired with geographic barrier geographic barrier
canyon /ˈkænjən/ n. Canyon
Reference gorge n. canyon
gully n. valley
ravine n. canyon, valley
valley n.valley
colonize /ˈkɑːlənaɪz/ vt. immigrate to, grow in large numbers in
memory from colony (n. colony; group)
contact /ˈkɑːntækt/ n./v. contact
Memory con (reinforcement) + tact (contact) → contact
coyote /kaɪˈoʊti/ n. Coyote
descendant /dɪˈsendənt/ n. descendant, descendant
Same root descend vi. ancestral; origin (from)
dispersion /dɪˈspɜːrʒn/ n. disperse; spread
Same root disperse v. disperse, spread out
diverge /daɪˈvɜːrdʒ/ vi. (roads, lines, etc.) bifurcation
same root divergence n. divergence; divergence
emigrate /ˈemɪɡreɪt/ vi. emigrate to a foreign country
memory e (out) migr (move) ate→move outward→immigrate to a foreign country
evolve /iˈvɑːlv/ v. develop; (make) evolve
same root evolution n. evolution
evolutionary a. evolutionary
exchange /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/ v./n. exchange
Memory ex (outward) change (replacement) → both parties exchange each other → exchange
gene flow gene flow
gene pool gene pool
glacier /ˈɡleɪʃər/ n. glacier, glacier
memory glaci (ice) er→glacier, glacier
hinder /ˈhɪndər/ vt. hinder, hinder
Memory hind (behind) er→fall behind, hold back the team→obstacle, hinder
interbreed /ˌɪntərˈbriːd/ v. (to make) crossbreeding
isthmus /ˈɪsməs/ n. isthmus
memory isthm (narrow road) us→ narrow place
land bridge land bridge (a narrow strip of land connecting two continents in prehistory)
mainland /ˈmeɪnlænd/ n. mainland
marine /məˈriːn/ a. Marine, sea (ocean)
memory mar (sea) ine→marine
mate /meɪt/ n. spouse v. mate
Same root mating n. Mating, mating of birds and animals, etc.
neighboring /ˈneɪbərɪŋ/ a. neighboring
Synonyms: contiguous a. bordering, adjoining
recolonize /riːˈkɒləˌnaɪz/ vt. (animals and plants) re-transplant in
route /ruːt/ n. route
Pair with an air route
separation /ˌsepəˈreɪʃn/ n. separation
same root divorce n. separation
speciation /ˌspiːʃiˈeɪʃən/ n. Speciation
species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ n. species, species
memory speci (kind) es→species
stray /streɪ/ vi. Lost; digression n. Stray person
Memory: Stay here, otherwise it will be easy to get lost.
subpopulation /ˌsʌbˌpɑpjuˈleɪʃən/ n. Subgroup population (divided from other populations or forming the total population)
undergo /ˌʌndərˈɡoʊ/ vt. experience; suffer
Sentence 50
Think of it this way, humans originally needed to have a stronger sensitivity to bitter-tasting foods so they could learn what plants were good for them and which ones might be poisonous. , so they can know which plants are good for them and which plants may be poisonous.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Humans needed to have a sensitivity. Sensitivity is a fixed collocation with the following preposition to; so is used as a conjunction to guide the adverbial clause of purpose. What plants were good for them and which ones might be poisonous are juxtaposed by and, and together they are the object of the verb learn.
core vocabulary
originally /əˈrɪdʒənəli/ ad. At first; originally
Synonyms primally ad. initially
Same root original a. Original; original
sensitivity /ˌsensəˈtɪvəti/ n. Sensitive
memory sens (feeling) itivity→sensitive
same root sensitive a. sensitive
sensible a. Feeling; wise
bitter /ˈbɪtər/ a. bitter
Pair with bitter taste
Same root bitterness n. Bitter taste; suffering
poisonous /ˈpɔɪzənəs/ a. poisonous; vicious
Memory poison (poison) ous (…) → poisonous
Synonyms noxious a. poisonous
Poison n. Poison
poisoning n.
Theme summary: words related to "taste"
bland diet bland diet
greasy /ˈɡriːzi/ a. greasy, fatty
insipid food bland food
pungent /ˈpʌndʒənt/ a. spicy; pungent
Pair with pungent taste
salty /ˈsɔːlti/ a. Salty, salty
Paired with salty water
sour /ˈsaʊər/ a. sour, sour
Pair it with sour flavor
spicy food spicy food
strong taste strong taste
sweet /swiːt/ a. sweet, sugary
Pair with sweet wine
tender /ˈtendər/ a. tender; soft
Tenderness n. Softness
Topic summary: words related to "food safety"
additive /ˈædətɪv/ n. additive
With free from additive No additives
adulterate /əˈdʌltəreɪt/ vt. to incorporate impurities into...
Pair with adulterate wine with water Add water to the wine
benchmark dose benchmark dose
cancer-causing chemical cancer-causing chemical
concoction /kənˈkɑːkʃn/ n. Concoction, concoction
decay /dɪˈkeɪ/ n./v. decay
Paired with tooth decay
exceed the standard
food hygiene food hygiene
food labeling food labeling
food safety food safety
fungicide /ˈfʌndʒɪsaɪd/ n. fungicide
With fungicide residues Fungicide residues
hazardous /ˈhæzərdəs/ a. risky; hazardous
Same root hazard n. Hazard; danger vt. Risk
illegal food additive illegal food additive
manufacturing date production date
moldy /ˈmoʊldi/ a. moldy
Same root mold n. mold v. mildew; shaping
organic /ɔːrˈɡænɪk/ a. organic
with organic molecule organic molecule
organic food organic food
out of date expired
pasteurize /ˈpæstʃəraɪz/ vt. Pasteurize (milk, etc.)
Pasteurization n. Pasteurization
perishable /ˈperɪʃəbl/ a. perishable, perishable
same root perishables n. perishable food
pesticide residues pesticide residues
potable /ˈpoʊtəbl/ a. suitable for drinking
Pair with potable water
preservative /prɪˈzɜːrvətɪv/ a. Can be preserved
Paired with preservative film
quality /ˈkwɑːləti/ n. quality; quality
Paired with quality assurance quality assurance
quality control quality control
seamy /ˈsiːmi/ a. dirty
Synonyms sordid a. dirty
sell-by date shelf life
squalid /ˈskwɑːlɪd/ a. Dirty
Synonyms filthy a. Dirty; filthy
squalor /ˈskwɑːlər/ n. dirty
with live in squalor live in squalor
stale /steɪl/ a. stale
Same root staleness n. No freshness; tasteless
storage of food food storage
untried /ˌʌnˈtraɪd/ a. untested
Reference undetected a. Not detected
Sentence 51
Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from the prairie. Farms were established along the boundary between forest and grassland.
Grammar notes: The stem of this sentence is The settlers erected farms. Because at the beginning of the sentence introduces the adverbial clause of reason. The present participle phrase separating the forest from the prairie is used as a postpositional attributive to modify the boundary.
core vocabulary
plow /plaʊ/ n. plow v. plowing, tilling
Memory Cow (cow) plowing the field (plow)
Synonyms till vt. tillage
penetrate /ˈpenətreɪt/ v. pass through; enter; penetrate; penetrate; penetrate
Memory pen (all) + etr (as enter, enter) + ate → all enter → pierce
same root penetration n. penetration
penetrating a. Harsh; sharp
densely /ˈdensli/ ad. densely
Synonyms thickly ad. Thickly; thickly
Same root dense a. Dense
density n. density
tangled /ˈtæŋɡld/ a. Tangled; confused
Synonyms twist v./n. winding, twisting
tangle v. (to make) tangle
n. A tangled mass; chaos; dispute
prairie /ˈpreri/ n. (North American) prairie
Memory pr air (air) ie→The air is good on the prairie→Prairie
erect /ɪˈrekt/ vt. Establish; build; erect
a. Vertical; upright
Same root erection n. Build; erect
boundary /ˈbaʊndri/ n. dividing line; boundary
Memory bound (bound) ary (surface place) → place to be bound → dividing line; boundary
Synonyms border n. border
Theme summary: words related to "farm"
agrarian /əˈɡreriən/ a. land; agriculture
Paired with agrarian revolution agricultural revolution
arable /ˈærəbl/ n. Arable land a. Suitable for farming
with arable land arable land
manure /məˈnʊr/ n. fertilizer vt. fertilize; cultivate
Paired with manure spreader
granary /ˈɡrænəri/ n. granary
Same root grain n. Cereal
hectare /ˈhekter/ n. hectare
Memory hect (hundred) are (acres) → hectares
husbandry /ˈhʌzbəndri/ n. Agriculture and animal husbandry
With crop husbandry crop cultivation
plantation /plænˈteɪʃn/ n. planting
same root plant v. plant n. plant
prolific /prəˈlɪfɪk/ a. prolific
with the same root prolifically ad. prolifically; abundantly
ranch /ræntʃ/ n. farm; large pasture
Same root rancher n. Large rancher
ridge /rɪdʒ/ n. ridge
ridger n. ridge plow
seedbed /ˈsiːdbed/ n. seedbed, nursery
Memory seed bed → seedbed
Theme summary: words that mean "farm tools"
billhook /ˈbɪlhʊk/ n. hook sickle
Synonyms brushhook n. hook sickle
flail /fleɪl/ n. flail
v. To hit with a flail; to swing vigorously; to hit continuously
furrow /ˈfɜːroʊ/ n. furrow vt. plow
with furrowed fields plowed fields
hayfork /'heɪfɔːk/ n. Pitchfork
Synonyms pitchfork n. Pitchfork
hoe /hoʊ/ n. hoe
Paired with weeding hoe
plough /plaʊ/ n. plow v. plow the ground
rake /reɪk/ n. rake v. rake
Synonyms: harrow vt./n. rake
scythe /saɪð/ n. scythe
shovel /ˈʃʌvl/ n. shovel vt. shovel
Same root shovelful n. The amount of a shovel
sickle /ˈsɪkl/ n. sickle
spade /speɪd/ n. shovel, shovel v. shovel
With call a spade a spade, you can say whatever you want; speak bluntly.
weeding hook weeding hoe
Theme summary: words related to "forest grassland"
autotroph /ˈɔːtətroʊf/ n. Autotroph
fauna /ˈfɔːnə/ n. fauna
Memory comes from Fannus (Pannas, the animal god in Roman mythology)
fern /fɜːrn/ n. fern
same root ferny a. fern
flora /ˈflɔːrə/ n. flora
same root floral a. flora; flower
lawn /lɔːn/ n. lawn
Pair with mow the lawn
liana /lɪ'ɑːnə/ n. vine
lichen /ˈlaɪkən/ n. Lichen; moss
Synonyms moss n. moss
meadow /ˈmedoʊ/ n. grassland; pasture
Synonyms pasture n. Pasture
rain forest rain forest
recycling /ˌriːˈsaɪklɪŋ/ n. recycling
Same root recycle v./n. Recycle; recycle
symbiosis /ˌsɪmbaɪˈoʊsɪs/ n. symbiosis (phenomenon)
Same root symbiotic a. Symbiotic
symbiotically ad. symbiotically
tree bark bark
tuft /tʌft/ n. (grass, trees, etc.) clusters, clusters
Same root tufted a. clustered, clustered
Sentence 52
If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky. change their direction relative to the sun at a speed that is exactly the speed at which the sun travels across the sky.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is The birds would shift direction. The beginning of the sentence is a conditional adverbial clause introduced by if, and the noun phrase the Sun’s rate of movement across the sky at the end of the sentence is an appositive, explaining the previous 15 degrees per hour.
core vocabulary
artificial /ˌɑːrtɪˈfɪʃl/ a. artificial, artificial
Memory arti (technique) fic (do) ial (of...) → made by skill → artificial
Paired with artificial intelligence artificial intelligence
Synonyms synthetic a. artificial
stationary /ˈsteɪʃəneri/ a. stationary; fixed
Memory station (location) ary (…) → always in the same position → stationary
Synonyms: immobile a. stationary
shift /ʃɪft/ v./n. transfer; change
Memory The switch key on the computer keyboard is the shift key.
Synonyms transfer v. transfer
Same root shifting a. moving n. shifting
respect /rɪˈspekt/ n. aspect, respect
vt. respect, value
memory re (again, again) spect (look) → pay attention again and again → respect
collocation with respect to about, in terms of...
same root respectable a. worthy of respect
degree /dɪˈɡriː/ n. degree; degree; grade
collocation to some degree to a certain extent
same root grade n. level
movement /ˈmuːvmənt/ n. Movement; progress
Memory move (movement) ment (noun) → movement; progress
With horizontal movement horizontal movement
Topic summary: words related to "aerospace"
astronaut /ˈæstrənɔːt/ n. astronaut; astronaut
Synonyms spaceman n. astronaut
astronomical /ˌæstrəˈnɑːmɪkl/ a. astronomical
Pair with astronomical observation astronomical observation
aviation /ˌeɪviˈeɪʃn/ n. Aviation; aircraft manufacturing industry
Match aviation industryaviation industry
embark /ɪmˈbɑːrk/ v. get on a ship (or plane, etc.)
with embark on; embark on a ship
enroute /ɒnˈruːt/ ad. On the road; on the way
microwave /ˈmaɪkrəweɪv/ n. microwave
With microwave communication microwave communication
navigation /ˌnævɪˈɡeɪʃn/ n. Navigation; sailing
With navigation equipment navigation equipment
navigation monitor navigation monitor
observatory /əbˈzɜːrvətɔːri/ n. Observatory, observatory
memory observ (e) (observation) atory (surface place, location) → observatory
propeller /prəˈpelər/ n. (ship or aircraft) propeller, propeller
Same root propel v. push
satellite communication satellite communication
shuttle /ˈʃʌtl/ vi. Shuttle back and forth
Paired with space shuttle
spaceship /ˈspeɪsʃɪp/ n. spaceship, spaceship
Synonyms spacecraft n. spacecraft
telescope /ˈtelɪskoʊp/ n. telescope
Paired with optical telescope
veer /vɪr/ vi. change direction or route
Topic summary: words related to "traffic conditions"
block up congestion
congestion /kənˈdʒestʃən/ n. Crowding, congestion
with traffic congestion traffic congestion
detour /ˈdiːtʊr/ n. detour, shortcut v. circuitous, detour
Paired with take a detour: detour, roundabout
devious /ˈdiːviəs/ a. curved
same root deviousness n. twists and turns
GPS (Global Positioning System)/ˌdʒiː piːˈes/ abbr. Global Positioning System
With GPS navigation GPS navigation
jostle /ˈdʒɑːsl/ v. push; squeeze open the passage
with jostle for sth. to fight for; to fight for
muddy /ˈmʌdi/ a. muddy; chaotic
Match muddy street muddy street
narrow /ˈnæroʊ/ a. narrow
with a narrow path narrow road
orderly /ˈɔːrdərli/ a. orderly; neat
antonym disorderly a. disorderly
overcrowd /ˌəʊvəˈkraʊd/ vt. to overcrowd
same root overcrowded a. crowded
overspeed /ˈoʊvərspid/ n. overspeed
With overspeed preventer speed limiter
roundabout way roundabout route
rush hour rush hour
slippery /ˈslɪpəri/ a. slippery
Same root slip vi. slip and fall
slope /sloʊp/ n. slope
Paired with gentle slope
smoothly /ˈsmuːðli/ ad. smoothly; smoothly
Same root smooth a. smooth
traffic control traffic control
traffic jam traffic jam
Sentence 53
The Industrial Revolution had several roots, one of which was a commercial revolution that, beginning as far back as the sixteenth century, accompanied Europe's expansion overseas. Dating back to the 16th century, it accompanied European expansion overseas.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is The Industrial Revolution had roots. The non-restrictive attributive clause introduced by which modifies roots, and an attributive clause introduced by that is embedded in it to modify commercial revolution. The present participle phrase beginning as far back as the sixteenth century serves as the accompanying adverbial in the attributive clause introduced by that.
core vocabulary
industrial /ɪnˈdʌstriəl/ a. industrial, industrial
Match industrial structure industrial structure
Same root industrialize v. (to industrialize a country or region)
industrialization n. industrialization
revolution /ˌrevəˈluːʃn/ n. Revolution, revolutionary activity
Memory re+volut (roll; volume) +ion→revolution that continues to sweep forward
same root revolutionary a. revolutionary
revolutionize vt. make a complete change
accompany /əˈkʌmpəni/ vt. accompany, accompany
Memory ac (means strengthening) company (companion; companionship) → companionship
With the same root accompanying a. Accompanying, accompanying
accompaniment n. accompaniment
expansion /ɪkˈspænʃn/ n. expansion, expansion
Memory comes from expand (v. expansion; expansion)
Colonial expansion
expansion of trade trade expansion
The same root expansive a. vast; extensive
overseas /ˌoʊvərˈsiːz/ a. foreign, overseas
ad. overseas
Synonyms abroad ad. Overseas
Theme summary: words related to "Industrial Revolution"
agricultural reformagricultural reform
barrier /ˈbæriər/ n. barrier; fence
With trade barrier trade barrier
charcoal /ˈtʃɑːrkoʊl/ n. charcoal
Memory char (burnt) coal (coal) → like burnt coal → charcoal
coal mine coal mine
cotton production cotton production
democratization /dɪˌmɑːkrətəˈzeɪʃn/ n. democratization
Synonyms democracy n. democracy
division of labor division of labor
efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃnsi/ n. efficiency, efficacy
Paired with production efficiency production efficiency
at capacity with the highest production volume
facilitate /fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/ vt. push, promote
same root facilitation n. promotion
free tradefree trade
international economyinternational economy
iron outputiron output
liberal trade policyfree trade policy
machinery /məˈʃiːnəri/ n. (general term) machine, machinery
Same root machine n. machine, machinery
market orientationmarket orientation
mechanical /məˈkænɪkl/ a. mechanical
With mechanical energy mechanical energy
mechanization /ˌmekənəˈzeɪʃn/ n. Mechanization
Same root mechanize vt. Mechanization
mercantile /ˈmɜːrkəntaɪl/ a. Commercial; mercantile
Synonyms commercial a. commercial
merchant marine merchant ship
population densitypopulation density
primary sourceprimary source
progressive /prəˈɡresɪv/ a. Progressive; gradual
With progressive force progressive force
protectionist /prəˈtekʃənɪst/ a. Trade protection
Paired with protectionist movement trade protection movement
railway constructionrailway construction
raw materialraw material
reinvest /ˌriːɪnˈvest/ v. reinvest
same root invest v. investment
shipbuilding /ˈʃɪpbɪldɪŋ/ n. shipbuilding; shipbuilding
With shipbuilding industry
spin and weave cottontextile cotton
steamship /ˈstiːmʃɪp/ n. steamship; steamship
transformation /ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃn/ n. transformation; transformation
Same root transform vt. to change the shape
transit trade transit trade
transport /ˈtrænspɔːrt/ n. transport
/trænˈspɔːrt/ vt. transportation
Synonyms convey vt. transport
Theme summary: words related to "dictatorship and hegemony"
arrogate /ˈærəɡeɪt/ vt. Pretend; occupy
Memory ar (reinforcement) + rog (request) + ate → repeatedly ask for → occupy
autocracy /ɔːˈtɑːkrəsi/ n. dictatorship
Paired with feudal autocracy feudal autocracy
bloodshed /ˈblʌdʃed/ n. bloodshed, massacre
colonial /kəˈloʊniəl/ a. colonial
with colonial rule colonial rule
colony /ˈkɑːləni/ n. colony
Colonist n. Colonist
concentration of power concentration of power
counter-hegemony /ˈkaʊntərhɪˈdʒemoʊni/ n. counter-hegemony
despotism /ˈdespətɪzəm/ n. Despotism, tyranny
with bureaucratic despotism
dictator /ˈdɪkteɪtər/ n. dictator
Same root dictatorship n. Dictatorship
discord /ˈdɪskɔːrd/ n. discord; dispute
Memory dis (separate) cord (heart) → discord → disharmony
ethnic cleansing ethnic cleansing
fascism /ˈfæʃɪzəm/ n. fascism, extreme nationalism
genocide /ˈdʒenəsaɪd/ n. genocide
memory geno (race) cid (kill) e→genocide
hegemonism /hɪˈdʒɛməˌnɪzəm/ n. hegemonism
with regional hegemonism regional hegemonism
hegemony /hɪˈdʒemoʊni/ n. Hegemony, leadership
same root hegemonic a. hegemonic
imperialism /ɪmˈpɪriəlɪzəm/ n. imperialism
Same root imperial a. Imperial
oppress /əˈpres/ vt. Oppression, suppression
Same root oppression n. suppression
plunder /ˈplʌndər/ n./v. plunder
Paired with colonial plunder colonial plunder
predominate /prɪˈdɑːmɪneɪt/ vi. Dominate; take advantage
Same root predominant a. main
quell /kwel/ vt. stop, suppress, suppress
Use with quell violence to quell riots
reign /reɪn/ n. monarch’s rule; monarch’s reign period
vi. to rule
with reign over reign
riot police riot police
superpower /ˈsuːpərpaʊər/ n. super power, super power
supremacy /suːˈpreməsi/ n. Hegemony; highest status
The same root supreme a. supreme
tyranny /ˈtɪrəni/ n. Tyranny; tyranny
Same root tyrant n. tyrant
Sentence 54
The jaw joints of many advanced herbivores, such as cows, lie at a different level than the tooth row, allowing transverse tearing, shredding, and compression of plant material. The rows are located at different levels, which allows for transverse tearing, chopping and compression of the plant material.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is The jaw joints lie at a different level than the tooth row. "allowing ... plant material" is a non-predicate structure used as an accompanying adverbial, in which tearing, shredding and compression are the co-ordinate objects of allowing.
core vocabulary
jaw /dʒɔː/ n. jaw, jaw
Memory "Chew" → His jaw was dislocated and he couldn't chew → Jaw
joint /dʒɔɪnt/ n. joint, joint; joint
Memory join (combination, connection) t→joint
With elbow joint
advanced /ədˈvænst/ a. advanced; advanced
Memory join (combination, connection) t→joint
With advanced technology
Same root advance v. develop; move forward
herbivore /ˈhɜːrbɪvɔːr/ n. herbivore
Memory herbi (= herb grass) + vor (eat) + ous (...) → herbivorous
Reference scavenger n. scavenger
omnivore n. omnivore
transverse /ˈtrænzvɜːrs/ a. transverse
With transverse section cross section
shred /ʃred/ vt. chopped, torn n. fragments
Same root shredder n. Shredder
compression /kəmˈpreʃn/ n. compression, concentration
Same root compress v. compress
Topic summary: words related to "herbivores"
beaver /ˈbiːvər/ n. beaver
browse /braʊz/ vi. eat young leaves or grass
buffalo /ˈbʌfəloʊ/ n. Buffalo; (North American) bison
Paired with African buffalo African buffalo
consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ n. Consumption (amount); consumption
Same root consume vt. Devour; consume
flamingo /fləˈmɪŋɡoʊ/ n. flamingo
Memory flam (flame) + ing + o (noun) → flamingo
frugivore /ˈfruːdʒɪˌvɔː/ n. (especially primates) frugivore
giraffe /dʒəˈræf/ n. giraffe
gorilla /ɡəˈrɪlə/ n. gorilla
grasshopper /ˈɡræshɑːpər/ n. grasshopper
Memory grass (grass) hop (jump) per→insect jumping on the grass→grasshopper
graze /ɡreɪz/ v. (cows, sheep, etc.) eat grass
same root overgraze vt. overgrazing
koala /koʊˈɑːlə/ n. Koala, koala
Paired with koala bear
krill /krɪl/ n. krill
Memory: A whale can kill a lot of krill in one bite.
Topic summary: words related to "eating habits"
carnivore /ˈkɑːrnɪvɔːr/ n. carnivore
Same root carnivorous a. carnivorous
cooked food cooked food
cuisine /kwɪˈziːn/ n. cooking style; dishes
Pair with Italian cuisine Italian cuisine
dietary habit eating habits
eating disorder eating disorder
gourmet festival gourmet festival
have a sweet tooth love to eat sweets
healthful diet healthy diet
herbal cuisine herbal cuisine
junk food junk food
local delicacy snacks
lose weight lose weight
nourishing food nutritious food
nutritional value nutritional value
on diet diet
overeat /ˌoʊvərˈiːt/ vt. Eat too much, eat too much
Pair with overeat oneself overeat
overweight /ˌoʊvərˈweɪt/ a. overweight, too fat n. overweight
Memory over (over) weight (weight) → overweight
picky /ˈpɪki/ a. Picky
Paired with picky eater
protein /ˈproʊtiːn/ n. protein
Paired with protein synthesis protein synthesis
raw material raw material
retention of food retention of food
vegetarian /ˌvedʒəˈteriən/ n. vegetarian
Pair with strict vegetarian
well-rounded nutritious diet nutritious diet
Theme summary: words related to "taste"
bland diet bland diet
greasy /ˈɡriːsi/ a. greasy, fatty
Served with greasy French fries
insipid food bland food
pungent /ˈpʌndʒənt/ a. spicy; exciting
Pair with pungent taste
salty /ˈsɔːlti/ a. Salty, salty
Paired with salty water
sour /ˈsaʊər/ a. sour, sour
Pair it with sour flavor
spicy food spicy food
strong taste strong taste
sweet /swiːt/ a. sweet, sugary
Pair with sweet wine
tender /ˈtendər/ a. tender; soft
Tenderness n. Softness
Sentence 55
So musical instruments evolved in ways that optimize their acoustical properties—how the instrument vibrates and sends those vibrations through the air to our eardrums. The vibrations travel through the air to our eardrums.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is "Musical instruments evolved in ways that...". In the sentence, the attributive clause introduced by that modifies ways, and the appositive clause introduced by how explains the acoustic properties.
core vocabulary
musical /ˈmjuːzɪkl/ a. musical; pleasant
Synonyms tuneful a. melodious
Same root musicality n. sense of sound, musicality
musically ad. musically
instrument /ˈɪnstrəmənt/ n. musical instrument; instrument
The same root instrumental a. musical instrument
instrumentalist n. instrumentalist
evolve /iˈvɑːlv/ v. develop; (make) evolve; (make) gradually form
With evolve into evolve into
same root evolution n. evolution
evolutionary a. evolutionary
optimize /ˈɑːptɪmaɪz/ vt. optimize; make full use of
Memory optim (best) +ize (make...) → optimize
Same root optimization n. Optimization, optimization
acoustical /əˈkuːstɪkl/ a. Sound; auditory
Same root acoustics n. sound transmission effect; sound effect
property /ˈprɑːpərti/ n. properties, characteristics, performance
Memory prop (own) er ty (noun) → own things → property
Match chemical property chemical properties
Synonyms characteristic n. Characteristics; characteristics
vibrate /ˈvaɪbreɪt/ v. (to make) tremble, (to make) vibrate
Match vibr (sway) ate (make...) → (make) vibrate, (make) vibrate
vibration /vaɪˈbreɪʃn/ n. vibration, tremor
Paired with sympathetic vibration resonance
Synonyms libration n. vibration
eardrum /ˈɪrdrʌm/ n. eardrum; tympanic membrane
Memory ear (ear) drum (drum) → drumming makes the eardrum hurt → eardrum
With a perforated eardrum
Theme summary: common musical instruments
accordion /əˈkɔːrdiən/ n. accordion
bass /beɪs/ n. bass
Paired with bass drum
bassoon /bəˈsuːn/ n. bassoon
celesta /səˈlestə/ n. celesta
cello /ˈtʃeloʊ/ n. Cello
with a cello solo
Chinese lute pipa
clarinet /ˌklærəˈnet/ n. clarinet, recorder
Paired with sopranino clarinet soprano clarinet
clavichord /ˈklævɪkɔːrd/ n. clavichord
cornet /ˈkɔːrnɪt/ n. cornet
double bass double bass
electronic keyboard electronic keyboard
flute /fluːt/ n. flute
glockenspiel /ˈɡlɑːkənʃpiːl/ n. carillon
guitar /ɡɪˈtɑːr/ n. guitar
Paired with electric guitar electric guitar
harmonica /hɑːrˈmɑːnɪkə/ n. harmonica
Paired with echo harmonica
harmonium /hɑːrˈmoʊniəm/ n. Pedal organ
harp /hɑːrp/ n. harp vi. play the harp
mouth organ harmonica
oboe /ˈoʊboʊ/ n. oboe
organ /ˈɔːrɡən/ n. organ, pipe organ
Paired with organ pipe
panpipe /ˈpænˌpaɪp/ n. Xiao
piano /piˈænoʊ/ n. piano
Paired with electric piano electric piano
piccolo /ˈpɪkəloʊ/ n. piccolo
saxophone /ˈsæksəfoʊn/ n. saxophone
shawm /ʃɔːm/ n. Medieval oboe; reed flute
tambourine /ˌtæmbəˈriːn/ n. tambourine
timpani /ˈtɪmpəni/ n. Timpani
trombone /trɑːmˈboʊn/ n. trombone
trumpet /ˈtrʌmpɪt/ n. trumpet; trumpet
paired with a trumpet solo
tuba /ˈtuːbə/ n. Large
viola /viˈoʊlə/ n. viola
with a viola solo
violin /ˌvaɪəˈlɪn/ n. violin
with violin concerto violin concerto
Theme summary: words related to "acoustics"
acoustician /ˌækuːˈstɪʃn/ n. acoustician
acoustics technologyacoustic technology
audible /ˈɔːdəbl/ a. audible
With audible range audible range
audio /ˈɔːdioʊ/ a. audio; sound
With audio signal audio signal
auditory /ˈɔːdətɔːri/ a. Ear; hearing, about hearing
Paired with auditory stimulus auditory stimulus
echo /ˈekoʊ/ n. echo
With echo location echo positioning
harmonic /hɑːrˈmɑːnɪk/ a. harmonious, homophonic
Memory harm(suitable)+onic→appropriate→homophonic
hydrophone /ˈhaɪdrəˌfəʊn/ n. hydrophone
Memory hydro (water) phone (earpiece) → hydrophone
infrasound /ˈɪnfrəˌsaʊnd/ n. infrasound, subsound
loudspeaker /ˌlaʊdˈspiːkər/ n. speaker; horn
Paired with digital loudspeaker digital speaker
mechanical wavemechanical wave
microphone /ˈmaɪkrəfoʊn/ n. microphone
Paired with wireless microphone wireless microphone
rarefaction /ˌrɛrəˈfækʃn/ n. (sound) sparse
Same root rarefy v. (to make) thin
resonate /ˈrezəneɪt/ vi. resonate; resonate
Same root resonance n. resonance; resonance
reverberation /rɪˌvɜːrbəˈreɪʃn/ n. echo; echo
same root reverberate vi. echo
sonar /ˈsoʊnɑːr/ n. sonar
Paired with sonar projector sonar transmitter
sonic /ˈsɑːnɪk/ a. Sound; sonic
Memory son (sound) + ic (…) → sound
sound wave sound wave
supersonic /ˌsuːpərˈsɑːnɪk/ a. supersonic; ultrasonic
With supersonic wave ultrasound
ultrasonic frequencyultrasonic frequency
ultrasound /ˈʌltrəsaʊnd/ n. Ultrasound (wave)
With ultrasound wave
Vocalization /ˌvoʊkələˈzeɪʃn/ n. Vocalization, pronunciation
Memory vocal (sound) ization (the process or result of behavior) → vocalization
wave motionwave
Sentence 56
German printers had the disadvantage of working with the complex typeface that the Italians sneeringly referred to as “Gothic” and that later became known as black letter. Gothic" font, which later became known as Helvetica.
Grammar Notes: The stem of this sentence is "Printers had the disadvantage of...". It is followed by two attributive clauses introduced by that, "that the Italians sneeringly referred to as..." and "that later became known as...", both of which are used to modify the complex typeface.
core vocabulary
Disadvantage /ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪdʒ/ n. Disadvantage; disadvantage
Memory dis (not) advantage (advantage) → disadvantage; disadvantage
Synonyms drawback n. shortcomings
handicap n. disadvantageous conditions
antonym advantage n. advantage
same root disadvantageous a. disadvantageous
complex /kəmˈpleks/ a. complex, intricate
Memory com (common) plex (overlap) → overlapping → intricate
Synonyms intricate a. complex
complicated a. complicated
Same root complexity n. complexity
typeface /ˈtaɪpfeɪs/ n. font; font
sneeringly /ˈsnɪrɪŋli/ ad. mockingly; contemptuously
Same root sneer v. ridicule
refer /rɪˈfɜːr/ v. mention, talk about
memory re (again) fer (bring, bring) → mention, talk about
Used with refer to to mention; to speak of; to refer to
Synonyms mention v. mention
Gothic /ˈɡɑːθɪk/ a. Gothic; Gothic
Goth n. Goth
Theme Summary: Historical Invention
compass /ˈkʌmpəs/ n. compass
With magnetic compass magnetic compass
decimalism /ˈdɛsɪməlɪzəm/ n. decimal
same root decimal a. decimal
gunpowder /ˈɡʌnpaʊdər/ n. gunpowder
With black gunpowder black gunpowder
hieroglyphic /ˌhaɪərəˈɡlɪfɪk/ n. Hieroglyphic
paper-making /ˈpeɪpərˌmeɪkɪŋ/ n. Papermaking
printing /ˈprɪntɪŋ/ n. printing
Paired with printing plate printing plate
seismograph /ˈsaɪzməˌɡrɑːf/ n. seismograph
Memory seismo (earthquake) graph (write; picture) → an instrument that can describe earthquake conditions → seismograph
sundial /ˈsʌndaɪəl/ n. sundial
telescope /ˈtelɪskoʊp/ n. telescope
Memory tele (far) + scop (see) + e → see far away → telescope
waterwheel /ˈwɔːtərwiːl/ n. waterwheel
Topic summary: words related to "process"
alloy /ˈælɔɪ/ n. Alloy /əˈlɔɪ/ vt. Cast... into alloy
With iron alloy iron alloy
detach /dɪˈtætʃ/ vt. separate, separate; dispatch
Collocation with detach from disassembly, separation from...
dissolve /dɪˈzɑːlv/ v. dissolve
Same root dissolution n. dissolve
ditch /dɪtʃ/ vt. Ditch; dig ditch n. Ditch
Paired with ditch excavator
embed /ɪmˈbed/ vt. Embed...
With embed in embedded in...
emboss /ɪmˈbɔːs/ vt. Make...protrude, make relief patterns on...
Same root embossment n. relief
frame /freɪm/ n. frame vt. frame...
With base frame infrastructure
harden /ˈhɑːrdn/ v. (to make) hard, (to make) hard
Same root hard a. hard
lapping /ˈlæpɪŋ/ n. grinding
lubricate /ˈluːbrɪkeɪt/ v. Lubricate...
Same root lubricant n. Lubricant
meld /meld/ v. (to make) mix; fuse n. fuse
mosaic /moʊˈzeɪɪk/ n. inlay, inlay technology
With mosaic glass, mosaic glass
mold /moʊld/ n. mold vt. to shape; to make with a mold
With plastic mold
opaque /oʊˈpeɪk/ a. Opaque, opaque
ore /ɔːr/ n. Mine, ore
Synonyms mineral n. ore
perforate /ˈpɜːrfəreɪt/ v. Make a hole, perforate
Memory per (penetration) + for (punch) + ate → perforation
punch /pʌntʃ/ vt. (use a punch) to make a hole in...
quarry /ˈkwɔːri/ n. quarry, quarry
Paired with limestone quarry limestone mining site
refine /rɪˈfaɪn/ vt. refine, purify
Memory re (again) fine (good) → make it better → refine
seam /siːm/ n. seam, seam v. suture; create cracks
With seam line stitching
smelt /smelt/ v. smelting; smelting
spark /spɑːrk/ n. spark
Paired with electric spark
technological process technological process
tinker /ˈtɪŋkər/ vi. repair; welding repair n. tinker
Pair tinker with to tinker haphazardly
weld /weld/ v. welding, welding
With weld steel welded steel
Sentence 57
Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York Infirmary, an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff. Medical staff have always been all women.
Grammar notes: The stem of this sentence is Elizabeth Blackwell founded the New York Infirmary. Among them, the first woman medical doctor in the United States is an appositive of Elizabeth Blackwell; "an institution that... medical staff" is an appositive of the New York Infirmary. This appositive structure is also modified by an attributive clause introduced by that. an institution.
core vocabulary
medical /ˈmedɪkl/ a. medical; disease; internal medicine
Match medical care
medical reform medical reform
infirmary /ɪnˈfɜːrməri/ n. hospital; medical office
Matches school infirmary school infirmary
institution /ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃn/ n. institution
Collocation with public institution public institution
staff /stæf/ n. All employees, staff
Synonyms: crew n. all staff
personnel n. all personnel; staff
Topic summary: words related to "medical and health services"
abscission /æbˈsɪʒən/ n. excision, amputation
With abscission of cornea keratectomy
acupuncture /ˈækjupʌŋktʃər/ n. acupuncture
Paired with Chinese acupuncture
allergic /əˈlɜːrdʒɪk/ a. allergic
with be allergic to allergic to
birth control family planning
clinical /ˈklɪnɪkl/ a. clinical; clinic
Paired with clinical reception
clinical trial clinical trial
convalesce /ˌkɑːnvəˈles/ vi. Gradually recover; recuperate
same root convalescent a. convalescent
deliver /dɪˈlɪvər/ vt. Deliver...
same root delivery n. delivery
doctor in charge attending physician
epidemic /ˌepɪˈdemɪk/ n. Epidemic a. Contagious
Paired with epidemic prevention
facility /fəˈsɪləti/ n. facility; equipment
Match medical facility medical facility
homeopathy /ˌhoʊmiˈɑːpəθi/ n. homeopathy
houseman /ˈhaʊsmən/ n. [主英] intern doctor
illness /ˈɪlnəs/ n. disease, disease
Collocation with chronic illness chronic disease
inquiry /ˈɪnkwəri/ n. inquire, inquire
Use with make inquiries about/into to inquire about…
be in (the) hospital hospital treatment
nurse /nɜːrs/ vt. care; nursing n. nurse
Match nurse station nurse station
recuperate /rɪˈkuːpəreɪt/ v. (to restore health; to recuperate)
Synonyms recover v. recover
sanatorium /ˌsænəˈtɔːriəm/ n. sanatorium
seclude /sɪˈkluːd/ vt. isolate
same root secluded a. isolated
surgery /ˈsɜːrdʒəri/ n. surgery
Same root surgical a. surgical
transplant /trænsˈplænt/ n./v. transplant
Use transplant into to transplant an organ into
organ transplant organ transplant
heart transplant heart transplant
treatment /ˈtriːtmənt/ n. treatment, therapy
Combined with treatment effect
ward /wɔːrd/ n. ward
Topic summary: words related to “diagnosis of disease”
abnormal /æbˈnɔːrml/ a. Abnormal
Collocation with abnormal phenomena abnormal phenomena
ache /eɪk/ n. pain
Pair with alleviate ache to relieve pain
acute /əˈkjuːt/ a. acute
with acute tonsillitis acute tonsillitis
advanced stage late stage
benign /bɪˈnaɪn/ a. benign
Pair with benign tumor benign tumor
chilly /ˈtʃɪli/ a. Afraid of the cold
Same root chill n. cold
chronic /ˈkrɑːnɪk/ a. chronic
Collocation with chronic disease chronic disease
communicable /kəˈmjuːnɪkəbl/ a. contagious
with communicable disease communicable disease
congenital /kənˈdʒenɪtl/ a. congenital
with congenital defect congenital defect
contagious /kənˈteɪdʒəs/ a. (contact) contagious; infectious
with contagious disease contact with infectious disease
convulsion /kənˈvʌlʃn/ n. convulsion, convulsion
same root convulse vt. cause convulsion
cramp /kræmp/ n. cramp, cramp
with muscle cramp
diagnose /ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊs/ v. diagnose
Same root diagnosis n. diagnosis
dizziness /ˈdɪzinəs/ n. dizziness, dizziness
Same root as dizzy a. Dizzy
drowsy /ˈdraʊzi/ a. drowsy
Paired with feel drowsy
flatulence /ˈflætʃələns/ n. discomfort caused by flatulence
with suffer from flatulence suffer from flatulence
genetic /genetic/ a. genetic, genetic
Match genetic factor genetic factor
impotent /ˈɪmpətənt/ a. Weak; weak
same root impotence n. weakness
incurable /ɪnˈkjʊrəbl/ a. incurable
Collocation with incurable disease
latent period latent period
lethal /ˈliːθl/ a. fatal
with lethal dose lethal dose
malignant /məˈlɪɡnənt/ a. malignant
With malignant neoplasm malignant tumors
neglect of exercise lack of exercise
non-infectious /ˌnɑːnɪnˈfekʃəs/ a. non-infectious
Collocation with non-infectious disease non-communicable disease
normal /ˈnɔːrml/ a. normal
Paired with normal temperature normal temperature
overfatigue /ˈoʊvərfəˈtiːɡ/ vt. Overfatigue
Same root fatigue n. fatigue
potential complication potential complication
recheck /riːˈtʃɛk/ vt. recheck
memory re (re) check (check) → review
remediable /rɪˈmiːdiəbl/ a. treatable
antonym irremediable a. incurable
sore /sɔːr/ a. painful
Paired with sore throat
symptom /ˈsɪmptəm/ n. symptom
with clinical symptom clinical symptom
Sentence 58
We've gone over where coral reefs are usually formed—along the edges of shallow ocean banks in tropical or subtropical regions, and the fact that they are declining at an alarming rate. the fringes of shallow coastal waters in tropical or subtropical areas—and the fact that coral reefs are disappearing at an alarming rate.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is “We’ve gone over where ... and the fact that ...”. In the sentence, "where coral reefs are usually formed" and "the fact that..." are co-ordinate components and together serve as the object of the main clause. Where guides the object clause and that guides the appositive clause of the fact. The words after the dash along the edges of shallow ocean banks in tropical or subtropical regions explain where coral reefs are usually formed.
core vocabulary
coral /ˈkɔːrəl/ n. Coral (pest) a. Coral-colored
With coral reef coral reef
reef /riːf/ n. reef, reef
Paired with back reef
barrier reef barrier reef
shallow /ˈʃæloʊ/ a. shallow; shallow
n. shoal, shallow water
Memory Allow to play in shallow water
Paired with shallow water shallow water area
Synonyms superficial a. superficial; superficial
tropical /ˈtrɑːpɪkl/ a. tropical
Pair with tropical forest tropical rainforest
Same root tropic n. Tropical area
subtropical /ˌsʌbˈtrɑːpɪkl/ a. Subtropical
With subtropical climate subtropical climate
decline /dɪˈklaɪn/ n./vi. decline; decline
Collocation with decline stage decline period
same root declining a. declining, declining
alarming /əˈlɑːrmɪŋ/ a. Worrying; frightening
The same root alarm vt. to scare, alarm
alarmist n.
Theme summary: words related to "coral reef"
acidification /əˌsɪdəfɪ'keʃən/ n. acidification
Pair with oceanic acidification ocean acidification
atoll /ˈætɔːl/ n. Atoll; atoll
blast fishing blast fishing
calcium carbonate calcium carbonate
climate change climate change
cluster /ˈklʌstər/ vi. cluster; cluster
colony /ˈkɑːləni/ n. (plants or animals growing in the same place) group; group
Synonyms community n. community
continental shelf continental shelf
crustacean /krʌˈsteɪʃn/ n. Crustacean
a. crustacean
Memory crust + acean → crustacean
exoskeleton /ˈeksoʊskelɪtn/ n. exoskeleton
memory exo (external) skeleton (skeleton) → exoskeleton
fishery /ˈfɪʃəri/ n. Fishery; aquaculture
Match fishery resource fishery resources
fore reef front reef
fragile /ˈfrædʒl/ a. fragile
Paired with fragile ecosystem fragile ecosystem
fringing reef fringing reef; fringing reef
jellyfish /ˈdʒelifɪʃ/ n. jellyfish; jellyfish
Memory jelly fish → jelly-like transparent fish → jellyfish
marine speciesmarine species
mollusk /ˈmɑːləsk/ n. mollusk
Memory moll (soft) + usk → mollusk
polyp /ˈpɑːlɪp/ n. (hydra type) coral polyp; hydra (body)
rainforests of the sea ocean tropical rainforests
reef crest reef top
sea anemone sea anemone
secrete /sɪˈkriːt/ vt. secrete
Same root secretion n. secretion, secretion
shoreline protection shoreline protection
sponge /spʌndʒ/ n. [verb] sponge
same root spongy a. sponge-like
stony coral stony coral
underwater /ˌʌndərˈwɔːtər/ a. Underwater; happening underwater
Match underwater creature underwater creature
Theme summary: words related to "natural landscape"
deflation column wind erosion column
geomorphic /ˌdʒiːəʊˈmɔːfɪk/ a. landform
Memory geo (land) + morph (shape) + ic (...) → landform
glacial plucking
gorge /ɡɔːrdʒ/ n. canyon
Paired with the Three Gorges Yangtze River Three Gorges
grand /ɡrænd/ a. majestic; spectacular
Synonyms majestic a. magnificent
marine abrasion sea erosion
marine deposition sea accumulation
marsh /mɑːrʃ/ n. Swamp; wetland
Synonyms swamp n. swamp
mirage /məˈrɑːʒ/ n. mirage
Memory mir (surprise) + age → surprising → mirage
natural landscape natural landscape
natural reserve natural reserve
plant cover vegetation
polar region polar region
prairie landscape prairie landscape
rime /raɪm/ n. rime
rosy clouds yunxia
sea breeze sea breeze
sea of clouds sea of clouds
solution crevice cave
stalactite /stəˈlæktaɪt/ n. stalactite
stalagmite /stəˈlæɡmaɪt/ n. stalagmite
terrain /təˈreɪn/ n. terrain
Synonyms landform n. terrain
tropical rain forest tropical rain forest
vagarious /vəˈɡɛərɪəs/ a. strange
waterfall /ˈwɔːtərfɔːl/ n. waterfall
Sentence 59
Raised beaches often consist of areas of sand, pebbles, or dunes, sometimes containing seashells or piles of debris comprising shells and bones of marine animals used by humans. A pile of debris consisting of the shells and bones of dead marine animals.
Grammar notes: The stem of this sentence is "Raised beaches often consist of areas of sand, pebbles, or dunes." Containing is the present participle, which guides the accompanying adverbial and expresses the simultaneous progress with the predicate verb "consist of". The present participle phrase "comprising shells ... by humans" is used as a postpositional attributive to modify piles of debris.
core vocabulary
beach /biːtʃ/ n. beach, lake beach, river beach
Synonyms coast n. coast
shore n. seashore
consist /kənˈsɪst/ vi. consists of, consists of
Collocation consist of consists of
consist in, exist in
Synonyms: compose vt.
Reference insist v. persist
persist vi. persist
pebble /ˈpebl/ n. Pebbles, pebbles, gravel
dune /duːn/ n. sand dune
seashell /ˈsiːʃel/ n. seashell; shell
pile /paɪl/ n. pile; a large amount
with a pile of a pile; a lot
Synonyms heap n. heap
stack n. heap
debris /dəˈbriː/ n. Debris; wreckage; rubble; rubbish
comprise /kəmˈpraɪz/ vt. include; consist of; consist of
Synonyms include vt. include
shell /ʃel/ n. shell, shell; shell
Reference shellfish n. Aquatic shellfish
marine /məˈriːn/ a. Marine, sea (ocean)
memory mar (sea) ine→marine
Pair with marine biology marine biology
Same root mariner n. Sailor
submarine n. submarine
Theme summary: words related to "geography"
altitude /ˈæltɪtuːd/ n. altitude, height
Memory alt (high) + itude (nature) → altitude
cavern /ˈkævərn/ n. (especially a large) cave, cave
Memory cav (cave) ern (surface place, location) → large cave
cleft /kleft/ n. crack
With a cleft in the rock the crack in the rock
contour /ˈkɑːntʊr/ n. Contour line; outline
ebb /eb/ n./vi. Decline; ebb
Paired with ebb away to fade away, decline
elevation /ˌelɪˈveɪʃn/ n. elevation; height
Same root elevate vt. Lift; lift
endemic /enˈdemɪk/ a. local, unique to a certain place
antonym exotic a. foreign
hemisphere /ˈhemɪsfɪr/ n. hemisphere
Memory hemi (half) spher (ball) e→hemisphere
horizon /həˈraɪzn/ n. horizon
same root horizontal a. horizontal
latitude /ˈlætɪtuːd/ n. latitude
ledge /ledʒ/ n. A protruding part of a rock; a reef
Memory l edge → something at the edge → a protruding part of a rock
longitude /ˈlɑːndʒətuːd/ n. longitude
Use calculate longitude to calculate longitude
lowland /ˈloʊlənd/ n. Lowland; Scottish lowland
meridian /məˈrɪdiən/ n. meridian, longitude
With prime meridian prime meridian
moist /mɔɪst/ a. moist; rainy
Synonyms damp a. moist
oasis /oʊˈeɪsɪs/ n. Oasis; pleasant place
salinity /səˈlɪnəti/ n. salinity, salinity
Paired with absolute salinity
sediment /ˈsedɪmənt/ n. sediment; sediment
with sedimentary a. sedimentary
subterranean /ˌsʌbtəˈreɪniən/ a. Under the ground
Paired with subterranean cave underground cave
terrestrial /təˈrestriəl/ a. terrestrial; terrestrial
Memory terr (land) + estr + ial (...) → terrestrial
Theme summary: words related to "marine landforms"
cape /keɪp/ n. Cape, promontory
Paired with Cape of Good Hope
channel /ˈtʃænl/ n. Strait; passage
Paired with English Channel English Channel
coast /koʊst/ n. coast
Pair with Gold Coast Gold Coast
coastal erosion coastal erosion
coastal landform coastal landform
coral reef shoreline coral reef coast
geosphere /ˈdʒiːəʊˌsfɪə/ n. lithosphere
gulf /ɡʌlf/ n. Gulf
Pair with the Gulf Stream Gulf Stream
gullet /ˈɡʌlɪt/ n. strait
hydrosphere /ˈhaɪdroʊsfɪr/ n. hydrosphere
insular /ˈɪnsələr/ a. island
Memory insul (island) + ar (…) → island
islet /ˈaɪlət/ n. small island
marine abrasion sea erosion
marine deposition sea accumulation
oceanic /ˌoʊʃiˈænɪk/ a. oceanic
Match oceanic basin sea basin
oceanic ridge
oceanic trench
peninsula /pəˈnɪnsələ/ n. peninsula
Memory pen (approximate) + insula (island) → island → peninsula
strait /streɪt/ n. Strait
Paired with Bering Strait
Sentence 60
But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world. In more and more places, more and more forms of accumulation of rock formations were cataloged, and the following became clear: The sequence of rock formations sometimes varied from region to region, and no specific rock formation could be recognized worldwide. Reliable time stamp.
Grammar Notes: The stem of this sentence is "It became clear that ... and that ...". The two thats each introduce a subject clause and serve as the real subject of this sentence: that the sequences differed from region to region and that no rock type was going to become a time marker throughout the world. The as at the beginning of the sentence introduces an adverbial clause of reason.
core vocabulary
accumulation /əˌkjuːmjəˈleɪʃn/ n. accumulation, accumulation
Memory ac (meaning to strengthen) cumul (accumulation) ation→accumulation
Synonyms amassing n. accumulation
Same root accumulative a. Accumulated; accumulated
stratum /ˈstreɪtəm/ n. [pl. strata] (especially rock formation) layer, stratum
catalog /ˈkætəlɔːɡ/ n. catalog vt. register; catalog...
memory cata (below) log (speak) → (list) what to say below → table of contents
Synonyms register v. register, catalog...
sequence /ˈsiːkwəns/ n. Continuous; sequence
memory sequence (follow) ence→sequence
Same root sequential a. In order, sequentially
sequent a. continuous
subsequent a. subsequently, later
reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ a. reliable, trustworthy
Memory comes from rely (v. trust)
Synonyms dependable a. reliable
trustworthy a. reliable
Same root reliability n. reliability
marker /ˈmɑːrkər/ n. logo, mark
Same root marked a. Remarkable; marked
markedly ad. significantly, obviously
throughout /θruːˈaʊt/ prep. throughout
Topic Summary: Common Geological Vocabulary
geology /dʒiˈɑːlədʒi/ n. Geology
Same root geologist n. geologist
geological a. geological, geological
tectonics /tɛkˈtɒnɪks/ n. structural geology
Memory tect (obscuration) + on + ics → concealed on the surface of the earth → structural geology
Theme summary: words related to "volcano"
volcano /vɑːlˈkeɪnoʊ/ n. volcano
Same root volcanic a. volcanic
active volcano active volcano
shield volcano shield volcano
cone volcano cone volcano
extinct volcano extinct volcano
dormant /ˈdɔːrmənt/ a. Still; dormant
Paired with dormant volcano dormant volcano
volcanic ash volcanic ash
volcanic dust volcanic dust
eject /iˈdʒekt/ v. eject
Reference reject vt. reject
object v. object
inject vt. injection
deject vt. to depress
erupt /ɪˈrʌpt/ vi. erupt (lava, water, gas, mud, etc.)
eruption n. volcanic eruption, eruption
outburst /ˈaʊtbɜːrst/ n. (volcanic, etc.) eruption
lava /ˈlɑːvə/ n. lava; volcanic rock
Paired with lava flow lava flow
magma /ˈmæɡmə/ n. Magma
caldera /kælˈdera/ n. Caldera (a huge bowl-shaped volcanic depression)
crater /ˈkreɪtər/ n. crater
Paired with bowl-shaped crater
crater lake crater lake
crust /krʌst/ n. crust
tectonic plate tectonic plate
depression /dɪˈpreʃn/ n. depression; basin
dome /doʊm/ n. dome, dome
Paired with volcanic dome
sulfur /ˈsʌlfər/ n. sulfur
With sulfur dioxide
char /tʃɑːr/ v. burnt
Theme summary: words related to "earthquake"
earthquake /ˈɜːrθkweɪk/ n. earthquake
With earthquake prediction earthquake prediction
seismic /ˈsaɪzmɪk/ a. earthquake
memory seism (shock) ic→earthquake
seismic wave seismic wave
seismic focus
focal depth
Synonyms epicentral intensity focal depth
epicenter /ˈepɪsentər/ n. epicenter
Memory epi (around) + center (center) → epicenter
mainshock /meɪnʃɑːk/ n. mainshock
aftershock /ˈæftərʃɑːk/ n. aftershock
isoseismal line isoseismal line
jolt /dʒoʊlt/ n./v. shake
Memory is secured with a bolt (bolt) to prevent jolts
magnitude /ˈmæɡnɪtuːd/ n. magnitude
seismogram /ˈsaɪzməɡræm/ n. seismogram
seismograph /ˈsaɪzməɡræf/ n. seismograph
seismology /saɪzˈmɑːlədʒi/ n. seismology
Synonyms seismic belt seismology
shake /ʃeɪk/ v./n. shake; shake
Use shake off to get rid of
shake up shake
tremor /ˈtremər/ n. tremor; vibration
memory trem (trembling) + or → vibration
Theme summary: words related to "glacier"
glacier /ˈɡleɪʃər/ n. glacier, glacier
Same root glacial a. glacial
iceberg /ˈaɪsbɜːrɡ/ n. iceberg
Memory ice+berg (big ice cube) → iceberg
moraine /məˈreɪn/ n. moraine
Sentence 61
This was an important innovation, because the camel's abilities to thrive in harsh desert conditions and to carry large loads cheaply made it an effective and efficient means of transportation. And transport large quantities of goods at low cost, which makes it an effective and efficient mode of transportation.
Grammar Notes: The stem of this sentence is This was an innovation. This is followed by the adverbial clause of reason introduced by because. The backbone of the clause is The camel’s abilities made it a means of transportation. ability to do sth. is a fixed collocation, indicating the ability to do something.
core vocabulary
important /ɪmˈpɔːrtnt/ a. Important; significant
Same root importance n. Importance
innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/ n. innovation
Memory in (make...) + nov (new) + ation → make new → innovate
Paired with technical innovation
Synonyms reformation n.
same root innovate v. innovation
innovative a. innovative
camel /ˈkæml/ n. camel
ability /əˈbɪləti/ n. ability; talent
with ability to do sth. the ability to do something
antonym inability n. incompetence
thrive /θraɪv/ vi. Lush; prosperous; flourishing; growing vigorously
Memory th rive (as river, river) → In ancient times, big rivers were the birthplace of civilization → lush
Synonyms: flourish vi. prosper, flourish
boom vi. prosperity, flourishing
harsh /hɑːrʃ/ a. Harsh
Memory har (seen as hard, hard) sh→tough attitude→bad
Same root harshness n. Harsh, harsh
condition /kənˈdɪʃn/ n. condition; [pl.] environment, situation
with on condition (that) if...
out of conditionpoor health
load /loʊd/ n. load (amount); load vt. load
Paired with heavy load heavy load
effective /ɪˈfektɪv/ a. effective, effective
memory from effect (n. influence, effect)
with effective measures effective measures
an effective remedy
antonym ineffective a. invalid
Same root effectively ad. Effectively
effectiveness n. effectiveness
efficient /ɪˈfɪʃnt/ a. effective, efficient
Memory ef (enhancement) + fici (do) + ent → efficient
antonym inefficient a. inefficient
same root efficiently ad. effectively
energy-efficient a. energy-saving
Theme summary: words that mean "important, important"
cardinal /ˈkɑːrdɪnl/ a. main, most important
memory card (heart) inal→heart-like→the most important
chief /tʃiːf/ a. main n. leader
crucial /ˈkruːʃl/ a. crucial, decisive
Memory cruc (cross) ial (adjective suffix) → crossroads → decisive
dominant /ˈdɑːmɪnənt/ a. Dominate, rule
same root dominate v. dominate
domination n. domination
elementary /ˌelɪˈmentri/ a. Elementary, basic
Match elementary school primary school
essential /ɪˈsenʃl/ a. Basic; extremely important
memory ess (existence) ential→existing→basic
focal /ˈfoʊkl/ a. focal; very important
memory from focus (v. focus)
forefront /ˈfɔːrfrʌnt/ n. The forefront; the most important place
Memory fore (front) front (front) → front front → front line
foremost /ˈfɔːrmoʊst/ a. The first; the most important
Memory fore (front) most (most) → standing in the front → first
fundamental /ˌfʌndəˈmentl/ a. Fundamental, main; extremely important
fundamentally ad.
imperative /ɪmˈperətɪv/ a. Necessary; extremely important
Memory imper (command) ative→command→necessary
indispensable /ˌɪndɪˈspensəbl/ a. essential
memory in (not) dispensable (dispensable) → not dispensable → indispensable
key /kiː/ a. main, key n. key
Match key person
key wordkeyword
key pointkey point
magnitude /ˈmæɡnɪtuːd/ n. Huge; important, important
Memory magn (great) itude (statement, noun suffix) → huge
major /ˈmeɪdʒər/ a. main n. major
Same root majority n. majority, most
momentous /moʊˈmentəs/ a. significant, important
Memory moment (moment) ous (…) → can have an impact in an instant → significant
paramount /ˈpærəmaʊnt/ a. Extremely important; supreme power, supreme
Memory para (next to...) mount (mountain) → next to the mountain → extremely important
pivotal /ˈpɪvətl/ a. critical; central
Same root pivot n. pivot; core
predominant /prɪˈdɑːmɪnənt/ a. Main; dominant; dominant
The same root predominantly ad. Mainly; mostly
primal /ˈpraɪml/ a. initial; main, primary
memory prim (first) al→original
primary /ˈpraɪmeri/ a. initial; primary
Same root primarily ad. Mainly
prime /praɪm/ a. Main; initial n. Heyday
Primer n. Primer
principal /ˈprɪnsəpl/ a. main; most important
n. principal
Reference principle n. principle
significant /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ a. Meaningful; important
The same root significantly ad. Noteworthy; quite significant n. Meaning; importance
supreme /suːˈpriːm/ a. supreme; the most important
Same root supremacy n. supreme, hegemony
supremely ad. supremely
uppermost /ˈʌpərmoʊst/ a. The highest; the most important
Memory upper (higher) most (most) → highest
vital /ˈvaɪtl/ a. A matter of life and death; full of vitality
Same root vitalism n. vitalism
vitalist n. vitalist
vitality n. vitality
Theme summary: words related to "desert"
aeolian landform aeolian landform
dune /duːn/ n. sand dune
erosive /iˈroʊsɪv/ a. Corrosive
Same root erode v. (be) eroded
gobi /ˈɡəʊbɪ/ n. Gobi Desert
hungriness /ˈhʌŋɡrɪnɪs/ n. desert
wind erosion landform wind erosion landform
Sentence 62
These people exploited the landscape intensively, foraging on hill slopes for wild cereal grasses and nuts, while hunting gazelle and other game on grassy lowlands and in river valleys. of grains and nuts, and hunted gazelles and other game in the grassy lowlands and river valleys.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is People exploited the landscape. while connects two parallel present participle phrases "foraging... nuts" and "hunting... valleys". These two present participle phrases serve as adverbials to express accompanying states.
core vocabulary
exploit /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/ vt. develop; exploit; exploit
n. Heroic behavior, performance, merit
Memory ex (out) ploit (use) → exploit → develop; exploit
Same root exploitation n. development
over-exploitation n. over-exploitation
intensively /ɪnˈtensɪvli/ ad. intensively; concentrated place
Same root intense a. Intense; serious
intensity n. intensity
intensive a. Intensive; intensive cultivation
Reference extensive a. Large, extensive
forage /ˈfɔːrɪdʒ/ n. fodder, fodder vi. forage; search
Memory for (for) age (age) → looking for fodder for growth → fodder; foraging
Synonyms rummage vi. Search; rummage
slope /sloʊp/ n. Slope; tilt vi. Incline
Memory: It is impossible to run (lope) on a slope (slope)
same root sloping a. sloping, sloping
Synonyms slant v. tilt
inclination n. slope
cereal /ˈsɪriəl/ n. Cereal; cereal food
Memory ce real → real healthy food → cereal
Synonyms grain n. Grain
gazelle /ɡəˈzel/ n. gazelle
Theme summary: words that mean "terrain, landform"
barren mountain barren mountain
basin /ˈbeɪsn/ n. basin
Match ocean basin ocean basin
Sichuan Basin Sichuan Basin
canyon /ˈkænjən/ n. Canyon
memory remember with crayon (n. crayon)
cavity /ˈkævəti/ n. hole, hole; recess
memory from cave (n. cave)
chasm /ˈkæzəm/ n. deep pit; canyon
Synonyms gulf n. abyss; gulf
delta /ˈdeltə/ n. delta
Pair with the Nile DeltaNile Delta
floodplain /ˈflʌdpleɪn/ n. flood plain
memory flood plain → flood plain
fold /foʊld/ n. fold
gully /ˈɡʌli/ n. Valley, gully, ravine
highland /ˈhaɪlənd/ n. plateau area
Paired with highland climate plateau climate
hillside /ˈhɪlsaɪd/ n. hillside, mountainside
Memory hill (mountain) side (next to) → hillside
hilly area mountainous area
hinterland /ˈhɪntərlænd/ n. hinterland, hinterland
Memory hinter (behind) land (land) → land located at the rear → hinterland, hinterland
ice field ice field
mountain tundra mountain tundra
karst topography karst topography
marsh /mɑːrʃ/ n. Swamp, wetland
Same root marshy a. swampy, swampy
mountainside /ˈmaʊntnsaɪd/ n. mountainside
Memory mountain (mountain) side (next to) → mountainside
peninsula /pəˈnɪnsələ/ n. peninsula
Pair with Arabian Peninsula Arabian Peninsula
pinnacle /ˈpɪnəkl/ n. Peak, peak; vertex
memory pinn (vertex) acle (table object) → peak
plain /pleɪn/ n. plain
with coastal plain coastal plain
strand plain coastal plain
plateau /plæˈtoʊ/ n. plateau
Paired with plateau phenomenon
ravine /rəˈviːn/ n. ravine; canyon
Synonyms gorge n. canyon
ridge /rɪdʒ/ n. Ridge; ridge, ridge vt. Make it into a ridge shape
Paired with mountain ridge
sandbank /ˈsændbæŋk/ n. sandbank
Memory sand (sand) bank (shore, beach) → sandbank
steppe /step/ n. prairie
Synonyms prairie n. prairie
summit /ˈsʌmɪt/ n. summit
Paired with summit conference summit conference
swamp /swɑːmp/ n. Swamp vt. Submerged
Same root swampy a. swamp; wetland
tableland /ˈteɪbllænd/ n. Plateau, platform
Memory table (table) land (land) → tableland
The Grand Canyon Colorado Grand Canyon
topography /təˈpɑːɡrəfi/ n. topography; terrain, landform
Same root topographical a. topographic, landform
topographically ad. topographically
tundra /ˈtʌndrə/ n. tundra; frozen soil zone
Memory t undra (as under, under) → under the ice and snow → tundra zone
turf /tɜːrf/ n. Turf; peat vt. Cover with turf
Use with turf sb. out to expel someone
upland /ˈʌplənd/ n. Highland a. Highland
memory up (up) land (land) → highland
valley /ˈvæli/ n. Canyon; watershed
with in a valley in a valley
wet land wetland
Theme summary: words indicating "terrain (landform) characteristics"
amplitude /ˈæmplɪtuːd/ n. vast, vast
same root amplify vt. enlarge, enlarge
infertile /ɪnˈfɜːrtl/ a. infertile, barren
Paired with infertile soil
magnificent /mæɡˈnɪfɪsnt/ a. magnificent
The same root magnificence n. Magnificent; magnificent
muddiness /ˈmʌdinɪs/ n. muddy
Same root muddy a. muddy
precipitate /prɪˈsɪpɪteɪt/ n. sediment
v. (to make) precipitate
Same root precipitation n. precipitation
relief map (a topographic map that uses different colors to indicate the height of the terrain)
sandy /ˈsændi/ a. sandy, sandy
With sandy soil sandy soil
scum /skʌm/ n. scum, scum
Same root scummy a. full of scum
silt /sɪlt/ n. silt
Same root as silty a. muddy
spectacle /ˈspektəkl/ n. spectacle, scene
The same root spectacular a. Spectacular, eye-catching
thorny /ˈθɔːrni/ a. Prickly; thorny
Collocation with thorny problem thorny problem
wilderness /ˈwɪldərnəs/ n. wilderness; vast expanse
Paired with untamed wilderness
wonder /ˈwʌndər/ n. wonder
Same root wonderful a. Excellent; wonderful
Sentence 63
The recognition that many aspects of the modern flora and fauna were present on both sides of the Bering Sea as remnants of the ice-age landscape led to this region being named Beringia. and many features of the fauna that were also present on both sides of the Bering Sea in the past. This realization led to the area being named Beringia.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is The recognition led to this region being named Beringia. The appositive clause "that many aspects... landscape" is used to explain the recognition. The as in the clause is used as a preposition, followed by a noun phrase.
core vocabulary
recognition /ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃn/ n. recognize; recognize
memory comes from recognize (vt. recognize; acknowledge)
Paired with social recognition social recognition
same root recognizable a. identifiable
recognized a. recognized
aspect /ˈæspekt/ n. aspect; feature, appearance
Synonyms respect n. respect; aspect
dimension n. dimension; aspect
facet n. face; (problem, etc.) aspect
See inspect vt. inspect
prospect n. scenery; prospect
modern /ˈmɑːdərn/ a. modern
Memory mod (way) + ern (…nature) → (present) way → modern
Pair with modern poetry modern poetry
Same root modernity n. Modernity
flora /ˈflɔːrə/ n. flora
Memory from Flora (Flora, the goddess of flowers in Greek mythology)
same root floral a. flora
fauna /ˈfɔːnə/ n. fauna
Memory comes from Fannus (Pannas, the animal god in Roman mythology)
present /ˈpreznt/ a. Appear; (thing or substance) exists
with present in sth. exist in…
remnant /ˈremnənt/ n. remnants; remnants
Paired with the remnants of the sun
Synonyms remains n. Remaining, remnants; remains
landscape /ˈlændskeɪp/ n. Landscape; landform, topography
memory land (land) landscape (scenery) → landform
Synonyms landform n. terrain
Theme summary: words expressing "approval, agreement"
acknowledge /əkˈnɑːlɪdʒ/ vt. acknowledge
Memory ac know (know) ledge→Everyone knows, so I have to admit→Admit
acquiesce /ˌækwiˈes/ vi. Acquiesce
Reference acquiescent a. Default, obedient
acquiescence n. acquiescence
admit /ədˈmɪt/ v. admit
Same root admittedly ad. admittedly
adopt /əˈdɑːpt/ vt. Adopt; formally pass
same root adoption n. adopt
affirm /əˈfɜːrm/ vt. assert
memory af (strengthen) firm (firm) → assert
agreeable /əˈɡriːəbl/ a. readily agree
memory from agree (v. agree, agree)
approve /əˈpruːv/ v. approve; express approval of...
Same root approval n. approve; approve
disapproval n. disapproval
assent /əˈsent/ n./vi. Agree, agree
memory as (strengthen) sent (feel) → feel the same → agree
authorize /ˈɔːθəraɪz/ vt. authorize; approve
Same root authorization n. authorization; recognition
unauthorized a. Unauthorized
concede /kənˈsiːd/ v. admit
Reference cede vt. cede, give up
accede vi. agree
recede vi. to retreat
precede v. lead
concur /kənˈkɜːr/ v. Same opinion; happening at the same time
Memory con (common) + cur (run) → happen at the same time
confession /kənˈfeʃn/ n. Confession
Memory con (strengthen) + fess (say) ion → tell everything → confess
confirm /kənˈfɜːrm/ vt. confirm; approve; confirm
Same root confirmation n. prove; confirm
consensus /kənˈsensəs/ n. Consensus, unanimous agreement; public opinion
memory con (common) sens (feeling) us→feel the same→consensus
consent /kənˈsent/ vi./n. agree
memory con (common) sent (feeling) → have a common feeling → agree, approve
endorse /ɪnˈdɔːrs/ vt. sign, approve
memory en (in...) dors (behind) e→ (behind the check) signature→sign
grant /ɡrænt/ vt. to give; to allow
memory conferring a distinguished (grand) title of nobility
license /ˈlaɪsns/ n. license
With driving license driving license
nod /nɑːd/ v. (To express approval or understanding) nod
permit /pərˈmɪt/ v. allow
same root permission n. permission
ratify /ˈrætɪfaɪ/ vt. formally approve
Memory rat (calculate) ify (make...) → confirm by calculation → formally approve
reception /rɪˈsepʃn/ n.
With reception desk (reception desk of hotel, restaurant, etc.)
sanction /ˈsæŋkʃn/ vt. permission
Memory sanct (sacred) ion→sacred thing, originally refers to the decree of the church, later extended to "agree, permission"→permission
unanimous /juˈnænɪməs/ a. unanimous
memory un (one) anim (spirit) ous → everyone upholds the same spirit → unanimously agreed
warrant /ˈwɔːrənt/ n. authorization, approval
Memory warr (seen as war, war) ant (ant) → Once you get the authorization to start a war, you will kill people like ants → Authorization
Sentence 64
Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator's pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person. other feats), the narrator presents them in detail through his own gestures and imitations, and this presentation method eventually evolved into different people playing different roles.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is "Thus, the recalling is elaborated through ... and through ...". Each role being assumed by a different person is a compound structure of gerund.
core vocabulary
recall /rɪˈkɔːl/ v. recall; recall n. memory
Memory re (again, again) call (shout) → call out the old nickname again → memory
Use recall the past to recall the past
Synonyms recollect vt. Memories
feat /fiːt/ n. Merit, feat
Memory f eat (eat) → achieved merit, reward yourself with a good meal → merit
Synonyms achievement n. achievement
elaborate /ɪˈlæbəreɪt/ v. elaborate; elaborate
/ɪˈlæbərət/ a. Elaborate, complex and exquisite
memory e (out) labor (labor) ate→make hard work work→detailed
Synonyms detailed a. detailed
thorough a. detailed
ornate a. Gorgeous
complex a. complex
same root elaborately ad.
elaboration n. elaboration
narrator /nəˈreɪtər/ n. narrator, narrator
same root narrate v. tell
narration n. narration
pantomime /ˈpæntəmaɪm/ n. pantomime; gesture
with pantomime artistharlequin actor
Synonyms: mime n. pantomime; burlesque
from the same root pantomimic a. pantomime
impersonation /ɪmˌpɜːrsəˈneɪʃn/ n. play; pretend
same root impersonate vt. play; pretend
impersonal a. Not affected by personal feelings
eventually /ɪˈventʃuəli/ ad. Finally, finally
same root eventual a. final
eventuality n. something that may happen (result)
assume /əˈsuːm/ vt. Pretend; pretend; assume
Memory as (strengthen) + sum (take, take) + e → hold → assume (responsibility) → assume (consequences)
Collocation assume an obligation assume an obligation
assume office employment
Synonyms presume v. assume; think
suppose v. speculate; assume
bear v. bear, endure
Same root assumption n. assume; assume
assuming a. conceited
Reference consume v. consume
consuming a. consumptive
consumer n. consumer
resume vt. resume
different /ˈdɪfrənt/ a. different
Memory differ (different) ent (…) → different
Collocations different from and... different
Synonyms diverse a. Different; diverse
distinct a. Obvious; different
same root differ v. different
difference n.
Topic Summary: Common Drama Vocabulary
aside /əˈsaɪd/ n. aside
Memory a (at...) + side (beside) → beside → narration
theater /ˈθiːətər/ n. theater
comedy /ˈkɑːmədi/ n. comedy
Reference comic a. Comedy
tragedy /ˈtrædʒədi/ n. tragedy
Reference tragic a. Tragic; tragic
farce /fɑːrs / n. farce; farce
opera /ˈɑːprə/ n. opera
mummery /ˈmʌmərɪ/ n. Mime performance
puppet /ˈpʌpɪt/ n. puppet
Memory pup (puppy) pet (pet) → pet puppy → puppet
repertoire /ˈrepərtwɑːr/ n. (theater, etc.) standing repertoire
Reference repertory n. repertory; inventory
main plot main plot
heroine /ˈheroʊɪn/ n. heroine
hero /ˈhɪroʊ/ n. male protagonist
dialogue /ˈdaɪəlɑːɡ/ n. dialogue
Memory dia (between the two) + logu (speak) + e → two people talk → dialogue
monologue /ˈmɑːnəlɔːɡ/ n. monologue
Memory mono (one) + logu (speak) + e → one person speaks → monologue
act /ækt/ n. (drama, opera) scene
playwright /ˈpleɪraɪt/ n. playwright
memory play (drama) wright (maker) → playwright
script /skrɪpt/ n. script
interval /ˈɪntərvl/ n. intermission; interval time
Memory inter (between...) val→interval time
episode /ˈepɪsoʊd/ n. a plot; an episode
rehearsal /rɪˈhɜːrsl/ n. rehearsal
Reference rehearse v. rehearse, rehearse
costume /ˈkɑːstuːm/ n. Clothing; costume
Theme summary: words related to "military, war"
military /ˈmɪləteri/ a. military
Reference militant a. Combatant
warfare /ˈwɔːrfer/ n. war
Paired with guerrilla warfare
martial /ˈmɑːrʃl/ a. military; war
With martial art martial arts
bellicose /ˈbelɪkoʊs/ a. bellicose, combative
Memory bellic (= bell, fighting) + ose (more...) → bellicose
aggressiveness /əˈɡresɪvnəs/ n. aggressiveness
Reference aggressively ad. aggressively; aggressively
invade /ɪnˈveɪd/ vt. invade
Derived invasion n. Invasion, invasion invader n. Intruder
outbreak /ˈaʊtbreɪk/ n. Outbreak (of war); outbreak (of disease)
Memory out (out) + break (break) → break and erupt → explode
combat /ˈkɑːmbæt/ n./v. combat
Memory com (strengthening) + bat (fighting) → not ordinary fighting → fighting
truce /truːs/ n. Truce (agreement)
Memory tru (believe) + ce → Believe the other party and truce → truce
weapon /ˈwepən/ n. weapon
Synonyms armament n. weapon
troop /truːp/ n. army
disarm /dɪsˈɑːrm/ v. disarm
Memory dis (remove) + arm (arm) → disarm
Sentence 65
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Huge numbers of people have been affected by desertification, and reversing the process of desertification, or even just slowing down the rate of desertification, faces huge difficulties.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is "The seriousness results from ... and ..., as well as from ... or ...". Results from are followed by four noun phrases, namely the vast areas of land, the tremendous numbers of people affected, the great difficulty of reversing and slowing the process, in which the great difficulty of is omitted before slowing the process.
core vocabulary
extreme /ɪkˈstriːm/ a. Extreme n. Extreme
Pair in the extreme
Synonyms intense a. extreme
uttermost n. limit; extreme
The same root extremely ad. Extremely
extremity n. extreme
desertification /dɪˌzɜːrtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. desertification
Same root desert n. desert
vt. abandon (someone); abandon (some place)
deserted a. deserted; abandoned
result /rɪˈzʌlt/ n. result vi. (as a result) occurs
Collocation result from occurs due to; arises with
result in
Synonyms consequence n. result, consequence
outcome n. result, outcome
vast /væst/ a. huge; wide range
Memory: the ancient east (east), vast land (vast) and abundant resources
with in vast numbers a large number
the vast majority
Synonyms: immense a. Huge, huge
extensive a. vast
Same root vastness n. huge
vastly ad. very
tremendous /trəˈmendəs/ a. Amazing; huge
Memory trem (trembling) end (end, end) ous (many...) → making people tremble from beginning to end → amazing
Synonyms striking a. striking
massive a. Huge; chunky
The same root tremendously ad. hugely; extremely
affect /əˈfekt/ vt. influence; infection
Memory af (means to strengthen) fect (do) → if you do it repeatedly, it will have an impact → influence
Synonyms influence n./vt. influence
same root unaffected a. unaffected
Reference effect n. Effect; influence
infect vt. infection; infection
reverse /rɪˈvɜːrs/ vt. To reverse; to completely transform
a. Opposite
memory re (reverse) vers (turn) e→reverse; completely transform
same root reversal n. upside down, inversion
reversible a. reversible, reversible
process /ˈprɑːses/ n. process vt. processing
Memory pro (forward) cess (go) → go forward → process
Same root procession n. queue, team
Theme summary: words related to "environmental pollution and deterioration"
acid rain acid rain
air pollution air pollution
alkali land alkaline land
barrenness /ˈbærənnəs/ n. Barrenness
carbon dioxide release carbon dioxide emission
contaminate /kənˈtæmɪneɪt/ vt. contaminate
same root contamination n. contamination
contaminant n. contaminant
contaminated land contaminated land
contaminated soil contaminated soil
decibel /ˈdesɪbel/ n. Decibel (unit of sound intensity)
deforest /ˌdiːˈfɔːrɪst/ v. Deforestation
same root deforestation n. deforestation
forestation n. afforestation
deteriorate /dɪˈtɪriəreɪt/ v. get worse; worsen
deterioration /dɪˌtɪriəˈreɪʃn/ n. deterioration
Paired with climatic deterioration climatic deterioration
disposable /dɪˈspoʊzəbl/ a. disposable
Paired with disposable chopsticks
drought /draʊt/ n. drought
El Niño El Niño phenomenon
emission /iˈmɪʃn/ n. emission
Paired with zero-emission, no pollution
environmental issue environmental issue
environmental pollution environmental pollution
exacerbation /ɪɡˌzæsərˈbeɪʃn/ n. Deterioration, aggravation
Memory ex (make) + acerb (acid) + ation → make it sour → worsen
fume /fjuːm/ n. (strong or unpleasant) smoke, gas
memory fum (smoke) e→smoke
global warming global warming
greenhouse effect greenhouse effect
greenhouse gas greenhouse gas
groundwater contamination groundwater contamination
human activity human activity
land carrying capacity land carrying capacity
litter /ˈlɪtər/ n. Rubbish; littered debris
Synonyms trash n. Waste
garbage n. garbage; waste
waste n. waste
noise pollution noise pollution
noxious /ˈnɑːkʃəs/ a. Harmful; poisonous
Memory nox (poison) ious (...) → poisonous
ozone layer ozone layer
plastic bag plastic bag
pollute /pəˈluːt/ vt. pollution
The same root pollution n. pollution
pollutant n. pollutant
polluter n. pollution source, polluter
radioactive /ˌreɪdioʊˈæktɪv/ a. radioactive
memory radi (ray) o act (action) ive→ray action active→radioactive
sea level rise sea level rise
sewage /ˈsuːɪdʒ/ n. sewage, dirt
With industrial sewage industrial sewage
sewage disposal sewage disposal
soot /sʊt/ n. soot
water pollution water pollution
white pollution white pollution
worsen /ˈwɜːrsn/ v. (make) worse, worsen
Sentence 66
Before starting on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, study the sailing directions, and memorize lighthouse locations to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter. Memorize the location of the lighthouse so they are prepared for any situation they may encounter.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is "Navigators learn the charts, study the directions, and memorize locations." The "before" at the beginning of the sentence is followed by the gerund form. The "to prepare...encounter" at the end of the sentence is an adverbial of purpose, and the attributive clause they might encounter modifies conditions. The relative pronoun that of the attributive clause is omitted in the clause.
core vocabulary
voyage /ˈvɔɪɪdʒ/ n. travel; voyage
memory voy (road) age→travel; voyage
Same root voyager n. Voyager, voyager
prudent /ˈpruːdnt/ a. Prudent; foresighted
memory pr (= pro in front of) ud (= vid see) ent → observe in advance → cautious
Synonyms discreet a. cautious
navigator /ˈnævɪɡeɪtər/ n. navigator
Memory nav (ship) ig (walk) ator (table person) → the person who drives the boat → navigator
same root navigable a. navigable
navigation n. navigation
navigate v. drive (ship); sail
chart /tʃɑːrt/ n. chart; navigation chart
vt. Draw a chart of; illustrate with diagrams
Paired with flow chart flow chart
sea chart nautical chart
same root uncharted a. not marked on the picture
lighthouse /ˈlaɪthaʊs/ n. lighthouse
Memory light (light) house (residence) → light pointing to home → lighthouse
Synonyms beacon n. lighthouse
encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntər/ n./v. Encounter by chance; encounter
Memory en (make...) counter (opposite) → make come from the opposite direction → encounter by chance
Reference counter n. Counter v. Opposition; boycott
Theme summary: "Words related to "navigation water conditions"
dredge /dredʒ/ v. Dredging; excavation
Same root dredger n. dredger
gulf /ɡʌlf/ n. Gulf; disagreement, gap
Synonyms branching n. branch, disagreement
divergence n.
inflow /ˈɪnfloʊ/ n. inflow, inflow
Memory in (enter) + flow (flow) → flow into
inshore /ɪnˈʃɔːr/ a. Coastal
Paired with inshore waters
magnet field magnetic field
merge /mɜːrdʒ/ v. merge, merge
Use merge into to import
merge with merge with
river system water system
run-off /ˈrʌnɔːf/ n. run-off; runoff vote; play-offs
Paired with urban run-off urban runoff
salinity /səˈlɪnəti/ n. salinity, salinity
Paired with absolute salinity
saturate /ˈsætʃəreɪt/ vt. Make it wet; make it saturated
Paired with saturated zone
silt /sɪlt/ n. silt v. silt
Synonyms: sullage n. silt
surge /sɜːrdʒ/ v. (to cause) surge n. surge; sudden increase; intense ups and downs (of feelings or emotions)
With surge damper
tidal /ˈtaɪdl/ a. Tidal; related to tides
Paired with tidal flow tidal flow
tow /toʊ/ v. drag
Towage n. Towing; towing fee
turbulence /ˈtɜːrbjələns/ n. Turbulence; turmoil; turbulence
same root turbulent a. chaotic
Theme summary: words indicating "nautical related personnel"
captain /ˈkæptɪn/ n. captain
Memory capt (catch; hold) ain (table person) → master a group of people → captain
crew /kruː/ n. All crew; staff
Memory sounds like "can enter" → Only staff can enter, non-visitors are not allowed in → Staff
helmsman /ˈhelmzmən/ n. helmsman
Memory helms (rudder) man (person) → person at the helm → helmsman
mate /meɪt/ n. first mate; assistant vt. pairing; companionship
soulmate n. a congenial person; a close friend
navy /ˈneɪvi/ n. navy
Paired with navy blue navy blue
pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ n. Navigator; driver
Paired with a fighter pilot fighter pilot
shipowner /ˈʃɪpoʊnər/ n. shipowner
Memory ship (ship) owner (owner) → ship owner
Topic summary: words related to "navigation equipment"
compass /ˈkʌmpəs/ n. compass
same root encompass vt. include; surround
helm /helm/ n. tiller
With take the helm start taking the helm
lodestone /ˈloʊdstoʊn/ n. natural magnet; very attractive thing
Memory lode (mineral vein) stone (stone) → natural magnet
log /lɔːɡ/ n. Logbook vt. Logging
Paired with ship’s log
navigation tools navigation tools
oar /ɔːr/ n. oar
Same root quant n.
radar /ˈreɪdɑːr/ n. radar
Paired with under the radar out of sight
shipboard /ˈʃɪpbɔːrd/ n. shipside
Memory ship (ship) board (deck) → ship side
starboard /ˈstɑːrbərd/ n. starboard
antonym larboard n. port side
tonnage /ˈtʌnɪdʒ/ n. tonnage
Memory ton (ton) n age (noun) → tonnage
sea mile sea mile
Theme summary: words related to "sailing"
anchor /ˈæŋkər/ n. anchor v. anchor, anchor
Same root anchorage n. mooring; anchoring
bail /beɪl/ v. (to scoop (water) out of a boat; to bail out)
n. bail
Used with bail sth. out to scoop water out of
beacon /ˈbiːkən/ n. lighthouse; signal buoy
Synonyms buoy n. buoy
cruise /kruːz/ n. round trip sailing
same root cruiser n. cruiser
drift /drɪft/ v. drift n. drift; drift; tendency
The same root adrift a. floating ad. floating to the ground
embark /ɪmˈbɑːrk/ v. take a boat
Same root disembark v. offshore, ashore
furl /fɜːrl/ vt. furl (sail)
same root unfurl v. expand
homing /ˈhoʊmɪŋ/ n. return home
memory from home (n. home v. go home)
launch /lɔːntʃ/ vt. launch into the water
same root launching n. launching into water
moor /mʊr/ n. wilderness, wilderness v. to anchor (a ship)
Same root moorage n. mooring
moorings n. moorings
sail /seɪl/ n. sail v. sail
Same root sailor n. sailor
steer /stɪr/ n. steer, drive
Same root steering n. steering device
tack /tæk/ v. sail against the wind
tide /taɪd/ n. tide, tide; tide v. drift with the tide
Synonyms trend n. (river) direction
transship /trænsˈʃɪp/ v. transship
Memory trans (change) ship (ship) → transfer ship
veer /vɪr/ v. Untie the cable; turn n. Turn
Synonyms: swerve v. swerve suddenly
weigh anchor weigh anchor
windward /ˈwɪndwərd/ n. Headwind; windward a. Against the wind
antonym leeward n. leeward a. in the leeward direction
Theme summary: words related to "maritime accident"
capsize /ˈkæpsaɪz/ v. (ship) capsize
distress signal distress signal
ground /ɡraʊnd/ v. hit the rocks; stranded n. ground
same root aground a. stranded ad. stranded place
leak /liːk/ v. leak
same root leakage n. leakage
shipwreck /ˈʃɪprek/ n. Wrecked, shipwrecked
Memory ship (ship) wreck (destroy) → wreck
wreck /rek/ v./n. damage; destruction
Same root wreckage n. wreckage
Words related to "pier, dock"
dock /dɑːk/ n. dock; wharf
Synonyms: quay n. wharf
wharf n. wharf
dockyard /ˈdɑːkjɑːrd/ n. shipyard
Memory dock (yard) → yard on the dock → shipyard
harbor /ˈhɑːrbər/ n. harbor
Matches harbor entrance harbor entrance
outport /ˈaʊtpɔːt/ n. Outport, small port (referring to an administratively independent small port located near a large port)
Memory out (outside) port (port) → outer port, small port
port /pɔːrt/ n. Port; port side
With port of call port of call
roadstead /ˈroʊdsted/ n. offshore anchorage; berth
shipyard /ˈʃɪpjɑːrd/ n. shipyard
Memory ship (ship) yard (yard) → shipbuilding yard → shipyard
wharfage /ˈwɔːfɪdʒ/ n. [general name] wharf
Memory wharf (pier) age (noun) → wharf
Sentence 67
The question of why infantile amnesia occurs has intrigued psychologists for decades, especially in light of ample evidence that infants and young children can display impressive memory capabilities. , especially given the overwhelming evidence that infants and young children can display surprising memory abilities.
Grammar notes: The stem of this sentence is The question has intrigued psychologists. The "that" in the sentence introduces the appositive clause "that infants... capabilities", which is used to explain evidence.
core vocabulary
infantile /ˈɪnfəntaɪl/ a. infantile; childish
Memory infant (infant) ile (…) → infant’s
same root infant n. baby
amnesia /æmˈniːʒə/ n. Forgetfulness
memory a (none) mnes (memory) ia→no memory→forgetfulness
Paired with retrograde amnesia retrograde amnesia
Same root amnesiac a. Amnesiac
intrigue /ɪnˈtriːɡ/ v. Conspiracy; fascination; arouse the curiosity of... n. Conspiracy, trick
Memory in (enter) trig (=tric complexity) ue→enter into complexity→engage in conspiracy→conspiracy
Synonyms conspiracy n. conspiracy
The same root intriguing a. Very interesting; fascinating
ample /ˈæmpl/ a. Sufficient; rich; spacious
Memory There are plenty of apples (ample) on the market
Synonyms abundant a. Abundant; abundant
Reference trample v. trample, trample
amble vi. walk slowly
display /dɪˈspleɪ/ vt./n. display; display; display, performance
Memory dis (separate) play (play, perform) → perform separately → display
with on display currently on display
Synonyms exhibit vt./n. exhibition; display
capability /ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti/ n. Ability; performance; talent
Memory cap (capture) ability (ability) → ability to grasp (things) → talent
Synonyms ability n. ability
with the same root capable a. capable
Topic Summary: Words related to "Nervous System Diseases and Symptoms"
aphasia /əˈfeɪziə/ n. aphasia
with aphasia syndrome aphasia syndrome
apoplectic /ˌæpəˈplektɪk/ a. stroke
Pair with apoplectic dementia stroke dementia
atrophy /ˈætrəfi/ n. atrophy
Paired with muscle atrophy muscle atrophy
central paralysis central paralysis
dementia /dɪˈmenʃə/ n. dementia
Pair with vascular dementia vascular dementia
epilepsy /ˈepɪlepsi/ n. epilepsy
with focal epilepsy
get numb
language barrier language barrier
lose consciousness lose consciousness
migraine /ˈmaɪɡreɪn/ n. Migraine
Combined with severe migraine Severe migraine
neurological /ˌnʊrəˈlɑːdʒɪkl/ a. neurological
with neurological disorder neurological disorder
paralyze /ˈpærəlaɪz/ vt. paralyze
Same root paralytic a. paralyzed; paralyzed
Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease
vertigo /ˈvɜːrtɪɡoʊ/ n. Vertigo
Memory verti (turn) go (walk) → turn around → dizzy
Topic summary: words related to "nervous system structure"
brain stem brain stem
central nervous system central nervous system
centralis /ˈsentrəlɪs/ n. central structure
With sulcus centralis central sulcus
consciousness /ˈkɑːnʃəsnəs/ n. consciousness
Same root conscious a. Aware of; intentional
gray matter gray matter
nerve /nɜːrv/ n. nerve
With nerve cell nerve cell
neuron /ˈnʊrɑːn/ n. neuron
With sensory neuron sensory neuron
nucleus /ˈnuːkliəs/ n. Nerve nucleus
peripheral /pəˈrɪfərəl/ a. Body surface, peripheral (nervous system); peripheral
Same root periphery n. Periphery; edge
spinal cord spinal cord
spinal nerve spinal nerve
tract /trækt/ n. Road, bundle; large piece of land; pamphlet
Reference traction n. Traction
tractor n. tractor
white matter (in the brain and spinal cord)
Topic Summary: Common Psychology Terms
applied psychologyapplied psychology
biologism /baɪ'ɒlədʒɪzəm/ n. biologism
Same root biologist n. biologist
functionalism /ˈfʌŋkʃənəlɪzəm/ n. functional psychology
Same root function n. function
cultural-historical psychology cultural-historical psychology
determinism /dɪˈtɜːrmɪnɪzəm/ n. determinism
with cultural determinism cultural determinism
differential psychology differential psychology
element of mental phenomenon element of mental phenomenon
environmentalism /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentəlɪzəm/n. environmentalism; environmental theory
same root environmental a. environmental
faculty psychology functional psychology
intentionalism /ɪnˈtenʃənlɪzəm/ n. intentionalism
Same root intentional a. intentional
interactionism /ˌɪntərˈækʃnɪzəm/ n. interactionism
Same root interaction n.
mental chemistry mental chemistry
personal psychology individual psychology
reactionology /rɪæk'tɑːlədʒi/ n. reactionology
Same root react vi. reaction
reflexology /ˌriːfleksˈɑːlədʒi/ n. reflexology
same root reflex vt. reflection
relativism /ˈrelətɪvɪzəm/ n. relativism
same root relative a. relative
social-cultural-historical school social-cultural-historical school
structure of mental phenomenon structure of mental phenomenon
Sentence 68
Researchers can drill core samples, uh, basically get a cross-section of a tree without having to kill it, look at the rings and get a picture of what the climate was like in the basin for each of the tree's years. Drill core samples, essentially taking a cross-section of a tree without killing the tree, and then look at the growth rings to learn what the climate is like in the basin where the tree is located each year.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is "Researchers can drill samples, get a cross-section, look at the rings and get a picture." The four predicate verbs of the main clause are drill, get, look at and get, which are connected in parallel by commas and and.
core vocabulary
researcher /rɪˈsɜːrtʃər/ n. researcher
Memory research (research) er (representative) → researcher
same root research v./n. research; investigation
core /kɔːr/ n. core; center; fruit core; core
vt. dig out the core of…
Memory points, points (score), the core of the test (core)
Synonyms center n. core; center
sample /ˈsæmpl/ n. sample; sample vt. sampling
Memory simple sample
Synonyms specimen n. sample
Same root sampling n. sampling
basically /ˈbeɪsɪkli/ ad. Basically; mainly
Memory comes from basic (a. basic; necessary; primary)
Synonyms essentially ad. Basically
cross-section /ˈkrɔːs sekʃn/ n. Cross-section
antonym longitudinal section longitudinal section
basin /ˈbeɪsn/ n. basin; watershed; pool
Memory There are bisons in the basin
Topic summary: words related to "climate, air pressure"
anticyclone /ˌæntiˈsaɪkloʊn/ n. anticyclone; high (atmospheric) pressure
Memory anti (anti) cyclone (cyclone) → anti cyclone
atmospheric /ˌætməsˈferɪk/ a. Atmospheric, atmospheric
Paired with atmospheric temperature
density /ˈdensəti/ n. density
Match atmospheric densityAtmospheric density
direct sunlight direct sunlight
element /ˈelɪmənt/ n. [the elements] Weather (especially bad weather such as wind and rain); element; component
Same root elemental a. Basic; elemental
elusive /iˈluːsɪv/ a. Indescribable
Same root elude vt. escape
evaporated /ɪˈvæpəreɪtɪd/ a. dehydrated; evaporated and dried
Same root evaporation n. evaporation
hectopascal /ˈhektoʊˈpæskl/ n. Hectopascal (unit of air pressure)
Reference hectowatt n. One hundred watts
moist /mɔɪst/ a. moist
Moisture n. Moisture
mysterious /mɪˈstɪriəs/ a. mysterious
Pair with the mysterious universe mysterious universe
seasonal demand seasonal demand
subtropical /ˌsʌbˈtrɑːpɪkl/ a. Subtropical
With subtropical climate subtropical climate
sunrise /ˈsʌnraɪz/ n. sunrise
Pair with at sunrise
sunset /ˈsʌnset/ n. sunset
with at sunset
tropical cyclone tropical cyclone
uncontaminated /ˌʌnkənˈtæmɪneɪtɪd/ a. uncontaminated
Pair with uncontaminated soil uncontaminated soil
Topic summary: words related to "weather"
breeze /briːz/ n. Breeze, gentle breeze
Pair with gentle breeze soft breeze
brisk /brɪsk/ a. Bold; agile, lively
Memory b risk (adventure) → adventurous person → agile, lively
centigrade /ˈsentɪɡreɪd/ n. Celsius; Baidumeter a. Celsius temperature; percentage
Paired with centigrade thermometer Celsius thermometer
chilly /ˈtʃɪli/ a. cold
Same root chill n. cold
dew /duː/ n. dew
Same root dewdrop n. dewdrop
downfall /ˈdaʊnfɔːl/ n. Heavy rain
Memory down (fall) fall (fall) → heavy rain fall → heavy rain
downpour /ˈdaʊnpɔːr/ n. downpour
with a sudden downpour a sudden heavy rain
drizzle /ˈdrɪzl/ n. drizzle vi. drizzle
Pair with thin drizzle
Fahrenheit /ˈfærənhaɪt/ n. Fahrenheit thermometer a. Fahrenheit thermometer, Fahrenheit
foggy /ˈfɔːɡi/ a. foggy
Paired with foggy morning foggy morning
forecast /ˈfɔːrkæst/ n./vt. Forecast; forecast
Paired with weather forecast weather forecast
freezing /ˈfriːzɪŋ/ a. cold
Same root freeze v. freeze
frigid /ˈfrɪdʒɪd/ a. cold, severe cold
same root frigidity n. cold
frost /frɔːst/ n. Frost
Same root frosty a. frosty
hail /heɪl/ n. hail
Collocation with hail storm hailstorm, hailstorm
haze /heɪz/ n. haze
Same root hazy a. hazy; fuzzy
light air first level wind, soft wind
mist /mɪst/ n. mist
with in mist in the mist
misty /ˈmɪsti/ a. filled with mist, shrouded in mist
Paired with misty morning misty morning
moderate rain moderate rain
nippy /ˈnɪpi/ a. biting; biting
overcast /ˌoʊvərˈkæst/ a. (covered by clouds, fog, etc.); cloudy n. cloudy
Paired with overcast sky dark sky
precipitation /prɪˌsɪpɪˈteɪʃn/ n. (rain, snow, hail, etc.) falling; precipitation amount
Paired with annual precipitation annual precipitation
rain cats and dogs it's pouring rain
shower /ˈʃaʊər/ n. shower
Paired with a heavy shower
sleep /sliːt/ n. sleet vi. sleet
smog /smɑːɡ/ n. smoke
Same root smoggy a. smoggy
snowflake /ˈsnoʊfleɪk/ n. snowflake, snowflake
memory snow flake → snowflake
stuffy /ˈstʌfi/ a. airtight; stuffy
Pair with hot and stuffy
swelter /ˈsweltər/ vi. uncomfortably hot n. stuffy
Same root sweltering a. sweltering
temperature /ˈtemprətʃər/ n. temperature
With temperature range temperature range
thunder storm thunderstorm
Theme summary: words related to "trees"
acorn /ˈeɪkɔːrn/ n. oak fruit
birch /bɜːrtʃ/ n. white birch
box /bɑːks/ n. boxwood
camphor tree camphor tree
coconut palm coconut tree
cypress /ˈsaɪprəs/ n. cypress
deciduous tree deciduous tree
elm /elm/ n. elm tree
evergreen broad-leaf forest evergreen broad-leaf forest
evergreen tree evergreen tree
fir /fɜːr/ n. fir
ginkgo /ˈɡɪŋkɡoʊ/ n. Ginkgo tree
hickory /ˈhɪkəri/ n. pecan tree
ivy /ˈaɪvi/ n. ivy
Paired with the Ivy League Ivy League
laurel /ˈlɔːrəl/ n. laurel
maple tree maple tree
oak /oʊk/ n. Oak
phoenix tree phoenix tree
pine tree pine tree
poplar /ˈpɑːplər/ n. poplar
sandalwood /ˈsændlwʊd/ n. Sandalwood
satinwood /'sætɪnwʊd/ n. Basswood
sequoia /sɪˈkwɔɪə/ n. Sequoia
shrub /ʃrʌb/ n. shrub
Synonyms bush n. shrub
sycamore /ˈsɪkəmɔːr/ n. American sycamore
willow /ˈwɪloʊ/ n. willow
Same root willowy a. slender; graceful
hardy /ˈhɑːrdi/ a. cold-resistant
Hardiness n. Patience
verdant /ˈvɜːrdnt/ a. lush
verdure n. green vegetation
virgin /ˈvɜːrdʒɪn/ a. Undeveloped; untouched by man-made destruction
Pair with virgin forest
Sentence 69
Great Britain's better-developed banking and credit system also helped speed the industrial progress, as did the fact that it was the home of an impressive array of entrepreneurs and inventors. Like the fact that Britain has an amazing array of entrepreneurs and inventors that helps with industrial progress.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Banking and credit system also helped speed the progress. In the sentence, as introduces an adverbial clause, which means "like...", and the clause is inverted; it also contains an appositive clause introduced by that, which is used to explain the fact.
core vocabulary
credit /ˈkredɪt/ n. Credit; loan vt. Attribute... to; trust
Memory cred (trust) + it → credit
Paired with credit card
antonym discredit vt. to cause loss of reputation; to cause doubt
n. loss of reputation
Same root credibility n. Credibility, reliability
impressive /ɪmˈpresɪv/ a. Impressive; amazing
memory from impress (vt. to give a deep impression to)
with impressive achievement impressive achievement
The same root impress vt. Give a deep impression to...
impression n. impression
array /əˈreɪ/ n. a series; display vt. deployment
with an array of a batch; a large number
Synonyms series n.
entrepreneur /ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɜːr/ n. entrepreneur
Paired with entrepreneur team entrepreneurial team
Tonggen entrepreneurial a. Entrepreneurial spirit
Topic summary: words related to "bank savings"
ATM (automated teller machine) /ˌeɪ tiː ˈem/ abbr. Automatic teller machine
balance /ˈbæləns/ n. balance
Combined with balance inquiry balance inquiry
bank account bank account
bank statement bank statement, bank settlement list
cancellation /ˌkænsəˈleɪʃn/ n. Cancel
Comes with cancellation charge
close an account close an account
debit card debit card
demand deposit demand deposit
deposit /dɪˈpɑːzɪt/ n. deposit
Match deposit account deposit account
deposit rate deposit rate
deposit receipt deposit receipt, certificate of deposit
depositor /dɪˈpɑːzɪtər/ n. depositor, depositor
Paired with small depositor small depositor
foreign currency foreign currency
foreign exchange foreign exchange
freeze an account freeze an account
interest /ˈɪntrəst/ n. interest
Paired with interest rate interest rate
mature /məˈtʃʊr/ a. expired
Paired with a mature bond
merchant bank commercial bank
open an account open an account
passbook /ˈpæsbʊk/ n. bank passbook
Paired with passbook saving passbook savings
principal /ˈprɪnsəpl/ n. principal
With principal and interest principal and interest
report the loss report the loss
savings account savings account
term deposit term deposit
withdraw /wɪðˈdrɔː/ vt. Withdraw money from a bank account, etc.
With withdraw cash withdrawal
check deposit check deposit
notice deposit notice deposit
endorse /ɪnˈdɔːrs/ vt. (signature on the back of a check)
Endorsement n. Endorsement
overdraw /ˌoʊvərˈdrɔː/ v. overdraft
Combined with overdraw an account overdraft account
overdraft /ˈoʊvərdræft/ n. overdraft; overdraft amount
Paired with malicious overdraft
Topic summary: words related to "loan"
amortize /ˈæmərtaɪz/ vt. amortize
amortization n. amortization
arrear /əˈrɪə/ n. debts payable, overdue debts
with in arrear arrears
borrower /ˈbɑːroʊər/ n. borrower
collateralized loan mortgage loan
credit risk credit risk
deadline /ˈdedlaɪn/ n. deadline
Paired with meet the deadline to complete by deadline
debit /ˈdebɪt/ n. Debit vt. Debit...
Paired with debit balance debit balance
debt /det/ n. debt
Same root debtor n. debtor
debt collector debt collector
default /dɪˈfɔːlt/ n. Default, default
Paired with default risk default risk
extension /ɪkˈstenʃn/ n. extension
same root extend vt. extend
guarantee /ˌɡærənˈtiː/ n./vt. guarantee
With loan guarantee loan guarantee
installment /ɪnˈstɔːlmənt/ n. installment payment
With installment payments
lender /ˈlendər/ n. Lender, lender
same root lend vt. lend
loan /loʊn/ n./v. loan
Match loan interest rate loan interest rate
offset /ˈɔːfset/ vt. offset
collocate be offset by offset by
overtime /ˈoʊvərtaɪm/ n. overdue
repay /rɪˈpeɪ/ vt. repay, return
Use with repay a loan to repay a loan
substitute /ˈsʌbstɪtuːt/ n./v. substitute
Same root substitution n. replace
warrantor /ˈwɒrənˌtɔː/ n. guarantor
same root warrant vt. guarantee
Sentence 70
Confronted with a multitude of unreliable figures, economists have compared the population records with the aggregate data for cultivated land area and grain production in the six centuries since 1368. Six centuries of aggregate data on cultivated area and grain production are compared.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is economists have compared the records with the data. The beginning of the sentence is a non-predicate structure in the form of past participle, indicating passiveness, and the logical subject is economists.
core vocabulary
confront /kənˈfrʌnt/ vt. face; confront
Memory con (common) front (forehead) → face to face → face to face
Confrontation n. Confrontation; confrontation
multitude /ˈmʌltɪtuːd/ n. A large number; the masses; the public
Memory multi (many) (i) tude (table state) → many states → a large number
with a multitude of a large number, many
unreliable /ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəbl/ a. unreliable; unreliable
Synonyms trustless a. unreliable
antonym reliable a. reliable
figure /ˈfɪɡjər/ n. Number; figure; character
Economist /ɪˈkɑːnəmɪst/ n. Economist
Same root economy n. economy
compare /kəmˈper/ vt. compare; contrast
Memory com (common) + par (equal) + e → put them together to see if they are equal → compare
Same root comparable a. Comparable
aggregate /ˈæɡrɪɡət/ n. aggregate; total
/ˈæɡrɪɡət/ a. Total
Memory ag (close) greg (group) ate→gather into a group→aggregate
Collocation in the aggregate total, as a whole
Same root aggregation n. collection; collection
cultivated /ˈkʌltɪveɪtɪd/ a. used for farming; cultivated
memory cultivated fields cultivated land
same root cultivate vt. cultivate
Topic summary: words related to "census"
age structure age structure
annual /ˈænjuəl/ a. Every year; annual
Memory annu (year) al (...) → every year
birth rate birth rate
census /ˈsensəs/ n. census, population survey
Paired with census register household registration book
demography /dɪˈmɑːɡrəfi/ n. Demography
same root demographer n. demographer
distribution /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn/ n. distribution; distribution
same root population distribution population distribution
emigration /ˌemɪˈɡreɪʃn/ n. emigration abroad, emigration
Paired with emigration policy immigration policy
expectation of life life expectancy
family planning family planning
general mortality rate
immigration /ˌɪmɪˈɡreɪʃn/ n. immigration, foreign immigrants
With immigration office immigration office
infant mortality rate infant mortality rate
internal migration internal migration
migrant /ˈmaɪɡrənt/ n. Migrants; migratory birds a. Migrant
Paired with migrant population floating population
migration /maɪˈɡreɪʃn/ n. migration, immigration
Same root migrate vi. migrate
migration rate migration rate
floating population floating population
mortality /mɔːrˈtæləti/ n. mortality
with mortality rate mortality rate
natural growth natural growth
NPG (negative population growth) abbr. Negative population growth
populous /ˈpɑːpjələs/ a. densely populated
same root population n. population
random sampling random sampling
rural population rural population
sampling survey sampling survey
sex ratio sex ratio
Uneven /ʌnˈiːvn/ a. Uneven, uneven
With uneven distribution uneven distribution
urban population urban population
vast /væst/ a. Huge, large amount
Same root vastness n. huge
vital statistics vital statistics
ZPG (zero population growth) abbr. Zero population growth
Theme summary: words related to "population aging"
aging /ˈeɪdʒɪŋ/ n. Aging, getting old
Paired with population aging population aging
Alzheimer’s /ˈæltshaɪmərz/ n. Alzheimer’s disease (Alzheimer’s disease)
annuity /əˈnuːəti/ n. pension
Paired with annuity insurance annuity insurance
desolate /ˈdesələt/ a. lonely, desolate
Synonyms deserted a. Desolate
DINK (Dual Income, No Kids) /dɪŋk/abbr. DINK family
Match dink family dink family
disease prevention disease prevention
elder /ˈeldər/ a. Elder n. Old man
Paired with elder generation ancestors
extend /ɪkˈstend/ vt. extend
same root extension n. extension
fertility level fertility level
longevity /lɔːnˈdʒevəti/ n. longevity
same root longevous a. long-lived
medical level medical level
nursing home nursing home; nursing home
pension /ˈpenʃn/ n. Pension vt. Give a pension to...
professional care professional care
progeny /ˈprɑːdʒəni/ n. Descendants, descendants
Synonyms descendant n. Descendants, descendants
solitary /ˈsɑːləteri/ a. Living alone; alone
memory sol (alone) it (walk) ary (...) → alone
workforce shortage labor shortage
Sentence 71
Apparently, species-rich plots were likely to contain some drought-resistant plant species that grew better in drought years, compensating for the poor growth of less-tolerant species. Drought-tolerant varieties grow better in drought years, making up for the poor growth of those that are not drought-tolerant.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Species-rich plots were likely to contain some drought-resistant plant species. The attributive clause introduced by that modifies some drought-resistant plant species. "compensating for..." in the sentence is a non-predicate structure and serves as an accompanying adverbial in the attributive clause.
core vocabulary
plot /plɑːt/ n. small piece of land, small piece of land
species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ n. species, group
Memory speci (kind) es→kind; group
Same root subspecies n. Subspecies
drought /draʊt/ n. Drought (period), drought
with drought disaster drought
compensate /ˈkɑːmpenseɪt/ vi. compensate; compensate vt. compensate (someone)
memory com pens (expense) ate→give all expenses→compensation
Collocation with "compensate for"
same root compensatory a. compensatory
Theme summary: words related to "plant growth"
bloom /bluːm/ n. flower; bloom (period) vi. bloom
With in bloom, in full bloom, in bloom
chlorophyll /ˈklɔːrəfɪl/ n. chlorophyll
deciduous /dɪˈsɪdʒuəs/ a. falling off, fallen leaves
Paired with deciduous forest deciduous forest
defoliate /ˌdiːˈfoʊlieɪt/ v. (to make) fall leaves
Memory de (remove) + foli (leaves) + ate → remove leaves → (make) leaves fall
fruition /fruˈɪʃn/ n. fruition
same root fruit n. fruit
full-blown /fʊlˈbloʊn/ a. in full bloom
germination /ˌdʒɜːrmɪˈneɪʃn/ n. germination
same root germinate v. sprout
graft /ɡræft/ n. graft vt. transplant; graft
Collocation: graft sth. onto sth. Graft... onto...
hardy /ˈhɑːrdi/ a. Strong; cold-resistant
Memory hard (hard) y→strong; cold-resistant
immature /ˌɪməˈtʃʊr/ a. immature, underdeveloped
antonym mature a. mature
leaf /liːf/ n. leaf
Pair with in full leaf, full of leaves
leafstalk /ˈliːfˌstɔːk/ n. leafstalk
Memory leaf (leaf) stalk (stem, handle) → petiole
life cycle life cycle
lush /lʌʃ/ a. lush, lush
Same root lushness n. Lush vegetation
moisture /ˈmɔɪstʃər/ n. moisture
Paired with sufficient moisture sufficient moisture
oxygen /ˈɑːksɪdʒən/ n. Oxygen
Paired with oxygen content oxygen content
photosynthesis /ˌfoʊtoʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/ n. photosynthesis
prolific /prəˈlɪfɪk/ a. prolific
Synonyms productive a. prolific
radicle /ˈrædɪkəl/ n. radicle
Memory rad (root) + icle (small) → radicle
ramify /ˈræməˌfaɪ/ vi. branch
same root ramification n. branch
respiration /ˌrespəˈreɪʃn/ n. respiration
Same root respire vi. breathe
ripe /raɪp/ a. ripe, mature
Same root ripen v. (make...) mature
root /ruːt/ n. root
Paired with take root rooting
seed /siːd/ n. seed v. sow; produce seeds
Memory The seeds grow tenaciously among the weeds
sow /soʊ/ v. sow, sow
same root sowing n. sowing
sprawling /ˈsprɔːlɪŋ/ a. Plants that are spreading
same root sprawl vi. creeping
sprout /spraʊt/ vi. sprout n. sprout; sprout
Served with bean sprouts
stem /stem/ n. stem
with on a stem on a stem
temperature /ˈtemprətʃər/ n. temperature
With temperature range temperature range
transplantation /ˌtrænsplænˈteɪʃn/ n. transplantation
same root transplant v. transplant
vein /veɪn/ n. leaf veins
same root veining n. vein distribution
verdant /ˈvɜːrdnt/ a. green, verdant
Memory verd (green) + ant (...) → green
wither /ˈwɪðər/ v. wither; (make) wither
with wither up
Theme summary: words related to "survival of the fittest"
adapt /əˈdæpt/ vt. to adapt
same root adaptable a. able to adapt
common descent common origin
competition /ˌkɑːmpəˈtɪʃn/ n. competition
Synonyms rivalry n. competition
Darwin /ˈdɑːrwɪn/ n. Darwin
Paired with Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
degradation /ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃn/ n. degradation
Paired with biological degradation biological degradation
die out gradually disappear; become extinct
directional selection directional selection
dominant /ˈdɑːmɪnənt/ a. dominant; dominant
Synonyms predominant a. dominant
evolutionary /ˌiːvəˈluːʃəneri/ a. evolutionary
same root evolution n. evolution
extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃn/ n.
with species extinction species extinction
fierce /fɪrs/ a. Fierce
Paired with fierce battle fierce battle
habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/ n. habitat
Pair with natural habitat natural habitat
inferior /ɪnˈfɪriər/ a. poor
Paired with inferior to, not as good as...
metabolism /məˈtæbəlɪzəm/ n. metabolism
Pair with metabolic disorder metabolic disorder
natural selection natural selection; natural selection
offspring /ˈɔːfsprɪŋ/ n. Descendants, descendants
Synonyms descendant n. descendant
origin /ˈɔːrɪdʒɪn/ n. origin
With origin of species origin of species
preservation /ˌprezərˈveɪʃn/ n.
Same root preserve vt. save
succession /səkˈseʃn/ n. Succession; inheritance
Same root successive a. succeed; inherit
superior /suːˈpɪriər/ n. winner
Same root superiority n. Superior
survival /sərˈvaɪvl/ n. survive, survive
with survival of the fittest survival of the fittest
weed out
Sentence 72
Even more shocking is the fact that the number and rate of imprisonment have more than doubled over the past twenty years, and recidivism—that is the rate for re-arrest—is more than 60 percent. The number and rate of arrests have more than doubled in the past 20 years, and the recidivism rate, the rate of rearrests, is above 60 percent.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Even more shocking is the fact. The predicate even more shocking in this sentence is placed at the beginning of the sentence, before the verb be, and the whole sentence is an inversion sentence. In "the fact that ... more than 60 percent", the first that introduces the appositive clause and explains the fact. The appositive clause is connected by and to two simple sentences, namely "the number and rate ... over the past twenty years” and “recidivism ... more than 60 percent.”
core vocabulary
imprisonment /ɪmˈprɪznmənt/ n. imprisonment, imprisonment
Collocation with life imprisonment life imprisonment
same root imprison vt. imprisonment
double /ˈdʌbl/ v. Double; twice as much as... a. Twice
Paired with double agent double agent
recidivism /rɪˈsɪdɪvɪzəm/ n. Recidivism; recidivism
Synonyms recidivist n. Habitual offender; repeat offender
Topic Summary: Words that mean “unlawful acts of violence”
abet /əˈbet/ vt. Encourage, instigate
with abet a crime abet a crime
abuse /əˈbjuːs/ n. Abuse /əˈbjuːz/ vt. Abuse, injury
with child abuse child abuse
accessory /əkˈsesəri/ n. accessory
Collocation with accessory before the fact accessory before the fact
arson /ˈɑːrsn/ n. arson
assassin /əˈsæsn/ n. Assassin, assassin
Same root assassinate vt. Assassination
assault /əˈsɔːlt/ n./vt. attack
Paired with sexual assault sexual assault
blackguard /ˈblækɡɑːrd/ n. rogue, villain
bloody /ˈblʌdi/ a. bloody
Paired with bloody battle bloody battle
detract /dɪˈtrækt/ v. derogatory, slander
Memory de (down) tract (pull) → pull down → derogatory
drug traffic drug traffic
felon /ˈfelən/ n. Felon, villain
Same root felony n. felony
forcible /ˈfɔːrsəbl/ a. Forced; violent
Synonyms violent a. Violent
gangster /ˈɡæŋstər/ n. gangster, gangster; villain
heinous /ˈheɪnəs/ a. heinous
Paired with heinous crime heinous crime
illegal /ɪˈliːɡl/ a. illegal, illegal
with illegal act illegal act
illegal transaction illegal transaction
implicate /ˈɪmplɪkeɪt/ vt. implicate
Use implicate in to involve...
joint offense joint offense
malefactor /ˈmælɪfæktər/ n. criminal; evildoer
malice /ˈmælɪs/ n. Malice; premeditation
Paired with malice aforethought malicious premeditation
maltreat /ˌmælˈtriːt/ vt. [written] abuse
Same root maltreatment n. abuse
mayhem /ˈmeɪhem/ n. serious injury crime
murder /ˈmɜːrdər/ n./vt. murder
with mass murder massacre
nefarious /nɪˈferiəs/ a. evil, immoral
with nefarious activities sinful activities
principal /ˈprɪnsəpl/ n. principal culprit
rape /reɪp/ n./vt. Rape; plunder
Paired with gang rape
reprehensible /ˌreprɪˈhensəbl/ a. reprehensible
with reprehensible deed reprehensible behavior
smuggle /ˈsmʌɡl/ v. smuggling, smuggling
Paired with smuggle drugs
tort /tɔːrt/ n. Tort (does not constitute a criminal offense but may cause civil litigation)
torture /ˈtɔːrtʃər/ n./vt. torture; torture
Paired with savage torture
unauthorized /ʌnˈɔːθəraɪzd/ a. Without permission (or approval)
Same root authorize vt. authorize, approve
unlawful /ʌnˈlɔːfl/ a. illegal, illegal
Collocation with illegal detention illegal detention
vandalism /ˈvændəlɪzəm/ n. malicious destruction
same root vandalize vt. wanton destruction
violation /ˌvaɪəˈleɪʃn/ n. violation; violation
Collocation with violation of law illegal
violence /ˈvaɪələns/ n. violence
with domestic violence domestic violence
Topic summary: Words related to "criminal imprisonment"
behind bars serving time in prison
complice /ˈkɒmplɪs/ n. accomplice, accomplice
concertina wire barbed wire
convict /ˈkɑːnvɪkt/ n. prisoner
crime rate crime rate
criminal organization criminal organization
defensible /dɪˈfensəbl/ a. defensible
same root defense n. defense
detention /dɪˈtenʃn/ n. detention, detention
Matches youth detention center juvenile detention center
duress /duˈres/ n. Threat, coercion
Paired with under duress
fence /fens/ n. fence
Paired with electric fence
fetter /ˈfetər/ n. fetters vt. put fetters on (someone)
gallows /ˈɡæloʊz/ n. gallows
gaol /dʒeɪl/ n. [主英] (=jail) prison
Paired with gaol bird habitual offender
gruesome /ˈɡruːsəm/ a. terrifying
The same root gruesomely ad. gruesomely
handcuff /ˈhændkʌf/ vt. Put handcuffs on...
Paired with a pair of handcuffs
incarcerate /ɪnˈkɑːrsəreɪt/ vt. to imprison someone
Same root incarceration n. imprisonment
inmate /ˈɪnmeɪt/ n. inmate
jail /dʒeɪl/ n. prison, prison
with put in jail
manacle /ˈmænəkl/ n. handcuffs, shackles
noose /nuːs/ n. noose; hanging
prison /ˈprɪzn/ n. prison, detention center
with prison term
break prison jailbreak
prisoner /ˈprɪznər/ n. prisoner, prisoner
Paired with prisoner of war
visit a prisoner visit a prisoner
security lighting security lighting
warden /ˈwɔːrdn/ n. warden
warder /ˈwɔːrdər/ n. (prison) warden
Sentence 73
These plants propagate by producing spores—tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant—but the spores are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. fertilized cells that carry all the instructions to create a new plant—but the spores are not protected by any outer skin and have no nutrient supply.
Grammar notes: This is a compound sentence containing but. The backbone of the first clause is "These plants propagate by..."; the backbone of the second clause is "The spores are unprotected by... and carry no supply...". The attributive clause that contains all the instructions for making a new plant modifies tiny fertilized cells. The appositive phrase tiny fertilized cells refers to the preceding species.
core vocabulary
propagate /ˈprɑːpəɡeɪt/ v. Reproduction; dissemination; publicity
Memory pro (forward) pag (fasten) ate → fasten forward → make your bloodline strong from generation to generation → reproduce
Synonyms reproduce v. reproduce
disperse v. disperse; spread
spore /spɔːr/ n. Spore
tiny /ˈtaɪni/ a. Very small; very few
fertilize /ˈfɜːrtəlaɪz/ vt. to pollinate; to fertilize; to fertilize
Fertilizer n. Fertilizer
contain /kənˈteɪn/ vt. include; accommodate; control
Memory con (strengthen) tain (hold) → hold all → contain; accommodate
Synonyms include vt. include, include
Same root container n. container, container
self-contained a. Independent and self-sufficient; fully equipped
instruction /ɪnˈstrʌkʃn/ n. Teaching; instructions; [often pl.] instructions for usage
Memory in (make) + struct (build) → make (knowledge) build → teach
Paired with instruction manual instruction manual
Synonyms directions n. instructions
indication n.
Same root instruct vt. instruction; professor
instructive a. Useful; knowledgeable
instructor n. coach
instructional a. teaching
unprotected /ˌʌnprəˈtektɪd/ a. Unprotected; without protective cover
memory un(not) protect(protect) ed→unprotected
outer /ˈaʊtər/ a. Appearance; outside
Synonyms external a. External, superficial
coating /ˈkoʊtɪŋ/ n. (thin) covering layer, coating
memory from coat (vt. cover with)
supply /səˈplaɪ/ vt. supply n. supply (amount)
Memory sup (below) ply (fill) → fill below → supply
Collocation: supply sth. to sb. provide something to someone
Synonyms provide vt. provide
nutrient /ˈnuːtriənt/ n. Nutrients, nutrients
Memory nutri (nutrition) ent (table medicine, agent) → nourishment, nutritional product
Synonyms nourishment n. nutrition
Reference nutrition n. Nutrition
nutritional a. nutritious
nutritionist n. nutritionist
malnutrition n. malnutrition
nutritious a. nutritious
Topic summary: words related to "seed dispersal"
afield /əˈfiːld/ ad. in (to) the distance
Memory a (in...) + field (field) → in the field → in the distance
angiosperm /ˈændʒioʊˌspɜrm/ n. angiosperm
breeze /briːz/ n. breeze
Memory Spring is here, the breeze is blowing, and the frozen rivers are thawing.
buoyant /ˈbɔɪənt/ a. buoyant
memory from buoy (n. buoy)
concentrate /ˈkɑːnsntreɪt/ v. concentrate
memory con (strengthen) centr (center) ate→gather in a center→concentrate
deposit /dɪˈpɑːzɪt/ vt. to precipitate
Same root deposition n. sediment, sedimentation
depositional n. Precipitated; deposited
dormant /dormant/ a. Still; dormant
Memory dorm (sleep) + ant → dormant
drift /drɪft/ v. drift
Memory rafting (raft) drifting (drift)
encapsulate /ɪnˈkæpsjuleɪt/ vt. compression
favorable /ˈfeɪvərəbl/ a. favorable
Same root favor n. good intention, love
float /floʊt/ v. (make) float
Memory boat floats on the water
gossamer /ˈɡɑːsəmər/ n. Spider silk; tulle
habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/ n. habitat
Memory habit (have) + at → long-term inherent → habitat
layer /ˈler/ n. layer
memory from lay (n. level)
location /loʊˈkeɪʃn/ n. location; place
same root locate vt. to be located at; to locate
multiply /ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/ v. (to make) increase, multiply
Memory multi (multiple) ply (fold) → multiple → (make) increase, multiply
naked /ˈneɪkɪd/ a. naked, uncovered
With naked eye
nourish /ˈnɜːrɪʃ/ vt. nourish
same root nourishment n. nutrition, food
nourishing a. nutritious
protection /prəˈtekʃn/ n. protection
resistant /rɪˈzɪstənt/ a. Resistant
with be resistant to be resistant to
settle /ˈsetl/ v. settle; stay
Collocation with settle down means calm; settle down, live a stable life
sheer /ʃɪr/ a. (emphasis on the size, degree or quantity of something) pure, complete
shell /ʃel/ n. shell; shell
Memory The bad guy was blasted into hell by a shell
soften /ˈsɔːfn/ v. (make) soft
Reference softness n. Softness; softness
survive /sərˈvaɪv/ vi. survive
Same root survival n. survive, survive
survivor n. survivor
toehold /ˈtoʊhoʊld/ n. foothold
wrap /ræp/ vt. wrap
Pair it with wrap up
Topic summary: words related to "heredity"
amino acid amino acid
chromosome /ˈkroʊməsoʊm/ n. chromosome
memory chromo (color) som (body) e→chromosome
decode /ˌdiːˈkoʊd/ vt. decode
Memory de (remove) + code (password) → remove password → decode
family tree family tree
gene /dʒiːn/ n. gene
genetic /dʒəˈnetɪk/ a. genetic
Genetics n. Genetics
genetically ad. determined by genes
genetic variation genetic variation
hereditary /həˈredɪteri/ a. Hereditary (sexual); inheritable
Memory heredit (= hered, inheritance) + ary (...) → inherited → hereditary
mutation /mjuːˈteɪʃn/ n. mutation
reproduction /ˌriːprəˈdʌkʃn/ n. reproduction
same root reproduce v. reproduce; copy
reproductive a. Reproductive
substitution /ˌsʌbstɪˈtuːʃn/ n.
Same root substitute n. substitute v. replace
substituted a. substituted
Topic summary: words related to "nutrition"
autotrophic /ˌɔːtəˈtrɑːfɪk/ a. (organism) survives on inorganic substances, autotrophic
memory auto (self) trophic (nutritional) → autotrophic
heterotrophic /ˈhetərəˈtrɑːfɪk/ a. heterotrophic
malnourished /ˌmælˈnɜːrɪʃtɪd/ a. malnourished
memory mal (bad) nourished (nutritious) → malnourished
Sentence 74
Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship. The deadliest strains of the virus also die with their hosts. Therefore, natural selection stabilizes the relationship between host and parasite.
Grammar notes: The stem of the first sentence is The strains perished. as introduces the adverbial clause of reason "as natural selection favored ... not kill them", which also contains an attributive clause introduced by that, modifying the previous noun strains. The backbone of the second sentence is Natural selection stabilized relationship.
core vocabulary
strain /streɪn/ n. (of animals and plants), strain; pressure; strain vt. strain; overuse
with strain at the leash eager to start; impatient
Tonggen strained a. Nervous; reluctant
Reference constrain vt. drive; force
overstrain vt./n. excessive tension
perish /ˈperɪʃ/ v. death; destruction; decay; aging
Memory should be cherished (cherish), not destroyed (perish)
Same root perishable a. perishable, perishable
n. perishable goods
selection /sɪˈlekʃn/ n. Selection; selection; selected people (or things)
memory se (separate) lect (select) ion→select
With natural selection natural selection
Same root selective a. Selected, selective; carefully selected
infect /ɪnˈfekt/ vt. infection, infection
Memory in (enter) fect (do) → do it → infect
Same root infection n. infection, infection; infectious disease
infectious a. contagious; infectious
stabilize /ˈsteɪbəlaɪz/ vt. stabilize
Memory comes from stable (a. stable; stable)
same root stability n. stability
Reference unstable a. Unstable
parasite /ˈpærəsaɪt/ n. parasite; parasite
Match host-parasite relationship host and parasite relationship
Same root parasitic a. parasitic parasitically ad. parasitic place
Topic summary: words related to "bacteria, viruses"
bacillus /bəˈsɪləs/ n. bacillus
memory plural form bacilli
bacterium /bækˈtɪriəm/ n. bacteria
memory plural form bacteria
With bacterial culture bacterial culture
colony /ˈkɑːləni/ n. colony; colony
Colonial a. Colony
fungus /ˈfʌŋɡəs/ n. Fungus
Memory is written in the plural form as fungi
germ /dʒɜːrm/ n. Microorganism, bacteria
microbe /ˈmaɪkroʊb/ n. Bacteria, microorganisms
same root microbial a. microbial
microorganism /ˌmaɪkroʊˈɔːrɡənɪzəm/n. Microorganisms, bacteria
With pathogenic microorganismPathogenic microorganisms
virus /ˈvaɪrəs/ n. virus
Same root viral a. Viral, caused by virus
aerobic /eˈroʊbɪk/ a. Aerobic
With aerobic bacteria
anaerobic /ˌæneˈroʊbɪk/ a. Anaerobic
With anaerobic bacteria anaerobic bacteria
antibody /ˈæntibɑːdi/ n. antibody
Memory anti (anti) body (body) → antibody
antibiotic /ˌæntibaɪˈɑːtɪk/ n. antibiotics
a. Antibiotic
Paired with antibiotic treatment
bacteriological /bækˌtɪriəˈlɑːdʒɪkl/a. bacteriological
Paired with bacteriological weapon bacterial weapon
cultivate /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/ vt. Plant; cultivate
Same root cultivation n. Cultivate; cultivate
decline phase decline phase
decompose /ˌdiːkəmˈpoʊz/ v. decompose, (make) rot
Collocation decompose into
degradation /ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃn/ n. degradation
Same root degrade v. belittle; degrade; degrade
disinfection /ˌdɪsɪnˈfekʃn/ n. disinfection
Same root disinfect vt. Disinfect...
dormancy /ˈdɔːrmənsi/ n. dormancy, hibernation
Memory dorm (sleep) ancy (state) → sleep
exponential growth exponential growth
fermentation /ˌfɜːrmenˈteɪʃn/ n. fermentation
The same root ferment v./n. Fermentation; turmoil
fission /ˈfɪʃn/ n. Fission (method); fission
same root fissionable a. capable of nuclear fission
fissility n. Fragility
germiculture /ˈdʒɜːmɪˌkʌltʃər/ n. Bacterial culture
Memory germ (bacteria) i culture (culture) → bacterial culture
immunity /ɪˈmjuːnəti/ n. immunity
Immunology n. Immunology
inconspicuous /ˌɪnkənˈspɪkjuəs/ a. inconspicuous
Paired with inconspicuous consumption implicit consumption
infection /ɪnˈfekʃn/ n. infection
Pair with bacterial infection bacterial infection
invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəbl/ a. Invisible to the naked eye
With invisible to the naked eye invisible to the naked eye
involution form aging form
log phase log phase
microbiology /ˌmaɪkroʊbaɪˈɑːlədʒi/n. microbiology
Same root microbiologist n. Microbiologist
microscope /ˈmaɪkrəskoʊp/ n. microscope
With electron microscope electron microscope
multiply /ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/ v. increase, multiply
pathogene /ˈpæθəˌdʒɛn/ n. Pathogen
Same root pathogenic a. Pathogenic; disease-causing
rot away
stationary phase stable phase
stem cell stem cell
sterilization /ˌsterələˈzeɪʃn/ n. Sterilization
Same root sterilize vt. Sterilize; disinfect
vaccine /vækˈsiːn/ n. vaccine
same root vaccinate vt. vaccination
vaccination n. vaccination
Sentence 75
The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake. The average length of time molecules stay in the lake. This is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water flows out of the lake.
Grammar notes: This is a compound sentence connected by and. The backbone of the first clause is The residence time is the average length of time, followed by that which introduces an attributive clause. The backbone of the second clause is "It is calculated by...", in which the attributive clause at which water leaves the lake modifies the previous noun the rate.
core vocabulary
residence /ˈrezɪdəns/ n. Housing; residence
Memory re (re) sid (sit) ence → sit down again → settle down → live
Match residence time, stay time
Synonyms dwelling n. residence
With the same root reside vi. To settle down; to be in
residency n. residence
particular /pərˈtɪkjələr/ a. Particular; unique; detailed; picky n. details, details
Memory part (part) icular (belongs to...) → only belongs to part → specific
The same root particularly ad. Particularly, especially
Reference peculiar a. Strange
molecule /ˈmɑːlɪkjuːl/ n. molecule
Memory mole (=mol pile) cule (small) → very small things piled together → molecules
Same root molecular a. Molecular; composed of molecules
calculate /ˈkælkjuleɪt/ v. calculate; estimate; plan
memory calcul (calculate) ate (do) → calculate; speculate
antonym miscalculate v. miscalculate
Same root calculation n. calculation
calculator n. calculator
volume /ˈvɑːljuːm/ n. Quantity; volume; volume; volume
memory vol (volume) ume → bound into a volume → volume, volume
Synonyms amount n.
capacity n. volume
Theme summary: words related to "river, river, lake, sea"
barrier lake barrier lake
brook /brʊk/ n. brook
Synonyms stream n. stream
rivulet n. creek, creek
cape /keɪp/ n. Cape, promontory
Paired with Cape of Good Hope
channel /ˈtʃænl/ n. Strait; passage
Paired with English Channel English Channel
coast /koʊst/ n. coast
Pair with Gold Coast Gold Coast
coastal /ˈkoʊstl/ a. coastal; coastal
Match coastal city coastal city
corrugate /ˈkɒrʊˌɡeɪt/ v. (to make) wave; wrinkle /ˈkɒrʊɡɪt/ a. Wrinkled; wavy
crack /kræk/ n. crack v. rupture
same root cracked a. cracked
cracking n. crack
deflation /ˌdiːˈfleɪʃn/ n. shrink; deflate; dry up
Same root deflate v. deflate; shrink
deposit /dɪˈpɑːzɪt/ v. siltation n. sedimentation (matter)
same root deposition n. sediment; deposition
downstream /ˌdaʊnˈstriːm/ a./ad. downstream
Memory down (down) stream (stream) → downstream
drainage /ˈdreɪnɪdʒ/ n. drainage
embankment /ɪmˈbæŋkmənt/ n. embankment
same root embank vt. embankment
fountain /ˈfaʊntn/ n. fountain
Memory There is a fountain in the mountain
gulf /ɡʌlf/ n. Gulf
Pair with the Gulf Stream Gulf Stream
gullet /ˈɡʌlɪt/ n. Strait; esophagus
gulley /ˈɡʌli/ n. gulley
hydrology /haɪˈdrɑːlədʒi/ n. Hydrogeography
Same root hydrological a. hydrology
inlet /ˈɪnlet/ n. Inlet; entrance
antonym outlet n. outlet
island /ˈaɪlənd/ n. island
Pair with isolated island lone island
islet /ˈaɪlət/ n. small island
main stream mainstream, main stream
maritime /ˈmærɪtaɪm/ a. sea; nautical; coastal
Memory mari (sea) time (time) → sea time → nautical
midstream /ˌmɪdˈstriːm/ n. midstream
Memory mid (middle) stream (stream) → midstream
mineral spring mineral spring
mother river mother river
ocean current ocean current
oceanic /ˌoʊʃiˈænɪk/ a. oceanic
Match oceanic basin sea basin
oceanic ridge
oceanic trench oceanic trench
offshore /ˌɔːfˈʃɔːr/ a. offshore; offshore
ad. Towards the sea; offshore
With offshore platform offshore platform
rapids /ˈræpɪdz/ n. rapids
with to shoot the rapids to quickly pass through the rapids
riverway /ˈrɪvəˌweɪ/ n. riverway
Synonyms watercourse n. river course
saline /ˈseɪliːn/ a. Salty, salty n. Salt lake
Synonyms salty a. Salty
seabed /ˈsiːbed/ n. seabed, seabed
Memory sea (sea) bed (bed) → seabed
sediment /ˈsedɪmənt/ n. sediment
Same root sedimentary a. Precipitated
shallow /ˈʃæloʊ/ a. shallow n. shoal
Pair with shallow water shallow water
sluice /sluːs/ n. sluice vt. flush
Rinse with sluice sth. down
strait /streɪt/ n. Strait
Paired with Bering Strait
subterranean river underground river
The Great Lakes The Great Lakes of North America
thermal spring hot spring
tributary /ˈtrɪbjəteri/ n. tributary
Synonyms branch n. tributary; branch
underground river underground river
upstream /ˌʌpˈstriːm/ n. upstream
Synonyms headwaters n. upstream
whirlpool /ˈwɜːrlpuːl/ n. whirlpool
Synonyms eddy n. vortex
Theme summary: words related to "water"
bubbly water champagne
distilled water distilled water
drinking water drinking water
fresh water fresh water
hard water hard water
running water running water
salt water salt water
soda water
surface water surface water
tap water tap water
waste water sewage
Sentence 76
An eye is a collection of cells that are specialized for light detection through the presence of photosensitive pigment as well as a means of restricting the direction of incoming light that will strike the photosensitive cells. Cells detect light sources by using photopigments, and the eye also serves to limit the direction of incoming light hitting photoreceptor cells.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is "An eye is a collection of cells ... as well as a means ...", as well as connects the coordinating components a collection of cells and a means. The first attributive clause introduced by that, "that are specialized... pigment", modifies cells; the second attributive clause introduced by that, that will strike the photosensitive cells, modifies incoming light.
core vocabulary
collection /kəˈlekʃn/ n. A pile, a group (things); collection
Memory col (common) lect (selection) ion (table status) → put them together after selection → collect
Same root collect v. collect; gather
collective a. collective; common
Reference recollection n. memory, recollection
specialized /ˈspeʃəlaɪzd/ a. specialized; specialized
With specialized personnel professionals
Same root specialize vi. Specialize in; explain in detail
detection /dɪˈtekʃn/ n. discovery; detection
Memory de (remove) tect (cover) ion (expression action) → remove the cover → discover
Same root detective n. Detective a. Detective's
photosensitive /ˌfoʊtoʊˈsensətɪv/ a. photosensitive; photosensitive
Memory photo (photo) sensitive (sensitive) → taking good photos requires good light-sensitive equipment → light-sensitive
Reference hypersensitive a. allergic
pigment /ˈpɪɡmənt/ n. pigment; pigment v. coloring
Memory pig (pig) ment→The pig knocked over the paint box→Paint
Pigmented a. Colored
pigmentation n. (biological) natural color
restrict /rɪˈstrɪkt/ vt. restriction, restriction
Memory re (again, again) strict (strict) → repeatedly strict on people → restrictions, constraints
Synonyms restrain vt. restraint; control
Same root restriction n. restriction; constraint
restrictive a. restrictive
direction /dəˈrekʃn/ n. direction; guidance
Memory direct (direct) ion→go straight→direction
Synonyms orientation n. direction, orientation
Same root directive a. directed
incoming /ˈɪnkʌmɪŋ/ a. Arriving at a certain place, just received
memory from income (n. income)
strike /straɪk/ v. impact; collision; hit; shine on; illuminate n. strike; attack
Synonyms hit vt. hit, knock
The same root striking a. Eye-catching; astonishing
Theme summary: words expressing "eye diseases and symptoms"
bleary /ˈblɪri/ a. (referring to vision) blurred (especially due to fatigue)
Paired with bleary-eyed
bloodshot /ˈblʌdʃɑːt/ a. congested
Synonyms: congestive a. congestive
cataract /ˈkætərækt/ n. cataract
color-blind /ˈkʌlərblaɪnd/ a. color blind
cross-eyed /ˌkrɔːsˈaɪd/ a. squinted, cross-eyed
Synonyms strabismic a. strabismus
eye irritation eye irritation, eye inflammation
floater /ˈfloʊtər/ n. Floaters
myopic /maɪˈɑːpɪk/ a. short-sighted
Paired with myopic eyes
pinkeye /ˈpɪŋkaɪ/ n. pink eye disease
Memory pink eye → pinkeye
retinal detachment retinal detachment
Theme summary: words related to "eyes"
conjunctiva /ˌkɑːndʒʌŋkˈtaɪvə/ n. conjunctiva
cornea /ˈkɔːrniə/ n. Cornea
eyeball /ˈaɪbɔːl/ n. eyeball
with eyeball to eyeball face to face, tense
eyelid /ˈaɪlɪd/ n. eyelid, eyelid
Memory eye (eye) lid (eyelid) → eyelid
intraocular /ˌɪntrəˈɒkjʊlə/ a. intraocular
With intraocular pressure
iris /ˈaɪrɪs/ n. iris
lens /lenz/ n. lens
pupil /ˈpjuːpl/ n. pupil
With pupil dilation pupil dilation
retina /ˈretənə/ n. retina
same root retinal a. retinal
sense organ sense organ
blink /blɪŋk/ v. blink
Memory b link (connection) → use blinking eyes to connect feelings → blinking
eye movement eye movement
eyedrop /ˈaɪˌdrɒp/ n. eye drops; tears
Memory eye (eye) drop (drop) → eye drops
optic /ˈɑːptɪk/ a. vision
Paired with optic disc
optic nerve optic nerve
overlook /ˌoʊvərˈlʊk/ vt. overlook
memory over (above) look (look) → look down
vision /ˈvɪʒn/ n. vision
Same root visual a. vision
Theme summary: words related to "light"
gleam /ɡliːm/ vi./n. glow, flash
The same root as gleaming a. shining; shining
glimmer /ˈɡlɪmər/ vi. flash; flash
n. Glimmer, flash; a trace
Paired with a glimmer of hope a glimmer of hope
glint /ɡlɪnt/ vi./n. Flash; shine
Synonyms shine vi. shine; flash
glisten /ˈɡlɪsn/ vi. shine; flash
Synonyms glister vi. shine; shine
glitter /ˈɡlɪtər/ vi./n. Flash; shine
Synonyms sparkle vi. shine; flash
gloss /ɡlɑːs/ n. luster; brilliance vt. to make shiny
Glossy a. Glossy; dazzling
glow /ɡloʊ/ n. dim light; ruddy
vi. glow; red; dazzling
Same root glowing a. warm; enthusiastic
photometer /foʊˈtɒmətər/ n. Photometer
Reference pedometer n. Pedometer
Sentence 77
Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society. Bridges between groups because they convey, mediate and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide a sense of harmony that is vital to social cohesion.
Grammar notes: The stem of this sentence is Sociologists view primary groups as bridges. because introduces an adverbial clause of reason. The subject of the clause is they. The clause connects two parallel predicates through and, namely "transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns" and "provide the sense of oneness so critical for society" solidarity".
core vocabulary
sociologist /ˌsoʊsiˈɑːlədʒɪst/ n. sociologist
Memory socio (society) + scientist (…scientist) → sociologist
Same root sociology n. sociology
primary /ˈpraɪmeri/ a. initial; primary; basic
Memory prim (main) + ary (...) → primary
With primary group (sociology) primary group
Same root primarily ad. Mainly
transmit /trænsˈmɪt/ v. transmit, pass; spread
Memory trans (transfer) + mit (send) → transfer and send → transfer, transfer
same root transmitter n. transmitter
transmission n. launch; transmit
Synonyms transfer v. transfer
mediate /ˈmiːdieɪt/ v. mediate, mediate, mediate
Memory medi (middle) ate→between the conflicting parties→mediate, mediate
The same root mediation n. mediation
mediator n. mediator
Synonyms reconcile vt. mediate, reconcile
interpret /ɪnˈtɜːrprɪt/ v. explain, explain; translate
Memory inter (between) pret → communicate between two languages → translate
Same root interpretation n. explanation; translation
interpretable a. interpretable
cultural /ˈkʌltʃərəl/ a. cultural
collocation cultural difference cultural difference
Same root culture n. Culture; civilization
pattern /ˈpætərn/ n. Pattern, style; pattern
Paired with behavioral pattern behavioral pattern
Same root patterned a. Decorated with patterns
oneness /ˈwʌnnəs/ n. unity; consistency; harmony
solidarity /ˌsɑːlɪˈdærəti/ n. solidarity
with ethnic solidarity national unity
Same root solid a. fixed, stable
solidify v. unite; solidify
Theme summary: words related to "neighborhood"
acquaint /əˈkweɪnt/ vt. To know, to understand
Same root acquaintance n. acquaintance
community /kəˈmjuːnəti/ n. community
Paired with community service community service
compatible /kəmˈpætəbl/ a. able to live in harmony
antonym incompatible a. incompatible
courteous /ˈkɜːrtiəs/ a. humble
antonym discourteous a. rude
dispute /dɪˈspjuːt/ v. Debate, quarrel n. Dispute
collocation in dispute in dispute
disrespectful /ˌdɪsrɪˈspektfl/ a. disrespectful; contemptuous
antonym respectful a. respectful
dweller /ˈdwelər/ n. dweller, resident
Match town dweller town dweller
eccentric /ɪkˈsentrɪk/ a. eccentric n. eccentric person
same root eccentricity n. eccentricity
harmony /ˈhɑːrməni/ n. harmony, harmony
harmonious a. harmonious; harmonious
hospitable /hɑːˈspɪtəbl/ a. hospitable, attentive
antonym inhospitable a. not hospitable
inhabit /ɪnˈhæbɪt/ vt. live in
same root inhabitant n. resident
interpersonal /ˌɪntərˈpɜːrsənl/ a. interpersonal
collocation interpersonal relationship interpersonal relationship
modest /ˈmɑːdɪst/ a. modest, humble
Same root modesty n. Modesty
neighborhood /ˈneɪbərhʊd/ n. nearby; neighborhood
Collocations neighborhood committee neighborhood committee
resident /ˈrezɪdənt/ n. Resident a. Living; settled
Same root residential a. residential; residential
selfish /ˈselfɪʃ/ a. selfish, self-interested
collocation selfish behavior selfish behavior
selfless /ˈselfləs/ a. selfless
Paired with selfless devotion
stubborn /ˈstʌbərn/ a. stubborn, stubborn
Memory Born Stubborn
unconcerned /ˌʌnkənˈsɜːrnd/ a. indifferent
antonym concerned a. concerned
Theme summary: words related to "culture and civilization"
civilization /ˌsɪvələˈzeɪʃn/ n. civilization
Match ancient civilization ancient civilization
culture /ˈkʌltʃər/ n. culture
With mainstream culture mainstream culture
multiculture /ˈmʌltikʌltʃər/ n. multicultural
cultural /ˈkʌltʃərəl/ a. cultural
with cultural tradition cultural tradition
diversity /daɪˈvɜːrsəti/ n. diversity; diversity
same root diverse a. different; diverse
cradle /ˈkreɪdl/ n. Cradle; birthplace
with in the cradle
spiritual /ˈspɪrɪtʃuəl/ a. spiritual, spiritual
Pair with spiritual civilization spiritual civilization
folk /foʊk/ a. folk n. people
Pair with folk art folk art
globalization /ˌɡloʊbələˈzeɪʃn/ n. globalization
Same root global a. Global
indigenous /ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/ a. local, native
Collocation with indigenous population indigenous people
aboriginal /ˌæbəˈrɪdʒənl/ a. Aboriginal
Pair with aboriginal tribe indigenous tribe
distinctive /dɪˈstɪŋktɪv/ a. outstanding, distinctive
Match distinctive culture Unique culture
various /ˈveriəs/ a. Various, different; multifaceted
Same root variety n. Type; variety
varied /ˈverid/ a. varied, various
With varied culture diverse cultures
unique /juˈniːk/ a. unique, unique
Same root uniqueness n. Unique, unique
secular /ˈsekjələr/ a. secular
With secular world mundane world
Sentence 78
Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods. This keeps the price of food at a low level, thereby stimulating individual demand for other food and consumer goods.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Importing the grain kept the price low and thus stimulated demand. which introduces a non-finite attributive clause that modifies the preceding noun the grain. The attributive clause "would have been expensive and time consuming" uses the subjunctive mood, indicating the opposite of past facts.
core vocabulary
consuming /kənˈsuːmɪŋ/ a. consuming; consuming
Memory con (means to strengthen) sum (take, take) ing→take it all out (spend it)→consume
Same root consumer n. consumer
consume vt. consume; consume
consumption n. consumption (amount); consumption (amount)
stimulate /ˈstɪmjuleɪt/ vt. stimulate; motivate
memory stimul (stimulate) ate (make...) → stimulate
Synonyms motivate vt. stimulate; excite
Same root stimulus n. Promoting factor; stimulus
stimulant n. stimulant, stimulant
stimulation n. stimulation
foodstuff /ˈfuːdstʌf/ n. food; food
Memory food (food) stuff (thing) → food theme summary: words related to "food, crops"
barley /ˈbɑːrli/ n. barley
beet /biːt/ n. beet
Memory Beetles love beets
coarse cereal
crop /krɑːp/ n. crops, crops
With crop rotation crop rotation
foodstuff /ˈfuːdstʌf/ n. food
Serve with frozen foodstuffs
grain /ɡreɪn/ n. grain
Paired with grain depot
highland barley highland barley
millet /ˈmɪlɪt/ n. millet
oats /oʊts/ n. oats
rye /raɪ/ n. Rye
sorghum /ˈsɔːrɡəm/ n. sorghum
soybean /ˈsɔɪbiːn/ n. soybean
Memory soy (soybean) bean (bean) → soybean
sugarcane /ˈʃʊɡəˌkeɪn/ n. sugarcane
Memory sugar (sugar) cane (vine) → sugary vine → sugarcane
tobacco /təˈbækoʊ/ n. tobacco
wheat /wiːt/ n. wheat
With wheat flour wheat flour
affluent /ˈæfluənt/ a. Rich; rich
Same root affluence n. rich; rich
by-product /ˈbaɪˌprɑːdʌkt/ n. by-product
Memory by (vice) product (product) → by-product
dry farmland dry farmland
fallow /ˈfæloʊ/ a. fallow n. fallow
Memory The land needs to fallow in fall
fecund /ˈfiːkənd/ a. Fertile, productive
With fecund soil fertile land
fruiter /ˈfruːtə/ n. fruit tree
Memory fruit (fruit) er (surface object) → fruit tree
harvest /ˈhɑːrvɪst/ v. harvest (crops)
n. harvest; harvest
Combined with harvest time
irrigated land paddy field
irrigation /ˌɪrɪˈɡeɪʃn/ n. irrigation
Paired with sprinkling irrigation
irrigation canal irrigation canal
pasturage /ˈpæstʃərɪdʒ/ n. pasture
Same root pasture n. pasture; pasture
planting industry planting industry
rotation /roʊˈteɪʃn/ n. rotation
Same root rotate v. take turns; cycle
sufficient /səˈfɪʃnt/ a. sufficient
Same root sufficiency n. sufficient
sufficiently ad. sufficiently, quite
throughput /ˈθruːpʊt/ n. Production volume; production capacity
Common crop types:
cash crop cash crop
grain crop cereal crops, food crops
fodder crop fodder crop
green manure crop green manure crop
horticultural crop horticultural crops
medicinal plant medicinal plant
ornamental plant ornamental plant
vegetable crop vegetable crop
Words related to "business"
bid /bɪd/ v./n. bid; bid
Same root bidding n. bid; bid
commercial /kəˈmɜːrʃl/ a. commercial; for the purpose of profit
Same root commerce n. commerce; trade
competitor /kəmˈpetɪtər/ n. Competitor; opponent
Same root competition n. Competition
consolidate /kənˈsɑːlɪdeɪt/ v. combine; merge; strengthen; consolidate
Same root consolidation n. combination; consolidation
contract /ˈkɑːntrækt/ n. contract; contract
Same root contractor n. contractor; contractor
corporate /ˈkɔːrpərət/ a. All; company; legal person
same root corporation n. company
credible /ˈkredəbl/ a. Credible; reliable
antonym incredible a. incredible
earnings /ˈɜːrnɪŋz/ n. salary; wages; income
Synonyms salary n. salary
haggle /ˈhæɡl/ n. bargain v. argue; bargain
Collocation: haggle with sb. over sth. argue with someone about something
payment /ˈpeɪmənt/ n. payment; payment
memory from pay (v. payment; payment n. payment; salary)
Sentence 79
While the men who make faithful copies of sand paintings from the past represent the principle of stability in Navajo thought, women embody dynamism and create new designs for every weaving they make. The principle of stability in the human mind, while women represent dynamism, creating new designs every time they are knitted.
Grammar notes: In this sentence, while is used as a coordinating conjunction, connecting two complete sentences to express the contrast between the two. The backbone of the first clause is The men represent the principle of stability; who guides the attributive clause to modify the men. The backbone of the second clause is Women embody dynamism and create designs; the relative pronoun that is omitted and the attributive clause they make modifies weaving.
core vocabulary
faithful /ˈfeɪθfl/ a. Loyal; truthful; unswerving; trustworthy
memory from faith (n. believe; confidence; faith)
Synonyms loyal a. loyal
same root faithfully ad. faithfully
represent /ˌreprɪˈzent/ v. represent; express; depict; state, explain
Memory re present (attend) → represent present → represent
Same root representation n. Representative; performance
representative a. representative
principle /ˈprɪnsəpl/ n. principle; principle; moral code, basic belief
Memory prin (first) cip (take) le → the first choice → principle; principle
Reference principal n. person in charge
embody /ɪmˈbɑːdi/ vt. Express, embody, make... concrete; contain
Memory em (give) body (body) → give shape → make tangible → embody
Same root embodiment n. typical; incarnation
dynamism /ˈdaɪnəmɪzəm/ n. Vitality; dynamics
memory dynam (power) ism→full of power→vitality
The same root dynamic a. dynamic; dynamic
dynamical a. Dynamic; dynamic; full of vitality
create /kriˈeɪt/ vt. Create; create
Synonyms compose v. create
Same root creation n. Creation
creative a. creative
creativity n.
weaving /ˈwiːvɪŋ/ n. weaving
memory from weave (v. weave n. fabric)
same root weaver n. weaver
Theme summary: words related to "weaving"
braid /breɪd/ vt. Braided n. Colored braid; braid
same root braiding n. braid
cotton /ˈkɑːtn/ n. cotton; cotton cloth; cotton thread
decorative /ˈdekəreɪtɪv/ a. decorative
harsh chemicals harsh chemicals
interlace /ˌɪntərˈleɪs/ v. weave; interlace
With interlacing branches staggered branches
knit /nɪt/ v. knitting
knitting n. braiding; knitting
overlap /ˌoʊvərˈlæp/ v./n. overlap; overlap
memory over (on...) lap (overlap) → overlap
pattern /ˈpætərn/ n. pattern; example; pattern
Same root patterned a. Patterned
plait /plæt/ vt. braid n. braid
plaiting n. braiding
seam /siːm/ n. seam
same root seamed a. seamed
seamless a. seamless
sew /soʊ/ v. sew
Same root sewing n. sewing
stitch /stɪtʃ/ n. One stitch; stitch
Same root stitching n. stitches
striped /straɪpt/ a. striped
same root stripe n. stripe
wool /wʊl/ n. wool; wool
Same root woolen a. woolen
Theme summary: words related to "textile"
longitudinal /ˌlɑːndʒəˈtuːdnl/ a. longitudinal
with the same root longitudinally ad. longitudinally
loom /luːm/ n. loom
plain weave plain weave
shuttle /ˈʃʌtl/ n. shuttle vi. frequent visits
vt. round trip transportation
warp /wɔːrp/ n. warp; warp
v. (to make) twist, bend
weft /weft/ n. weft; weft
yarn /jɑːrn/ n. yarn; yarn
Theme summary: words related to "fabric"
fabric /ˈfæbrɪk/ n. fabric; structure
same root fabricate vt. fabricate; assemble
felt /felt/ n. felt
lateral /ˈlætərəl/ a. Lateral
With the same root laterally ad. Laterally
lining /ˈlaɪnɪŋ/ n. lining
needlework /ˈniːdlwɜːrk/ n. needlework; embroidery
Memory needle (needle) work (work) → needlework
plaid /plæd/ n. tartan a. plaid
polka dot polka dot pattern
satin weave satin weave fabric
solid /ˈsɑːlɪd/ a. Pure color; solid; solid
Same root solidity n. Solid state; solidity
textile /ˈtekstaɪl/ n. Textile a. Textile
twill /twɪl/ n. twill fabric
Theme summary: words related to “popular design”
accessory /əkˈsesəri/ n. accessories; accessories
memory ac (near) cess (go) ory → near the subject → accessory
boutique /buːˈtiːk/ n. boutique, fashion store
With fashion boutique fashion boutique
chic /ʃiːk/ a. Fashionable; chic
Paired with chic style
color blocking color blocking style, color matching style
customize /ˈkʌstəmaɪz/ vt. customize
Same root customer n. guest
eye-catching /ˈaɪˌkætʃɪŋ/ a. eye-catching
Paired with eye-catching development
fashion /ˈfæʃn/ n. fashion; style
same root fashionable a. fashionable
gimmick /ˈɡɪmɪk/ n. gimmick
With marketing gimmick marketing tactics, marketing gimmicks
mainstream /ˈmeɪnstriːm/ n. mainstream
Match mainstream user mainstream user
matching clothes clothing matching non-mainstream /ˌnɒnˈmeɪnstriːm/ a. non-mainstream
Paired with non-mainstream culture non-mainstream culture
obsolescent /ˌɑːbsəˈlesnt/ a. soon to be obsolete
Pair with obsolescent product obsolete product
outdated /ˌaʊtˈdeɪtɪd/ a. outdated
Paired with outdated data
passing fad momentary craze
personality /ˌpɜːrsəˈnæləti/ n. personality
Match personality trait personality quality
prevailing /prɪˈveɪlɪŋ/ a. popular
Same root prevail vi. popular; overcome
prevalent /ˈprevələnt/ a. Popular
With prevalent trend fashion trends
ritzy /ˈrɪtsi/ a. luxurious; expensive
Memories from the Ritz
street fashion fashion brand, street fashion
street style street fashion
tailor /ˈteɪlər/ vt. tailor n. tailor
Tonggen tailored a. Customized; specially made
tendency /ˈtendənsi/ n. trend
Paired with tendency chart trend chart
vogue /voʊɡ/ n. Fashion, fashion, fashionable
Paired with in vogue, it’s on trend
worship /ˈwɜːrʃɪp/ vt./n. worship
Paired with brand worship brand worship
Sentence 80
In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, pietas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order. In turn, a deep attachment to the land and the stability that rural life provided gave birth to the Roman character: gravitas, a sense of duty; pietas, devotion to family and country; and iustitia, a natural order. feel.
Grammar Notes: The stem of this sentence is "A deep attachment fostered the virtues: gravitas, pietas, and iustitia." Attachment to is a fixed collocation, meaning "attachment to...". In this sentence, attachment to is followed by and to connect the land and the stability in parallel. The attributive clause which rural life engenders modifies the previous stability. There are three parallel nouns after the colon: gravitas, pietas and iustitia. Each noun is followed by a noun phrase as an appositive to explain the meaning of the noun.
core vocabulary
turn /tɜːrn/ n. turn; change
With in turn, turn; accordingly, turn
attachment /əˈtætʃmənt/ n. attachment; connection, attachment
Memory comes from attach (vt. connection; attachment)
Synonyms enclosure n. accessory
Reference attached a. Additional, attached
engender /ɪnˈdʒendər/ vt. produce; cause; cause
Memory en (make...) + gen (produce) + der → produce
foster /ˈfɔːstər/ vt. encourage; cultivate; adopt
Memory foster (seen as fast, fast) er→encourage; cultivate
Synonyms encourage vt. encourage
nurture vt. nurture
Roman /ˈroʊmən/ a. Roman n. Romans
virtue /ˈvɜːrtʃuː/ n. virtue; merit
collocation by/in virtue of due to
Same root virtuous a. Moral, good character
sense /sens/ n. sense; feeling; meaning
memory sens (feeling) + e → feeling
collocation makes sense; makes sense
in a sense
The same root sensible a. can feel; wise
sensitivity n. sensitivity
sensitive a. sensitive
responsibility /rɪˌspɑːnsəˈbɪləti/ n. Responsibility, sense of responsibility; responsibility
memory re (again, again) spons (commitment, agreement) ibility→keep promises again and again→responsibility
with social responsibility social responsibility
same root responsible a. Responsible
devotion /dɪˈvoʊʃn/ n. love, devotion
Memory de (strengthen) + vot (swear) + ion → swear desperately → love
devote vt. devote (time, energy, etc.) to... devote a. devote
natural /ˈnætʃrəl/ a. natural; natural
Same root naturalist n. naturalist; naturalist
naturalistic a. naturalistic
order /ˈɔːrdər/ n. Order; order
same root orderly a. orderly; neat
Theme summary: words that mean "adhesion"
adhere /ədˈhɪr/ vi. adhere; persist
Collocation with adhere to adhere to; comply with
adherent /ədˈhɪrənt/ a. adherent
n. (Party, ideological) supporter
Memory adher (e) (adhesion) + ent (expression) → person who is attached to others → advocate
adhesion /ədˈhiːʒn/ n. adhesion; adhesion
Memory ad(strengthen)+hers(adhesion)+ion→adhesion
adhesive /ədˈhiːsɪv/ n. Adhesive a. Sticky
Memory ad (strengthen) + hes (adhesion) + ive (...) → sticky
bond /bɑːnd/ n. contract v. (make) bond
Memory "tie" → tie together → (make) stick
cling /klɪŋ/ vi. attach; hold tightly
Paired with cling to insist, never give up
cohere /koʊˈhɪr/ vi. coherence; bonding
Same root coherent a. Adhesion; orderly
cohesive a. condensed
glue /ɡluː/ n. Glue vt. Closely attached to
Memory The police finally found a clue in a bottle of blue glue
stick /stɪk/ v. stick
Same root sticker n. self-adhesive label
sticky a. Sticky, sticky
viscos /ˈvɪskəs/ a. sticky
Theme summary: words related to "produce"
arouse /əˈraʊz/ vt. to arouse; to cause
Reference arise vi. appear, happen
beget /bɪˈɡet/ vt. cause
breed /briːd/ v. breed; become, produce
Reference inbreeding n. Inbreeding, inbreeding
evoke /ɪˈvoʊk/ vt. evoke, cause
Reference invoke vt. Plea, beg; evoke
revoke vt. withdraw
generate /ˈdʒenəreɪt/ vt. generate
same root generator n. generator
genesis /ˈdʒenəsɪs/ n. Origin; "Genesis"
(First Book of the Old Testament)
memory gene (birth, production) sis→origin
harness /ˈhɑːrnɪs/ n. Harness vt. Use... to generate power
Memory har (seen as hard, strong) ness→harness must be strong→harness
incipient /ɪnˈsɪpiənt/ a. just beginning; initial
Memory incip (beginning) + ient (...) → beginning
induce /ɪnˈduːs/ vt. cause; induce
Same root inducement n. inducement; inducement
inducible a. inducible
initial /ɪˈnɪʃl/ a. beginning, initial
memory init (start) ial (…) → beginning, initial
initiate /ɪˈnɪʃieɪt/ vt. start, initiate
Memory init (start) iate→make start→start
lead /liːd/ vi. lead to, cause
Collocation with lead to leads to; leads to
origin /ˈɔːrɪdʒɪn/ n. origin
Memory orig (beginning) + in → (life) beginning → origin
originate /əˈrɪdʒɪneɪt/ vi. origin
same root origination n. origin
originator n. founder; inventor
pique /piːk/ vt. to irritate; to arouse (interest)
Pique one’s interest/curiosity to arouse someone’s interest/curiosity
provoke /prəˈvoʊk/ vt. provoke; cause
Memory pro (front) + vok (yell) + e → shout in front of you → anger → provoke
render /ˈrendər/ vt. cause
Same root rendering n. performance, description
spark /spɑːrk/ vt. to stimulate; to cause
spawn /spɔːn/ v. lay eggs; produce
Memory Prawn (prawn) spawn (spawn)
spontaneous /spɑːnˈteɪniəs/ a. Spontaneous, naturally occurring
The same root spontaneously ad. Naturally, spontaneously
stir /stɜːr/ v. stir; incite; produce (some kind of emotion)
Used with stir up to stir up, stir up
strike /straɪk/ vt. to make a sudden thought; to make an impression
Striking a. Amazing
strikingly ad. strikingly
trigger /ˈtrɪɡər/ vt. trigger, cause
Used with trigger a war to trigger a war
Sentence 81
In contrast to mammals and birds, amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity, which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature. Their metabolic activities generate heat energy, which allows them to regulate body temperature independently of the surrounding ambient temperature.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is that Amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy. The attributive clause "which would allow ... ambient temperature" modifies the previous sentence. The independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature in the attributive clause is an adjective phrase that explains how the predicate verb regulate occurs.
core vocabulary
contrast /ˈkɑːntræst/ n. Contrast, contrast
/kənˈtræst/ v. (to make) contrast, contrast
collocation by contrast contrast; (with...) contrast
Synonyms compare v. compare, contrast
amphibian /æmˈfɪbiən/ n. amphibian
Memory amphi (two) + bi (life) + an → exist in two life forms → amphibian
produce /prəˈduːs/ vt. produce
/ˈprɑːduːs/ n. agricultural products
Memory pro (forward) + duce (bring) → forward output → production
Same root product n. product, product
production n. (mass production)
productive a. prolific
productivity n. productivity
thermal /ˈθɜːrml/ a. hot, thermal
Memory therm (heat) al (… of) → hot
With thermal energy thermal energy
Reference hydrothermal a. hydrothermal
energy /ˈenərdʒi/ n. energy; spirit, vitality
same root energetic a. energetic
metabolic /ˌmetəˈbɑːlɪk/ a. metabolic
Memory meta (transformation) bol (ball, extended to circulation) ic (...) → change the mechanism in the body → metabolic
Reference metabolism n. metabolism
allow /əˈlaʊ/ vt. allow; allow
collocation allow sb. to do sth. allow someone to do something
allow sth. to do sth. allow sth.
temperature /ˈtemprətʃər/ n. temperature
independent /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/ a. Independent; self-reliant
Memory in (not) + depend (depend) ent (...) → not dependent → independent
Collocation be independent of sb./sth. Not relevant; not affected; not related
Synonyms autonomous a. autonomous
same root independently ad. independently
surrounding /səˈraʊndɪŋ/ n. [often pl.] surrounding things, environment a. surrounding
Memory sur (lower) round (circle) ing→circle below→around
same root surround vt. surround; surround
ambient /ˈæmbiənt/ a. surrounding, surrounding environment
memory ambi (surrounding) ent→surrounding
Same root ambience n. surrounding environment, atmosphere
Theme summary: words related to "reptiles/amphibians"
alligator /ˈælɪɡeɪtər/ n. alligator
camouflage /ˈkæməflɑːʒ/ n. camouflage
centipede /ˈsentɪpiːd/ n. centipede
chameleon /kəˈmiːliən/ n. chameleon
cobra /ˈkoʊbrə/ n. cobra
crawl /krɔːl/ vi. crawl; move slowly
Memory c raw (unfamiliar) l → unfamiliar with the terrain, drive slowly → drive slowly
creep /kriːp/ n./vi. crawl
Memory The rabbit is lazy and sleeping (sleep) while the turtle is crawling slowly (creep)
crocodile /ˈkrɑːkədaɪl/ n. crocodile
frog /frɔːɡ/n. frog
Paired with tree frog tree frog
komodo dragon komodo dragon
lizard /ˈlɪzərd/ n. lizard
python /ˈpaɪθɑːn/ n. python
rattlesnake /ˈrætlsneɪk/ n. rattlesnake
Reference rattle n. click v. (make) make a continuous short sound
regenerate /rɪˈdʒenəreɪt/ v. (to regenerate)
Same root regeneration n. Regeneration, rebirth
reptile /ˈreptaɪl/ n. Reptile
Memory rept (crawl) + ile (surface object) → crawling things → reptiles
salamander /ˈsæləmændər/ n. salamander
serpent /ˈsɜːrpənt/ n. poisonous snake
shed /ʃed/ vt. to shed
snake /sneɪk/ n. snake
Matches grass snake; green snake
a snake in the grass hidden enemy
tadpole /ˈtædpoʊl/ n. tadpole
toad /toʊd/ n. toad
tortoise /ˈtɔːrtəs/ n. turtle
Paired with tortoise shell
turtle /ˈtɜːrtl/ n. turtle
With sea turtle turtle
venom /ˈvenəm/ n. venom
same root venomous a. poisonous
Topic Summary: Common Bird Vocabulary
albatross /ˈælbətrɔːs/ n. albatross
blackbird /ˈblækbɜːrd/ n. thrush
canary /kəˈneri/ n. canary
chickadee /ˌtʃɪkəˈdiː/ n. tit
crane /kreɪn/ n. Crane
crow /kroʊ/ n. crow vi. boast, boast
with crow about boast
cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ n. cuckoo, cuckoo
dove /dʌv/ n. dove
eagle /ˈiːɡl/ n. eagle
egret /ˈiːɡrət/ n. egret
flamingo /fləˈmɪŋɡoʊ/ n. flamingo
hummingbird /ˈhʌmɪŋbɜːrd/ n. hummingbird
kingfisher /ˈkɪŋfɪʃər/ n. kingfisher
lark /lɑːrk/ n. lark
macaw /məˈkɔː/ n. macaw
magpie /ˈmæɡpaɪ/ n. Magpie
mandarin duck mandarin duck
mockingbird /ˈmɑːkɪŋbɜːrd/ n. robin
mynah /ˈmaɪnə/ n. Starling
nightingale /ˈnaɪtɪŋɡeɪl/ n. nightingale
ostrich /ˈɑːstrɪtʃ/ n. ostrich
owl /aʊl/ n. owl
Paired with night owl, a person who stays up late
parrot /ˈpærət/ n. parrot
peacock /ˈpiːkɑːk/ n. peacock
pelican /ˈpelɪkən/ n. Pelican
penguin /ˈpeŋɡwɪn/ n. penguin
Paired with emperor penguin emperor penguin
pheasant /ˈfeznt/ n. Pheasant, pheasant
robin /ˈrɑːbɪn/ n. Robin
With cock robin
seagull /ˈsiːɡʌl/ n. seagull
skylark /ˈskaɪlɑːrk/ n. skylark
sparrow /ˈspæroʊ/ n. sparrow
swallow /ˈswɑːloʊ/ n. swallow v. swallow
With swallow up swallow up
swan /swɑːn/ n. swan
Paired with black swan black swan
turtle dove turtle dove
vulture /ˈvʌltʃər/ n. vulture
whippoorwill /ˈwɪpərwɪl/ n. Three-tone nighthawk
wild goose wild goose
woodpecker /ˈwʊdpekər/ n. woodpecker
Sentence 82
This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The gaps are usually not completely filled with cementing chemicals, and some of the particles are likely to be dissolved by seeping groundwater during or after curing.
Grammar Notes: The backbone of this sentence is "This is because...". The predicative clause introduced by because is the main content of this sentence, and its backbone is "the gaps are not plugged with chemicals; also, parts of... may become dissolved by groundwater, either... or...".
core vocabulary
gap /ɡæp/ n. gap; crack; gap
With gap in/between/among ... the gap between
income gapincome gap
Synonyms crevice n. gap
original /əˈrɪdʒənl/ a. original, original; novel
memory original sound track
Paired with original topic original theme
original handwriting
an original viewpoint a new viewpoint
Synonyms primitive a. primitive a. original
Same root origin n. origin originate v. origin
aboriginal a. indigenous
grain /ɡreɪn/ n. Cereal; particle
Memory: Eating grains is very beneficial to the development of the brain.
collocation go against the grain goes against common sense; is incompatible with...
Synonyms particle n. particle
cereal n.
Same root grainy a. Granular; granular
totally /ˈtoʊtəli/ ad. Completely; completely
memory from total (a. total)
plug /plʌɡ/ v. plug; insert n. plug
Paired with plug in
antonym unplug v. pull out (plug, plug)
cement /sɪˈment/ vt. Consolidate; (use cement, glue, etc.) to bond n. Cement
Memory ce ment (as mend, repair) → repair material → cement
Synonyms concrete n. concrete
chemical /ˈkemɪkl/ a. chemical n. chemical
Memory chemi (chemistry) + cal (...) → chemical
Same root chemist n. chemist chemistry n. chemistry
dissolve /dɪˈzɑːlv/ v. (make) dissolve; clear
Memory dis (strengthen) solv (loosen) e→loosen, disperse→(dissolve)
Synonyms melt v. (to make) melt liquefy v. (to make) liquefy
eliminate v. eliminate
Same root solvable a. solvent a. solvable
percolate /ˈpɜːrkəleɪt/ v. filter, penetrate
memory per (through) col (filter) ate→filter
Synonyms filter vt. filter
groundwater /ˈɡraʊndwɔːtər/ n. groundwater
consolidation /kənˌsɑːlɪˈdeɪʃn/ n. consolidate, strengthen; become solid
Memory con (common) solid (solid) ation→join together to make it stronger→consolidate
same root unconsolidated a. loose consolidate v. consolidate
take place happen; hold
afterwards /ˈæftərwərdz/ ad. Afterwards, later
antonym beforehand ad.
Theme summary: words that mean "cracks, rifts"
cleft /kleft/ n. crack
crack /kræk/ n. crack v. (make) crack
Reference crush v. crush crash n. collision craft n. craft
fissure /ˈfɪʃər/ n. crack, fissure
flaw /flɔː/ n. crack; flaw
hiatus /haɪˈeɪtəs/ n. gap, crack
rift /rɪft/ n. crack; long narrow valley
split /splɪt/ n. crack v. separate
Reference separate v. separate
Topic Summary: Common Chemistry Vocabulary
biochemistry /ˌbaɪoʊˈkemɪstri/ n. biochemistry
chemical agent chemical agent
chemical change chemical change
chemical property chemical property
chemical reaction chemical reaction
combination /ˌkɑːmbɪˈneɪʃn/ n. combination, combination
same root combine v. combine
compound /ˈkɑːmpaʊnd/ n. compound
copper /ˈkɑːpər/ n. copper
Memory cop (police) per→copper buckle on police uniform→copper
hydrocarbon /ˌhaɪdrəˈkɑːrbən/ n. hydrocarbons
Reference carbon n. Carbon lead /liːd/ n. Lead
mercury /ˈmɜːrkjəri/ n. Mercury
Memory mer (sounds like: no) cury (seen as cure, cure) → mercury poisoning is not cured → mercury
Neutralize /ˈnuːtrəlaɪz/ vt. Neutralize
Reference neutral a. Neutrality n. Neutrality
sodium /ˈsoʊdiəm/ n. sodium
tin /tɪn/ n. Tin
zinc /zɪŋk/ n. zinc
Sentence 83
The growth of mutual trust among merchants facilitated the growth of sales on credit and led to new developments in finance, such as the bill of exchange, a device that made the long, slow, and very dangerous shipment of coins unnecessary. The growth of trust led to the growth of credit sales and led to new financial developments, such as money orders, which made the long, slow, and very dangerous transportation of coins unnecessary.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is The growth of mutual trust facilitated the growth of sales on credit and led to new developments in finance. The noun phrase "a device that ... shipment of coins unnecessary" serves as the appositive of the bill of exchange and serves as an explanation. A device is followed by the attributive clause leading to that.
core vocabulary
mutual /ˈmjuːtʃuəl/ a. mutual; shared
Paired with mutual support to support each other
same root mutually ad. mutuality n. interaction; mutuality
facilitate /fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/ vt. push, promote
Memory fac (to do) il (e) (to be able to...) it ate (to make...) → enable to do → push
finance /ˈfaɪnæns/ n. Finance, finance
Paired with finance director financial manager
Same root financial a. Financial, financial
exchange /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/ n./v. transaction; exchange
Memory ex change (replacement) → mutual exchange between the two parties → transaction
Paired with stock exchange stock exchange
device /dɪˈvaɪs/ n. Device, equipment; method, strategy
Memory de (downward) vic (looking) e→things used when looking downward→device
With wireless device
Synonyms equipment n. equipment
apparatus n. equipment
Reference devise vt. design; invention; planning
shipment /ˈʃɪpmənt/ n. transportation; transportation
With shipment cost transportation cost
Topic summary: words related to "trading business"
access to the opportunity (or right) to be close to (or enter)...
adequate preparation adequate preparation
be acquainted with
business cycle business cycle
business letter business letter
channel /ˈtʃænl/ n. channel, way
Paired with legal channel legal channel
cooperation /koʊˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn/ n. Cooperation
with cooperation partner
dealer /ˈdiːlər/ n. Dealer, businessman
Pair with retail dealer
enclose /ɪnˈkloʊz/ vt. Put… into an envelope
collocation enclose with attach
essential factor essential factor
establish /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/ vt. establish (relationship)
same root establishment n. establishment
expansion /ɪkˈspænʃn/ n. expansion, expansion
Paired with expansion project expansion plan
exporter /ekˈspɔːrtər/ n. exporter
same root export v. export
financial gain financial gain
importer /ɪmˈpɔːrtər/ n. importer
same root import v. import
loyalty /ˈlɔɪəlti/ n. loyalty
Paired with brand loyalty brand loyalty
profitable /ˈluːkrətɪv/ a. profitable; profitable
Paired with profitable market, profitable market
manufacturer /ˌmænjuˈfæktʃərər/ n. Manufacturer; manufacturing plant
Same root manufacture v. manufacturing mutual benefit mutual benefit
negotiation /nɪˌɡoʊʃiˈeɪʃn/ n. Negotiation, negotiation
with business negotiation business negotiation
substantial /səbˈstænʃl/ a. Considerable, large amount
Paired with a substantial salary
supplier /səˈplaɪər/ n. supplier, supplier
same root supply vt. provide
tactic /ˈtæktɪk/ n. strategy; tactics
Synonyms strategy n. strategy
target audience target customers
trade price trade price
transnational /ˌtrænzˈnæʃnəl/ a. transnational
with transnational corporations transnational corporations
trust /trʌst/ n./vt. trust, trust
with trust in trust
win-win situation win-win situation
Topic summary: words related to "shipping"
actuals /ˈæktʃʊəlz/ n. actual goods; spot goods
barge /bɑːrdʒ/ n. flat-bottomed cargo ship, barge
Memory "eight" → eight barges → barges
cabotage /'kæbətɪdʒ/ n. Coastal trade
cargo /ˈkɑːrɡoʊ/ n. cargo
Memory car (car) go (go) → things transported by the car → goods
Paired with cargo receipt cargo receipt
carrier /ˈkæriər/ n. transportation company, transportation tool
same root carry vt. carry
consign /kənˈsaɪn/ vt. delivery; consignment
with consign ... to deliver... to
costal trading coastal trade
delivery /dɪˈlɪvəri/ n. delivery
With delivery deadline delivery deadline
depot /ˈdiːpoʊ/ n. warehouse
Paired with container depot container loading and unloading station
discharge /dɪsˈtʃɑːrdʒ/ n. unload vt. unload
drag /dræɡ/ vt. drag
Synonyms haul vt. drag
fleet /fliːt/ n. fleet
same root fleeting a. fleeting
forwarder /ˈfɔːwədə/ n. transporter
With freight forwarder freight forwarder
freight /freɪt/ n. freight v. transport
Same root freightage n. freight
full container load full container load
haulage /ˈhɔːlɪdʒ/ n. freight; cargo freight
with haulage company transportation company
load with load something
logistic /ləˈdʒɪstɪk/ n. Logistics
Paired with logistics management
long haul long haul
physical distribution material distribution
port dues port tax, port tax
quay /kiː/ n. Pier
Paired with quay shed dock warehouse
shipload /ˈʃɪploʊd/ n. Ship carrying capacity; cargo
Memory ship (ship) load (loading) → cargo
shipping /ˈʃɪpɪŋ/ n. shipping; shipping
With shipping container shipping container
storage /ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/ n. storage, safekeeping
With storage fee storage fee
stow /stoʊ/ v. load
same root stowage n. loading space
unload /ˌʌnˈloʊd/ v. unload, unload goods from...
With unload material unloading
wharfage /ˈwɔːfɪdʒ/ n. wharfage
Sentence 84
Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice, Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible. According to It was widely reported, though probably unconvinced, that celebrities such as the famous Venetian traveler Marco Polo described the Chinese's willingness to trade with Europeans and the vast wealth that Europe could gain through such trading relationships. These descriptions made The idea of direct trade between Europe and the East became irresistible.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Accounts made the idea irresistible. The past participle phrase "widely reported" at the beginning of the sentence is used as an accompanying adverbial, and it logically forms a passive relationship with the subject "accounts" of the main clause. If somewhat distrusted is an interjection, and its subject is the accounts of the main clause. The phrase accounts by sb. of sth. is a fixed collocation, meaning "a description of something made by someone". The word "and" in the sentence connects two parallel contents: "of the willingness of... Europeans" and "of the immensity of... contact".
core vocabulary
distrust /dɪsˈtrʌst/ n./vt. distrust; suspicion
memory dis (negation) trust (believe) → distrust
distrustful a. distrustful; suspicious
account /əˈkaʊnt/ n. explanation; description; account v. explanation; (in quantity) account
Memory ac (table enhancement) count (number) → accounts need to be counted again and again → account
Collocation with take ... into account consider, pay attention to
account for explanation; account for
Same root accounting n. Accounting; accounting accountant n. Accountant accountable a. Responsible (for one's own decisions and actions)
willingness /ˈwɪlɪŋnəs/ n. willing; willing
Same root willing a. voluntary; willing
willingly ad. willingly; willingly
immensity /ɪˈmensəti/ n. Huge; vast
memory im (not) mens (measurement) ity→ (too big) cannot be measured→huge
The same root immense a. huge; huge immensely ad. greatly; very
gain /ɡeɪn/ v. gain; increase n. harvest; profit
Memory, vain, no gain
Synonyms: attain vt. obtain; reach
achieve vt. obtain; obtain
contact /ˈkɑːntækt/ n. contact; contact; communication vt. contact
memory con (strengthen) tact (contact) → contact
same root contactable a. can be contacted; contactable
Reference intact a. Undamaged, complete
irresistible /ˌɪrɪˈzɪstəbl/ a. irresistible; unable to control oneself
memory ir (not) resistible (resistible) → irresistible → irresistible
Antonym resistible a. Resistible
Topic summary: words related to "commercial trade"
balance of trade trade balance
barrier to trade trade barrier
commodity inspection commodity inspection
cross-border transaction cross-border trade
customs /ˈkʌstəmz/ n. tariff
With customs union customs union
domestic /dəˈmestɪk/ a. domestic
Pair with domestic market domestic market
economic integration economic integration
expand market expand market
export license export license
export /ɪkˈspɔːrt/ v. export /ˈekspɔːrt/ n. export
Tonggen exporter n. exporter export rebates export tax rebate
floating /ˈfloʊtɪŋ/ a. floating
memory from float (v. float; float)
free-trade area free trade area
global trade global trade
import /ˈɪmpɔːrt/ n. import /ɪmˈpɔːrt/ v. import
With import duty import tax
import license import license
importer /ɪmˈpɔːrtər/ n. importer
With legal importer legal importer
interest rate exchange rate
intergovernmental /ˌɪntərˌɡʌvərnˈmentl/a. intergovernmental
with intergovernmental agreement intergovernmental agreement
international trade international trade
invoice /ˈɪnvɔɪs/ n. invoice; delivery list
Synonyms bill n. invoice; list
monetary system monetary system
overseas /ˌoʊvərˈsiːz/ a. overseas
Paired with overseas sales overseas sales
quota /ˈkwoʊtə/ n. quota
Synonyms ration n. quota; quota
quote /kwoʊt/ n./v. quote; quote
Same root quotation n. citation; quotation
Silk Road Silk Road
stock /stɑːk/ n. spot; inventory
Synonyms inventory n. inventory
supply /səˈplaɪ/ v. provide n. supplies; supplies; inventory
Synonyms provide v. provide
tariff /ˈtærɪf/ n. tariff
trade /treɪd/ n. trade; deal v. deal, buy and sell
with trade deficit trade deficit
trade restriction trade control
trade surplus trade surplus
trade route trade route
treaty /ˈtriːti/ n. Treaty, agreement; negotiation
Synonyms negotiation n. Negotiation
voucher /ˈvaʊtʃər/ n. guarantor; voucher; voucher; discount coupon
Same root vouch vi. Guarantee; prove
WTO (World Trade Organization) abbr. World Trade Organization
Topic summary: common country names
Argentina /ˌɑːrdʒənˈtiːnə/ n. Argentina
Australia /ɔːˈstreɪliə/ n. Australia
Australian n. Australian a. Australian
Brazil /brəˈzɪl/ n. Brazil
Canada /ˈkænədə/ n. Canada
Canadian n. Canadian a. Canadian
Chile /ˈtʃɪli/ n. Chile
Columbia /kə'lʌmbɪr/ n. Columbia
Congo /ˈkɑːŋɡoʊ/ n. Congo
Denmark /ˈdenmɑːrk/ n. Denmark
Egypt /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ n. Egypt
Match ancient Egypt ancient Egypt
Finland /ˈfɪnlənd/ n. Finland
France /fræns/ n. France
Same root French n. French; French a. French
Germany /ˈdʒɜːrməni/ n. Germany
Same root German n. German; German a. German
Greece /ɡriːs/ n. Greece
Pair with Greek myth Greek myth
Guinea /ˈɡɪni/ n. Guinea
India /'ɪndɪə/ n. India
Same root Indian n. Indian; Indian language a. Indian
Indonesia /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ n. Indonesia
Iran /ɪˈrɑːn/ n. Iran
Ireland /ˈaɪərlənd/ n. Ireland
Italy /ˈɪtəli/ n. Italy
Same root Italian n. Italian; Italian a. Italian
Japan /dʒəˈpæn/ n. Japan
Japanese n. Japanese; Japanese a. Japanese
Libya /ˈlɪbiə/ n. Libya
Malaysia /məˈleɪʒə/ n. Malaysia
Mexico /ˈmɛksɪˌkoʊ/ n. Mexico
Morocco /məˈrɑkoʊ/ n. Morocco
Netherlands /ˈnɛðərləndz/ n. Netherlands
Nigeria /naɪˈdʒɪriə/ n. Nigeria
North Korea
Pakistan /ˈpɑkəˌstɑn/ n. Pakistan
Peru /pəˈru/ n. Peru
Philippines /ˌfɪləˈpinz/ n. Philippines
Portugal /ˈpɔːrtʃʊɡl/ n. Portugal
Singapore /ˈsɪŋəˌpɔr/ n. Singapore
South Africa South Africa
South Korea South Korea
Spain /speɪn/ n. Spain
Same root Spanish n. Spanish; Spaniard a. Spanish
Sweden /ˈswiːdn/ n. Sweden
Switzerland /ˈswɪtsərlənd/ n. Switzerland
Thailand /ˈtaɪlænd/ n. Thailand
The United Kingdom
Turkey /ˈtɜːrki/ n. Türkiye
Same root Turkish n. Turkish a. Turkish
United States United States
Vietnam /ˌvjetˈnæm/ n. Vietnam
Pair with Vietnam War Vietnam War
Sentence 85
In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. After the Roman Empire conquered Britain in the 1st century AD, a large number of troops were stationed in this new province. The military camps, city defenses and their participation in the local economy of these troops had an important impact on Britain.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is "troops stayed in the province, and troops had a(n) impact on Britain." In the sentence, in the wake of sb./sth. is a fixed collocation, meaning "comes after...; follows after..."; the prepositional phrase "with their camps... economy" is used as an adverbial.
core vocabulary
conquest /ˈkɑːŋkwest/ n. Victory; conquest; spoils of war
Memory con (enhancement) quest (obtain) → obtain all resources → conquer
Same root conquer vt. Victory; conquer
conqueror n. conqueror
troop /truːp/ n. army vi. form a team
Memory A group of people in a troop
Paired with special troop special forces
Synonyms military n. army
province /ˈprɑːvɪns/ n. Province; territory
Synonyms state n. state; province
Same root provincial a. Provincial; local
fortification /ˌfɔːrtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. fortification; bunker; strengthening
Memory fort (strength) ific (do) ation→something that enhances strength→fortification
Same root fortify vt. Build fortifications; strengthen
participation /pɑːrˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn/ n. Participate; participate
Memory part (i) (= part separate) cip (take) ation (noun suffix) → take the body in → participate
Same root participate vi. participate, participate
participant n. participant
Theme summary: words related to "soldier, army"
admiral /ˈædmərəl/ n. Admiral, fleet commander
Same root admiralty n. Admiralty
air force air force
air-defense unit air defense unit
allied troop
armored /ˈɑːrmərd/ a. Armored
With armored forces armored forces
artilleryman /ɑːrˈtɪlərimən/ n. artillery
Memory artillery (cannon) man (person) → artillery
barrack /ˈbærək/ n. military camp
Same root barracking n. booing; ridiculing
captain /ˈkæptɪn/ n. Captain; (British) Army Captain; (British) Navy Colonel
Memory capt (hold) ain (table person) → control a group of people → captain
cavalry /ˈkævlri/ n. Cavalry, armored troops
Same root cavalryman n. cavalry
colonel /ˈkɜːrnl/ n. Army colonel, regimental commander
Paired with senior colonel
commander /kəˈmændər/ n. Commander
With commander in chief commander in chief
commando /kəˈmændoʊ/ n. commando
Pairs with commando of marines
convoy /ˈkɑːnvɔɪ/ n. fleet, fleet
Memory con (together) voy (to go) → walk together → convoy
death squad death squad
general /ˈdʒenrəl/ n. general
gunner /ˈɡʌnər/ n. gunner
Memory comes from gun (n. gun; cannon)
infantry /ˈɪnfəntri/ n. infantry; infantry regiment
Same root infantryman n. infantry
lieutenant /luːˈtenənt/ n. Lieutenant; adjutant
Paired with lieutenant colonel
marine /məˈriːn/ n. marine soldier a. of the sea; marine, in the sea
Paired with marine radar
marshal /ˈmɑːrʃl/ n. Marshal; commander-in-chief
naval /ˈneɪvl/ a. naval
With naval officer naval officer
paratrooper /ˈpærətruːpər/ n. paratrooper
Memory para (next to; deputy) trooper (paratrooper) → paratrooper
rank /ræŋk/ n. Rank; military rank
With military rank military rank
senior /ˈsiːniər/ a. senior; senior n. superior
Paired with senior service 〈English〉 (opposite to the army) navy
sentry /ˈsentri/ n. sentry
Synonyms sentinel n. Sentinel
sergeant /ˈsɑːrdʒənt/ n. sergeant, police officer
Paired with sergeant major
sniper /ˈsnaɪpər/ n. sniper; sniper
Same root snipe vi. snipe; attack
soldier /ˈsoʊldʒər/ n. soldier
Paired with foot soldier infantry
squadron /ˈskwɑːdrən/ n. Squadron; detachment
Same root squad n. group; team
tank /tæŋk/ n. tank
title /ˈtaɪtl/ n. Title; right
Match position title job title
veteran /ˈvetərən/ n. Veteran
Paired with war veterans, old soldiers who have experienced war
warlord /ˈwɔːrlɔːrd/ n. warlord
Memory war (war; military) lord (lord) → warlord
Theme summary: words related to "war, invasion"
aim at the target aim at the target
air war air war
airfield /ˈerfiːld/ n. Airport
Memory air (sky) field (venue) → airport
ambush /ˈæmbʊʃ/ n./vt. ambush
Use with lay an ambush for to set an ambush and wait…
annihilate /əˈnaɪəleɪt/ vt. Annihilate; defeat
same root annihilation n. elimination
armistice /ˈɑːrmɪstɪs/ n. truce, armistice
Synonyms truce n. truce, truce
battle field battlefield
belligerent /bəˈlɪdʒərənt/ a. belligerent; warlike
war with the same root belligerence n.
besiege /bɪˈsiːdʒ/ vt. surround
memory be (strengthen) siege (siege) → surround
blitz /blɪts/ n. Blitzkrieg
Paired with a blitz on sth. Raid…
bombing /ˈbɑːmɪŋ/ n. bombing
same root bombard vt. bombardment
capture /ˈkæptʃər/ vt. Capture, seize n. Capture; spoils of war, captives
Captive a. Captured; fascinated n. Captive
cease fire cease fire
cold war cold war
command /kəˈmænd/ vt. command
Used with command the troop to command the army
counterattack /ˈkaʊntərˌətæk/ n. counterattack
Memory counter (opposite) attack (attack) → counterattack
death toll death toll
decamp /dɪˈkæmp/ vi. Decamp; leave in a hurry and secretly; escape
Memory de (remove) camp (camp) → withdraw from camp
decode the signal convert signal
defense /dɪˈfɛns/ n. defense, defense vt. plan to resist
Paired with defense against defense…
definitive /dɪˈfɪnətɪv/ a. decisive
with definitive decision final decision
deploy /dɪˈplɔɪ/ vt. deploy
same root deployment n. deployment
disarmament /dɪsˈɑːrməmənt/ n. disarmament; disarmament; disarmament
Same root disarm v. disarm; disarmament
duel /ˈduːəl/ n./vi. Duel; struggle
Use with fight a duel to fight a duel
fortress /ˈfɔːrtrəs/ n. fortress; castle
Synonyms: citadel n. fortress, fortress
ground assault ground attack
ground battle ground battle
guerilla warfare guerrilla warfare
intelligence /ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/ n. intelligence
Paired with intelligence agency intelligence agency
interloper /ˈɪntərloʊpər/ n. intruder
Synonyms intruder n. intruder
lull /lʌl/ vt. to quieten; to coax n. to temporarily calm; to pause
with lull sb. into to seduce someone…
maneuver /məˈnuːvər/ n. Military exercise v. Manipulation; (army, etc.) deployment
Memory man (hand) eu ver (work) → do it with your hands → manipulate
menace /ˈmenəs/ n./vt. Threat
Paired with security menace security hazards
militant /ˈmɪlɪtənt/ a. combative
memory milit (combat) ant→warlike
mobilize /ˈmoʊbəlaɪz/ v. mobilize; transfer; gather
Collocation with mobilize the army mobilize the army
mutineer /ˌmjuːtəˈnɪr/ n. rebel, betrayer
Synonyms betrayer n. traitor
paramedic /ˌpærəˈmedɪk/ n. Paramedic, emergency personnel
Memory para (auxiliary) medic (doctor) → nursing staff
prisoners of war prisoners of war
pullback /ˈpʊlbæk/ n. retreat, obstacle
memory from the phrase pull back (withdraw)
retreat /rɪˈtriːt/ n./vi. retreat, retreat
Collocation with retreat from give up
revenge /rɪˈvendʒ/ n./v. Revenge, revenge
Collocation with revenge oneself revenge; revenge
rout /raʊt/ n. great defeat, rout vt. rout
Used with put sb. to rout to defeat someone completely
scheme /skiːm/ n./v. plan; conspiracy; arrangement
Designed with scheme out
scuffle /ˈskʌfl/ n./vi. melee
Memory scu (scar, scar) ffl→scar is the result of a melee→a melee
siege /siːdʒ/ n./vt. surround, besiege
Used with raise a siege to relieve the siege
stealth /stelθ/ n. secret action
Same root stealthy a. secret; sneaky
strategy /ˈstrætədʒi/ n. strategy
same root strategic a. strategic
subdue /səbˈduː/ vt. conquer; suppress
Same root subdued a. eased; suppressed
tactic /ˈtæktɪk/ n. strategy, tactics
Paired with military tactic military tactics
take cover concealment
treason /ˈtriːzn/ n. Rebellion, treason
same root treasonous a. rebellious under attack under attack
vengeance /ˈvendʒəns/ n. revenge, revenge
Same root vengeful a. vengeful
victorious /vɪkˈtɔːriəs/ a. victorious, triumphal
Pair with victorious team winning team
warlike /ˈwɔːrlaɪk/ a. Warlike; warlike
Memory war (war) like (like) → bellicose
warmonger /ˈwɔːrmʌŋɡər/ n. warmonger, warmonger
memory war monger → warmonger
withdraw /wɪðˈdrɔː/ v. (to make) retreat
Used with withdraw the troop to withdraw the army
Sentence 86
While many programs designed for preschoolers focus primarily on social and emotional factors, some are geared mainly toward promoting cognitive gains and preparing preschoolers for the formal instruction they will experience when they start kindergarten. and emotional factors, and some are mainly to enhance the cognitive gains of preschool children and prepare them for the formal teaching they will experience after entering kindergarten.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Some are geared toward promoting gains and preparing preschoolers. The while guides the adverbial clause, its backbone is programs focus on factors, and the past participle phrase designed for preschoolers modifies the noun programs. The attributive clause "they will experience ... kindergarten" modifies the formal instruction, and the relative pronoun that guides the attributive clause serves as the object in the clause, so it is omitted; the attributive clause also contains a time adverbial clause that guides when they start kindergarten.
core vocabulary
program /ˈproʊɡræm/ n. program; program; course v. programming
Memory pro (in front) gram (write) → things written in advance → program
Same root programmatic a. planned
programmable a. programmable
design /dɪˈzaɪn/ vt./n. Design; plan; arrangement
memory de sign (logo) → design logo → design
Same root designer n. designer
Reference designate vt. Name; appoint; specify
preschooler /ˈpriːskuːlə/ n. preschooler
Memory pre (previous) school (school) er (table person) → preschool children
Same root preschool a. Preschool n. Kindergarten
focus /ˈfoʊkəs/ v. focus; adjust focus; focus n. focus; focus; focus
With focus on/upon sth./sb. focus on…
same root focused a. concentrated
primarily /praɪˈmerəli/ ad. primarily
memory prim (first) arily→mainly
Same root primary a. Main; basic
Synonyms principally ad. Mainly
emotional /ɪˈmoʊʃənl/ a. Emotional (upper); expressing emotion; emotional
memory emotion (feeling) al→emotion (on)
Same root emotion n. emotion; emotion emotionally ad. in emotion
Reference emotional a. to arouse emotion
factor /ˈfæktər/ n. factor; variable; element
Memory fact (do) or→the part that must be done→elements
Synonyms element n. element; element
ingredient n. element; ingredient
gear /ɡɪr/ n. Gear, transmission device; equipment
v. adjust, adapt; make suitable
Memory The ear is the device (gear) on the body used for hearing (hear).
Paired with out of gear
promote /prəˈmoʊt/ vt. Promote; enhance; publicize, sell (goods, etc.)
Memory pro (forward) mote (move) → move forward → promote
Same root promotion n. Promotion; promotion; publicity
cognitive /ˈkɑːɡnətɪv/ a. cognitive; perceptual
memory cogn (know) + itive → cognitive
Same root cognition n. perception, cognition
experience /ɪkˈspɪriəns/ n./vt. experience; experience
Memory ex (out) peri (try) ence→something tried out→experience; experience
Synonyms undergo vt. experience
Theme summary: words related to "family education"
amenable /əˈmiːnəbl/ a. obedient; responsible
collocation be amenable to obey…
appreciate /əˈpriːʃieɪt/ vt. appreciate; appreciate
Appreciation n. Appreciation
appropriate /əˈproʊpriət/ a. appropriate
antonym inappropriate a. inappropriate
benefit /ˈbenɪfɪt/ n. benefit vt. beneficial
same root beneficial a. beneficial
comprehensive /ˌkɑːmprɪˈhensɪv/ a. Comprehensive; extensive
Same root comprehension n. understand; include
consequently /ˈkɑːnsəkwentli/ ad. Therefore; result
same root consequent a. subsequent n. result
consult /kənˈsʌlt/ v. consult
collocation consult with and... consult
courageous /kəˈreɪdʒəs/ a. brave, courageous
Same root courage n. Courage
cultivate /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/ vt. cultivate; cultivate
Paired with cultivate creativity cultivate creativity
earnest /ˈɜːrnɪst/ a. serious, sincere n. serious
collocation in earnest seriously; sincerely
edify /ˈedɪfaɪ/ vt. edify; inspire
Same root education n. Enlightenment; teaching
encourage /ɪnˈkɜːrɪdʒ/ vt. encourage; motivate
same root encourage n. encourage
even-tempered /ˈiːvnˈtɛmpəd/ a. Even-tempered
The same root temper n. temperament; temper
inherited /ɪnˈherɪtɪd/ a. inherited; hereditary
same root inherit v. inherit
lead by example lead by example
maturation /ˌmætʃuˈreɪʃn/ n.
same root mature a. mature
modest /ˈmɑːdɪst/ a. modest
Same root modesty n. Modesty
naughty /ˈnɔːti/ a. naughty
Same root naughtiness n. naughty
obedient /əˈbiːdiənt/ a. obedient, obedient
obedience n. obedience
outcome /ˈaʊtkʌm/ n. result; outcome
Memory from the phrase come out (result)
participate /pɑːrˈtɪsɪpeɪt/ vi. participate
same root participant n. participant
potential /pəˈtenʃl/ n. potential a. possible
Same root potentiality n. Potential
praise /preɪz/ vt. praise
Use with praise for to praise for...
promise /ˈprɑːmɪs/ v. promise
same root promising a. hopeful
puberty /ˈpjuːbərti/ n. puberty
With puberty stage puberty
puberty rite coming of age ceremony
rebellion period rebellion period
rebellious /rɪˈbeljəs/ a. rebellious
Same root rebellion n. Betrayal
remind /rɪˈmaɪnd/ vt. remind
Same root reminder n. person or thing to remind; souvenir
respect /rɪˈspekt/ n./vt. respect
Use show respect to express respect
self-esteem /ˌself ɪˈstiːm/ n. Self-esteem, conceitedness
Synonyms self-sufficiency n. conceited
sensible /ˈsensəbl/ a. reasonable
Same root sensibility n. Sensitivity; emotion
substantial /səbˈstænʃl/ a. A large amount; substantial
Same root substance n. substance; essence
unique /juˈniːk/ a. unique
Same root uniqueness n. Unique, unique
Theme summary: words related to "negative education methods"
abuse /əˈbjuːs/ n. /əˈbjuːz/ vt. Abuse, abuse
with child abuse child abuse
bully /ˈbʊli/ vt. coercion
Same root bullying n. coercion
chatter /ˈtʃætər/ vi. chatter
same root chat vi./n. chat
criticize /ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/ v. criticize
Collocation with criticize sb. for to criticize someone because of...
disappointment /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntmənt/ n.
same root disappoint v. (disappoint)
intervention /ˌɪntərˈvenʃn/ n. intervene; hinder
Reference convention n. custom, practice
preach /priːtʃ/ vi. preach
Memory Preaching (preach) is the purpose of reaching (reaching) convincing others.
pry /praɪ/ vi. Inquire; inquire; explore (privacy)
with pry into pry
punish /ˈpʌnɪʃ/ vt. punish
Collocation punish for because of... punishment
punish with punish with
rebuke /rɪˈbjuːk/ vt. accuse; scold
Synonyms condemn vt. condemn, blame
satirize /ˈsætəraɪz/ vt. Satire; sarcasm
Same root satirization n. Satire
spoil /spɔɪl/ vt. Spoil, spoil
same root spoilage n. spoilage
warn /wɔːrn/ v. warn
Same root warning n. warning
Sentence 87
Hero compiled descriptions and sketches of 70 some clever little, mechanical devices, most of which utilized compressed air to cause water, or in some cases, wine to flow from one place to another, or sometimes to squirt or to make some kind of noise. Hero compiled descriptions and sketches of some 70 ingenious little mechanical devices, most of which used compressed air to move water—or, in some cases, wine—from one place to another, or to Sometimes it sprays out or makes some noise.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Hero compiled descriptions and sketches. The non-finite attributive clause introduced by which modifies the preceding noun phrase "70 some clever little, mechanical devices". The backbone of the attributive clause is most of which utilized compressed air, in which the past participle compressed expresses passiveness and is used as a preposition to modify air; cause sth. to do sth. is a fixed collocation, meaning "to make something do something". In the sentence Water and wine are juxtaposed by or, and to flow, to squirt and to make are also juxtaposed by or.
core vocabulary
compile /kəmˈpaɪl/ vt. Compile; edit, compile
Memory com (common) pile (pile) → common accumulation → compilation
Synonyms edit v. edit
Same root compiler n. compiler compilation n. compilation; selection
description /dɪˈskrɪpʃn/ n. Description; description
memory de (strengthen) script (write) ion→describe
Synonyms portrait n. portrait; description
description n.
same root describe vt. describe
sketch /sketʃ/ n. sketch; sketch; outline v. sketch; outline
Same root sketchy a. sketchy; incomplete sketchiness n. sketchy
utilize /ˈjuːtəlaɪz/ vt. utilize
memory util (use) ize→utilize
Same root utilization n. Utilization
compressed /kəmˈprest/ a. compressed
Memory com (table enhancement) press (press) ed→compressed
Same root compress v. compress; shorten compression n. compress, condense compressible a. compressible
squirt /skwɜːrt/ v. spray, splash n. (liquid, powder, etc.) spray
Memory Spray perfume on your skirt
Synonyms: spout v. spout; spray
Topic summary: words related to "mechanical equipment"
component /kəmˈpoʊnənt/ n. constituent elements; ingredients; parts
Reference proponent n. supporter
consecutive /kənˈsekjətɪv/ a. Continuous; coherent
Same root consecution n. Continuous
facilitate /fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/ vt. promote; make (easier)
Synonyms promote vt. promote
fuel /ˈfjuːəl/ n. fuel
Paired with fuel consumption
hands-on /ˌhændz ˈɑːn/ a. Field operation; personal experience
Synonyms firsthand a. personal; direct
inspect /ɪnˈspekt/ vt. Inspect; review; inspect
Same root inspector n. inspector
leading edge leading edge
maintenance /ˈmeɪntənəns/ n. Maintenance; maintenance
same root maintain vt. maintain; maintain
malfunction /ˌmælˈfʌŋkʃn/ n. malfunction; malfunction, malfunction
Synonym breakdown n. failure
manual /ˈmænjuəl/ n. Manual, guide; manual
Memory manu (hand) al (of...) → manual
mode /moʊd/ n. style; mode; way; fashion; fashion
with a mode of behavior behavior mode
network /ˈnetwɜːrk/ n. network; television network
memory net (network) work (work) → network
operate /ˈɑːpəreɪt/ v. operate; operate; operate
same root operation n. run
portable /ˈpɔːrtəbl/ a. portable; light
Same root portability n. Portable, lightweight
specification /ˌspesɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. description; detail
Same root specify vt. make concrete; specify, explain in detail
static /ˈstætɪk/ a. Static interference; static; static; electrostatic
Synonyms stationary a. stationary
substandard /ˌsʌbˈstændərd/ a. Below the standard, substandard; inferior
Same root standard n. standard
Topic Summary: Words related to “Wine Brewing”
brew /bruː/ v. brew, brew
Tonggen brewery n. Brewery wine cellar wine cellar
bartender /ˈbɑːrtendər/ n. bartender
Same root bartend vi.〈美口〉be a bartender
corkscrew /ˈkɔːrkskruː/ n. Corkscrew, bottle opener
Memory cork (cork) screw (screw) → corkscrew
ice bucket ice bucket
shaker /ˈʃeɪkər/ n. cocktail shaker
Paired with cocktail shaker
Theme summary: words related to "drinking"
alcoholic /ˌælkəˈhɔːlɪk/ a. Alcoholic, alcoholic
Pair with alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage
dissipation /ˌdɪsɪˈpeɪʃn/ n. Binge drinking; squandering; indulgence
Same root dissipate v. squander; disperse
hangover /ˈhæŋoʊvər/ n. hangover
moderately /ˈmɑːdərətli/ ad. Moderately
Paired with moderately stable moderately stable
quaff /kwæf/ vt. drink freely
Serve dry with quaff off
sober /ˈsoʊbər/ v. (to sober up); (to make) sober
Pair with sober up
stimulating effect stimulating effect
Sentence 88
Introducing genetically modified trees, designed for fast growth and high yield in given geographic conditions, would satisfy the demand for wood in many of those areas and save the endangered native trees, which often include unique or rare species. Fast-growing, high-yielding genetically modified trees would meet the demand for lumber in many of these areas and protect local endangered trees, which often include some unique or rare species.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Introducing genetically modified trees would satisfy the demand for wood and save the endangered native trees. Introducing genetically modified trees at the beginning of the sentence is a gerund, serving as the subject, in which the past participle modified serves as a prepositional attributive to modify trees; the past participle phrase designed for fast growth and high yield in given geographic conditions serves as a non-restrictive attributive, modifying genetically modified trees. The non-restrictive attributive clause introduced by which at the end of the sentence modifies the endangered native trees in front of it.
core vocabulary
genetically /dʒəˈnetɪkli/ ad. determined by genes, from a genetic perspective
same root gene n. genetic a. genetic; genetic
modified /ˈmɑːdəfaɪd/ a. improved; modified
Same root modify v. Modify modification n. Change, amend
geographic /ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪk/ a. geographical; geographical
Same root geography n. geography geographer n. geographer
endangered /ɪnˈdeɪndʒərd/ a. in danger of extinction, about to become extinct
with endangered species endangered species
Same root endanger vt. to cause danger; endanger
include /ɪnˈkluːd/ vt. include, include
antonym exclude vt. exclude, exclude
Same root inclusion n. include; include
unique /juˈniːk/ a. unique; unique
With unique features
Same root uniquely ad. Uniquely; uniqueness n. Unique
rare /rer/ a. rare, rare
Synonyms scarce a. Rare
The same root rarely ad. Rarely
rarity n.
Topic summary: words related to "biotechnology"
acceptor /əkˈsɛptə/ n. receptor
activation /ˌæktɪˈveɪʃn/ n. activation
same root activate v. activate
adhesion /ədˈhiːʒn/ n. adhesion; attachment
same root adhere vi. adhere
adrenal /əˈdriːnəl/ a. Adrenal, adrenal gland
Pair with adrenal gland adrenal gland
allel /ˈælɛl/ n. allele
antibiotic /ˌæntibaɪˈɑːtɪk/ n. antibiotic a. antibiotic
Paired with antibiotic resistance antibiotic resistance
artificial organ artificial organ
bilayer /ˈbaɪˌleɪə/ n. bilayer
binal /ˈbaɪnəl/ a. Double, twin
biodiversity /ˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvɜːrsəti/ n. Biodiversity
Paired with biodiversity protection biodiversity protection
bioinformatics /ˌbaɪəʊˌɪnfəˈmætɪks/ n. bioinformatics
biologist /baɪˈɑːlədʒɪst/ n. biologist
Pair with cell biologist cell biologist
biomanufacturing /ˌbaɪoʊˌmænjuˈfæktʃərɪŋ/ n. biomanufacturing
biopharmaceutical /ˌbaɪəʊˌfɑːməˈsjuːtɪkəl/ a. biopharmaceutical
bioremediation /ˈbaɪoʊˌrɪmiːdˈieɪʃn/ n. biodegradation
biotechnology /ˌbaɪoʊtekˈnɑːlədʒi/ n. Biotechnology
Match biotechnology industry biotechnology industry
embryo breeding embryo breeding
carrier /ˈkæriər/ n. carrier
clone /kloʊn/ n. clone
With gene clone gene clone
embryology /ˌembriˈɑːlədʒi/ n. Embryology
Same root embryonic a. embryonic
estrogen /ˈestrədʒən/ n. estrogen
Reference androgen n. Androgen genetically modified food genetically modified food
genomics /dʒiˈnɑːmɪks/ n. Genomics; genomics
hybridization /ˌhaɪbrɪdəˈzeɪʃn/ n.
With hybridization technique hybridization technology
identical /aɪˈdentɪkl/ a. Exactly the same, the same
with identical twin one of the monozygotic twins
immune /ɪˈmjuːn/ a. immune
With immune system immune system
insemination /ɪnˌsemɪˈneɪʃn/ n. insemination
With artificial insemination
insulin /ˈɪnsəlɪn/ n. insulin
Paired with insulin resistance
marrow /ˈmæroʊ/ n. marrow, bone marrow
With marrow cells
molecular engineering molecular engineering
organism /ˈɔːrɡənɪzəm/ n. organism
with multicellular organism multicellular organism
reproductive /ˌriːprəˈdʌktɪv/ a. Reproductive; reproductive
with reproductive organs reproductive organs
viral infection viral infection
Topic summary: words related to "genetic variation"
atavism /ˈætəˌvɪzəm/ n. intergenerational inheritance
same root atavistic a. inherited across generations
biological system biological system
blood type blood type
cell division cell division
deletion /dɪˈliːʃn/ n. deletion
disorder /dɪsˈɔːrdər/ n. disorder; disorder; disease
Paired with genetic disorder, family genetic disease
dominant /ˈdɑːmɪnənt/ a. (gene) dominant; dominant
with dominant heredity dominant inheritance
foetus /ˈfiːtəs/ n. fetus; embryo
gene pool gene pool
genetic engineering genetic engineering
genetics /dʒəˈnetɪks/ n. genetics
Geneticist n. Geneticist
genome /ˈdʒiːnoʊm/ n. Genome; chromosome group
genotype /ˈdʒenətaɪp/ n. genotype
heredity /həˈredəti/ n. Heredity, heredity
With heredity factor genetic factor
monogenic disease single gene infection
recessive inheritance recessive inheritance
recombination n.
With genetic recombination
transgene /ˈtrænzˌdʒiːn/ n. transgene
Same root transgenic a. Transgenic variant a. Different, mutated
Paired with variant genes variant genes
variation /ˌveriˈeɪʃn/ n. variation
Match genetic variation genetic variation
vestige /ˈvestɪdʒ/ n. vestigial organ
X chromosome
Y chromosome Y chromosome
Topic summary: words related to "biochemistry"
derivative /dɪˈrɪvətɪv/ n. derivative
DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) abbr. Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
Match DNA sequence gene sequence
globulin /ɡlɑːbjʊlɪn/ n. Globulin
glucose /ˈɡluːkoʊs/ n. glucose
granule /ˈɡrænjuːl/ n. particles
Reference granulocyte n.
intermediate /ˌɪntərˈmiːdiət/ n. intermediate; medium
metabolize /məˈtæbəlaɪz/ vt. Metabolize
Same root metabolization n. Metabolism
nucleus /ˈnuːkliəs/ n. nucleus
polynuclear /ˌpɑːliˈnuːkliər/ a. multi-nuclear
memory poly (many) nuclear (nuclear) → multi-core
protease /ˈproʊtieɪz/ n. protease
sporadic /spəˈrædɪk/ a. Sporadic
same root sporadicly ad. sporadicly; incidentally
subsequent /ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/ a. subsequent
same root subsequence n. what happened next
synthesis /ˈsɪnθəsɪs/ n. synthesis; synthesis
Same root synthetic a. synthetic
Sentence 89
In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion In the 1760s, James Watt perfected the separate steam condenser so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled after each stroke; he then invented a new method to allow the piston to rotate into rotary motion, namely It evolved from the original (front and back) reciprocating motion to a rotating motion.
Grammar Note: This sentence contains two parallel clauses, connected by a semicolon. The stem of the first clause is James Watt perfected a condenser; so the stem of the resulting adverbial clause that introduces is the cylinder did not have to be cooled. The backbone of the second clause is "He devised a way and convert ... into ...", where a way to do sth. is a fixed collocation, meaning "a way of doing something", convert sth. into sth . is also a fixed collocation, meaning "to transform... into...", and reciprocating is used as the present participle to modify the following noun motion.
core vocabulary
perfect /ˈpɜːrfɪkt/ a. perfect
/pərˈfekt/ vt. to make perfect
The same root perfection n. perfectly perfectly ad. perfectly; completely
separate /ˈseprət/ a. separate; individual
Memory se (separate) par (equal) ate→ (make) into parts→separated
Synonyms discrete a. Separate; discrete
same root separable a. separable
condenser /kənˈdensər/ n. condenser
Memory con (strengthen) dens (thicken) er (table machine) → a machine that thickens → condenser
Same root condense v. (to make) compress; (to make) condense
cylinder /ˈsɪlɪndər/ n. cylinder; cylinder
stroke /stroʊk/ n. Stroke; blow; stroke
Paired with heat stroke
devise /dɪˈvaɪz/ vt. design; invention
Synonyms contrive vt. design invent vt. invention
piston /ˈpɪstən/ n. piston
wheel /wiːl/ n. wheel, wheel
With steering wheel steering wheel
convert /kənˈvɜːrt/ v. (to make) change one’s beliefs; (to make) change, (to make) transform
Memory con (strengthen) vert (turn) → transform → (convert)
Same root conversion n. Change; change of faith
reciprocate /rɪˈsɪprəkeɪt/ v. return; (machine) reciprocating motion
Same root reciprocal a. Reciprocal; corresponding
Theme summary: words related to "industrial design"
automate /ˈɔːtəmeɪt/ vt. to automate
Same root automation n. automated production automated production
automatic /ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk/ a. automatic; mechanical
With automatic control automatic control
chain /tʃeɪn/ n. chain (bar)
with food chain food chain
code /koʊd/ n. code; password vt. to encode...
Same root coding n. encoding; decoding codify vt. codification
gear /ɡɪr/ n. gear, transmission device
Memory The ear is the device (gear) on the body used for hearing (hear).
industrialization process industrialization process
insert /ɪnˈsɜːrt/ vt. insert, embed
Memory in (enter) sert (place) → put inside → insert
interface /ˈɪntərfeɪs/ n. interface; interface
Memory inter (between) face (face) → the face between the two → interface
maintenance /ˈmeɪntənəns/ n. Maintenance; maintenance
With vehicle maintenance vehicle maintenance
maneuverable /məˈnuːvərəbl/ a. Easy to operate; maneuverable
manual /ˈmænjuəl/ a. Manual; physical
Memory man (hand) ual (...) → manual
manufacture /ˌmænjuˈfæktʃər/ vt. mass manufacturing n. manufacturing
Same root manufacturing n. manufacturing; industrial manufacturer n. manufacturer mass manufacture mass manufacturing
remodel /ˌriːˈmɑːdl/ vt. Remodel; transform
replicate /ˈreplɪkeɪt/ v. copy; regenerate
same root duplicate vt. copy
synthesize /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/ vt. synthesize; synthesize
same root synthesizer n. sound synthesizer synthesis n. synthesis, synthesis
Theme summary: words expressing "methods and methods"
access /ˈækses/ n. Channel; (access or enjoyment) opportunity
Same root accessible a. Enterable; understandable
approach /əˈproʊtʃ/ n. approach v. approach
same root approaching a. upcoming
manner /ˈmænər/ n. manner; [pl.] politeness
Same root mannerism n. Unique style; habit
means /miːnz/ n. way; method
Collocation by means of sth. By means of...
measure /ˈmeʒər/ n. measure; [often pl.] measure
mechanics /məˈkænɪks/ n. mechanics; skills
Same root mechanist n. Mechanicist mechanical n. Mechanic mechanical n. Mechanic
medium /ˈmiːdiəm/ n. [pl. media] medium; means
memory med(middle) ium→medium
method /ˈmeθəd/ n. method
Same root methodical a. Methodical; methodical methodology n. Methodology
mode /moʊd/ n. way; style
recipe /ˈresəpi/ n. recipe; secret
Memory re cip (take, take) e→Seizing the key is the trick to solving the problem→Secret
resort /rɪˈzɔːrt/ n. resort; means vi. help
Memory: report to superiors for help (resort)
shortcut /ˈʃɔːrtkʌt/ n. shortcut
tactic /ˈtæktɪk/ n. means; [often pl.] tactics
memory tact (contact) ic→contact through means→means
tip /tɪp/ n. Practical tips; tip
Synonyms hint n. prompt; [often pl.] advice
via /ˈvaɪə/ prep. With (someone, system, etc.); passing (a certain place)
way /weɪ/ n. method; means
Sentence 90
Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the company. Unlike syndicates that serve short-term purposes, joint-stock companies provide long-term funding by leveraging investments from businessmen and other investors who purchase shares in the company.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital. The following "by drawing on... in the company" is an adverbial of manner, which contains an attributive clause introduced by who to modify investors. The "unlike short-term... undertaking" at the beginning of the sentence serves as the comparative adverbial of the entire sentence.
core vocabulary
cooperation /koʊˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn/ n. cooperation; cooperative group
memory co (together) oper (work) ation→work together→cooperate
collocation in cooperation with cooperate with
cooperate vi. cooperate with the same root
investor /ɪnˈvestər/ n. investor
Memory in (enter) + vest (clothes) or (table person) → a person who puts money in his pocket into a career → investor
Paired with institutional investor institutional investor
same root invest v. investment
commercial /kəˈmɜːrʃl/ a. commercial; trade
Memory com (common) merc (transaction) ial (...) → two parties conducting transactions → commercial; trade
Same root commerce n. trade, business commercialize vt. commercialize
undertaking /ˌʌndərˈteɪkɪŋ/ n. undertaking, enterprise
Synonyms enterprise n. enterprise
joint-stock company joint-stock company
funding /ˈfʌndɪŋ/ n. Fund, fund; provide funds
Same root fund n. fund funder n. fund sponsor
investment /ɪnˈvestmənt/ n. investment; investment
Paired with investment income investment income
same root invest v. investment
merchant /ˈmɜːrtʃənt/ n. merchant a. commercial
Synonyms trader n. businessman
purchase /ˈpɜːrtʃəs/ v. buy; purchase
Memory pur (always) chase (chasing) → race to get hot goods → purchase
Same root purchaser n. buyer
Topic summary: words related to "investment and financial management"
advisor /ədˈvaɪzər/ n. Advisor; instructor
Paired with investment advisor financial advisor
conduct /kənˈdʌkt/ vt. management, guidance
Memory con (form reinforcement) duct (guide) → guide
consultant /kənˈsʌltənt/ n. consultant
same root consult v. ask for advice
dividend /ˈdɪvɪdend/ n. dividend, dividend
expected return expected return
financial plan financial plan
financing /ˈfaɪnænsɪŋ/ n. financing
Match financing cost financing cost
fixed income fixed income
foreign exchange foreign exchange
forward rate forward rate
future /ˈfjuːtʃə/ n. [pl.] Futures (trading)
Paired with futures market futures market
real estate real estate
increment /ˈɪŋkrəmənt/ n. value-added, increase
investment diversification diversification of investment
money management money management
ratio /ˈreɪʃioʊ/ n. ratio, ratio
With conversion ratio conversion ratio
risk assessment risk assessment
maintain value maintain value
systematic risk systematic risk
trust product trust product
Topic summary: words related to "fund bonds"
bearer /ˈberər/ n. holder, bearer
Paired with bearer bond
bond /bɑːnd/ n. public debt, bond
Paired with bond market bond market
bondholder /ˈbɒndˌhəʊldə/ n. bondholder
broker /ˈbroʊkər/ n. broker
Paired with stock broker securities broker
corporate bond corporate bond
discount rate discount rate
enterprise /ˈentərpraɪz/ n. enterprise
Enterprising a. Entrepreneurial
equity /ˈekwəti/ n. (company’s) equity; net asset value
Paired with negative equity
financial bond financial bond
financial institution financial institution
fund /fʌnd/ n. fund
Paired with investment fund investment fund
government bond long-term government bond
hedge fund hedge fund
issuer /ˈɪʃuːər/ n. issuer
same root issue v. release
liquidity /lɪˈkwɪdəti/ n. Liquidity
Same root liquid a. Liquid; easily turned into cash
pension fund pension fund
public accumulation fund provident fund
redemption /rɪˈdempʃn/ n. redemption
Paired with redemption fee redemption fee reserve funds reserve funds
security /səˈkjʊrəti/ n. [pl.] Securities
transaction /trænˈzækʃn/ n. handle; transaction
Match transaction price transaction price
unsecured /ˌʌnsɪˈkjʊəd/ a. Unsecured, unguaranteed
Paired with unsecured loan unsecured loan
Sentence 91
This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching. , because it is believed that reflective practice can help teachers engage more rationally in their roles and teaching work, enabling them to cope with the lack of scientific facts in teaching guidelines and the uncertainty of knowledge.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is this was justified by the view. The clause "that practice could help ... in the discipline of teaching" serves as an appositive clause to explain the view. The subject of the appositive clause is reflective practice, and the predicate verbs are could help and enable; among them, the adjective involved in the past participle form of feel more intellectually involved in their role is used as the predicate of feel; cope with is followed by and to connect the paucity of scientific fact. and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.
core vocabulary
justify /ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/ vt. Justify...; defend...
memory just (just) ify (make...) → prove... is legitimate
with the same root justified a. with justifiable reasons
reflective /rɪˈflektɪv/ a. Reactive, thoughtful
Memory comes from reflect (vt. reflection; deep thought; introspection)
same root reflection n. reflect; consider reflector n. reflector
Reference self-reflective a. introspective
intellectually /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəli/ ad. Intellectually; rationally
memory intel (=inter, between) lect (choice) ually→selected from a pile (talent)→sage→intellectually
The same root intellectual a. Intellectual n. Intellectual n. Intelligence
involved /ɪnˈvɑːlvd/ a. Participated, as part of...; busy with...
memory in (enter) volv (volume) ed→involved→as part of...
collocation involved in sth. involved in something
involved with sth./sb. devote yourself wholeheartedly to something/someone
Same root involve vt. involve; include
cope /koʊp/ vi. deal with; deal with
Memory: The more you cope with things, the wider your horizons will naturally be.
Collocation cope with sth. deal with, deal with something
scientific /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/ a. scientific, scientific
memory from science (n. science)
Paired with scientific study scientific research
scientific discovery scientific discovery
uncertainty /ʌnˈsɜːrtnti/ n. Hesitation; uncertainty
Same root uncertain a. Uncertain; hesitantly ad. Hesitantly
discipline /ˈdɪsəplɪn/ n. discipline; discipline
Remember that an apprentice must follow a discipline
Synonyms subject n. subject
same root disciplined a. disciplined
Theme summary: words indicating "courses, subjects"
accounting /əˈkaʊntɪŋ/ n. accounting
Same root accountant n. accountant
agriculture /ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər/ n. agronomy, agriculture
memory agri (field) cult (cultivation) ure→agriculture
archaeology /ˌɑːrkiˈɑːlədʒi/ n.
Same root archaeological a. Archaeologist n. Archaeologist
economics /ˌiːkəˈnɑːmɪks/ n. Economics
Memory econom (as economy, economy) ics (study) → economics
engineering /ˌendʒɪˈnɪrɪŋ/ n. Engineering
memory from engineer (n. engineer)
linguistics /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪks/ n. Linguistics
literature /ˈlɪtrətʃər/ n. literature
Pair with classical literature classical literature
romantic literature romantic literature
realistic literature realistic literature
management /ˈmænɪdʒmənt/ n. Management
Same root manage v. Manipulate; manage manageable a. Easy to manage
pedagogy /ˈpedəɡɑːdʒi/ n. pedagogy
same root pedagogic a. educational
philosophy /fəˈlɑːsəfi/ n. philosophy
Same root philosopher n. philosopher philosophical a. philosophical
statistics /stəˈtɪstɪks/ n. Statistics
Same root statistician n. statistician
Topic summary: words related to "course selection"
advanced /ədˈvænst/ a. Advanced
Reference advancement n. progress
colloquium /kəˈloʊkwiəm/ n. academic seminar
compulsory /kəmˈpʌlsəri/ a. compulsory
Paired with compulsory course
course capacity course capacity
credit /ˈkredɪt/ n. credit
Reference accredit vt. confirm...meet the standard credibility n. believe, trust credibility n. credibility, reliability
curriculum /kəˈrɪkjələm/ n. [pl. curriculum]All courses
memory plural form curriculum
Synonyms course n. course required course required course
elective /ɪˈlektɪv/ n. elective course
Paired with elective system
elementary /ˌelɪˈmentri/ a. elementary reference fundamental a. basic basic a. basic
primary a. basic
exemption /ɪɡˈzempʃn/ n. exemption
same root exempt a. exempted vt. exempt
faculty /ˈfæklti/ n. All faculty and staff; college
Reference dean n. Dean lecturer n. Lecturer advisor n. Instructor
intermediate /ˌɪntərˈmiːdiət/ a. Intermediate
Reference immediate a. Immediate; closest
introductory /ˌɪntrəˈdʌktəri/ a. Introduction; entry-level
major /ˈmeɪdʒər/ vi. major
Pair with major in major…
minor /ˈmaɪnər/ vi. minor
Pair with minor in minor…
opening /ˈoʊpnɪŋ/ n. vacancy, vacancy
option /ˈɑːpʃn/ n. choice, option
with have no option
optional /ˈɑːpʃənl/ a. optional
Paired with optional class elective courses
prescribed /prɪˈskraɪbd/ a. prescribed
Same root prescribe vt. stipulate; prescribe
register /ˈredʒɪstər/ n./v. register, register
same root registrar n. registrar
registration n. registration, registration
registration form registration form
selective course elective course
semester /sɪˈmestər/ n. semester
Synonyms term n. semester; terms
seminar /ˈsemɪnɑːr/ n. seminar
memory semin (seed) ar→seminar sowing the seeds of ideas→seminar
signature /ˈsɪɡnətʃər/ n. signature
specialized /ˈspeʃəlaɪzd/ a. professional; specialist
Same root specialize vi. specialization n. specialization
syllabus /ˈsɪləbəs/ n. teaching syllabus; course syllabus
Memory syl (together) lab (to take) us→get (different courses) together→course outline
theoretical /ˌθiːəˈretɪkl/ a. theoretical (upper)
The same root theoretically ad.
timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/ n. Course schedule; timetable
Synonyms: schedule n. timetable, schedule
tutorial /tuːˈtɔːriəl/ n. tutorial
Same root tutor n. tutor vt. tutoring
Sentence 92
There were no other large public buildings, suggesting that the priests who were in charge of the temples also were responsible for governing the city and organizing people to work in the fields and on irrigation projects building and maintaining systems of ditches and dams. public buildings, which meant that the priests in charge of the temples were also responsible for running the city, organizing people to work in the fields, building water conservancy projects, and maintaining the system of ditches and dams.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is There were no other large public buildings. In the sentence, "suggesting that... ditches and dams" is used as an accompanying adverbial; following suggestion is an object clause that guides that. The backbone of the object clause is "The priests were responsible for governing... and organizing... and maintaining... ."; the attributive clause who were in charge of the temples modifies the priests; in the fields and on irrigation projects building are parallel structures connected by and, and together they serve as the adverbial adverbial of work.
core vocabulary
priest /priːst/ n. priest; priest
Synonyms: clergyman n. priest
charge /tʃɑːrdʒ/ n. Supervisor; care; responsibility
collocation in charge of responsible; supervisor
temple /ˈtempl/ n. temple; church
Synonyms church n. church
govern /ˈɡʌvərn/ v. govern, manage; dominate
Synonyms administrator vt. management
The same root governor n. ruler; manager government n. government
organize /ˈɔːrɡənaɪz/ v. organize; make orderly
Same root organization n. organization; institution
maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/ vt. maintain, maintain; repair
Synonyms preserve vt. protect; maintain
Same root maintenance n. Maintenance; maintenance
ditch /dɪtʃ/ n. ditch vt. to dig a ditch; to dig a ditch
Paired with ditch excavator
Synonyms trench n. ditch
dam /dæm/ n. dam, embankment
Theme summary: words related to "religious belief"
altar /ˈɔːltər/ n. Holy altar; communion table
Pair with altar wine
atheism /ˈeɪθiɪzəm/ n. atheism; atheist
memory a (nothing) the (god) ism (academic) → atheism
baptism /ˈbæptɪzəm/ n. baptism
with to receive baptism baptized
belief /bɪˈliːf/ n. belief
With belief and worship belief and worship
bishop /ˈbɪʃəp/ n. bishop
Buddhism /ˈbʊdɪzəm/ n. Buddhism
Same root Buddha n. Buddha
Catholicism /kəˈθɑːləsɪzəm/ n. Catholicism
Catholic n. Catholic
chant /tʃænt/ n. hymn; hymn v. sing repeatedly
Christ /kraɪst/ n. Christ, Savior
Paired with Disciples of Christ (one of the Protestant denominations, founded in the United States in 1809)
Christianity /ˌkrɪstiˈænəti/ n. Christianity
Same root Christian n. Christian
denomination /dɪˌnɑːmɪˈneɪʃn/ n. sect
disciple /dɪˈsaɪpl/ n. disciple, believer, disciple
Synonyms adherent n. believer
doctrine /ˈdɑːktrɪn/ n. doctrine
Synonyms: dogma n. dogma
faithful /ˈfeɪθfl/ a. faithful, loyal
Synonyms loyal a. loyal
glorify /ˈɡlɔːrɪfaɪ/ vt. praise, praise
Synonyms beautify v. beautify
go to church
heaven /ˈhevn/ n. heaven
Pair with heaven on earth heaven on earth
hell /hel/ n. hell
With go to hell go to hell
heretic /ˈherətɪk/ n. pagan
Same root heretical a. heretical
holy /ˈhoʊli/ a. holy; holy
Served with Holy Communion
Holy Spirit Holy Spirit
Islam /ˈɪzlɑːm/ n. Islam, Islam
Jesus /ˈdʒiːzəs/ n. Jesus
Mass /mæs/ n. (especially Roman Catholic) Mass
Pair with to attend Mass to do mass
meditation /ˌmedɪˈteɪʃn/ n. meditation; sitting meditation
The same root meditate v. Contemplation, meditation
missionary /ˈmɪʃəneri/ n. missionary
Synonyms preacher n.
pantheism /ˈpænθiɪzəm/ n. Pantheism
memory pan (extensive) the (god) ism (academic) → pantheism
pilgrim /ˈpɪlɡrɪm/ n. pilgrim, pilgrim
Same root pilgrimage n. Pilgrimage
religious /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/ a. religious
Pair with religious service religious ceremony
Satan /ˈseɪtn/ n. Satan
Taoism /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ n. Taoism
the Holy Land holy land
theism /ˈθiːɪzəm/ n. theism
Memory the (god) ism (academic) → theism
theology /θiˈɑːlədʒi/ n. theology, religious system
Same root theologian n. theologian
tribute /ˈtrɪbjuːt/ n. tribute; eulogy
Paired with glowing tribute, enthusiastic praise
Topic summary: words related to "agricultural irrigation"
aquifer /ˈækwɪfər/ n. aquifer
With confined aquifer
basin irrigation flood irrigation
canal /kəˈnæl/ n. canal, ditch
Paired with irrigation canal irrigation canal
diesel motor diesel engine
drip irrigation drip irrigation
dyke /daɪk/ n. dyke
groundwater /ˈɡraʊndwɔːtər/ n. groundwater
Paired with groundwater level
hydraulic /haɪˈdrɔːlɪk/ a. hydraulic, hydraulic
Paired with a hydraulic jack
impermeable /ɪmˈpɜːrmiəbl/ a. impermeable, impermeable
antonym permeable a. permeable
Inadequate /ɪnˈædɪkwət/ a. Inadequate, insufficient
Paired with inadequate rainfall
infiltrate /ˈɪnfɪltreɪt/ vt. to penetrate, to penetrate
same root infiltration n.
inundate /ˈɪnʌndeɪt/ vt. drown; flood
Same root inundation n. drowning
localized irrigation localized irrigation
perennial irrigation perennial irrigation
pump /pʌmp/ n. pump vt. (use a pump) to pump or inflate
With water pump water pump
rainfed agriculture rainfed agriculture
soil consolidation soil consolidation
spray /spreɪ/ vt. spray
Synonyms sprinkle v. sprinkle
subsidence /səbˈsaɪdns/ n. sink; sink
With ground subsidence ground subsidence
surface irrigation surface irrigation
vertical well vertical well
watercourse /ˈwɔːtərkɔːrs/ n. watercourse, river
Memory water (water) course (route) → waterway
weir /wɪr/ n. weir; dam
Sentence 93
Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. Wealth Inequality in status and status does exist, and probably exists in most nomadic societies. But except in periods of military conquest, such inequalities are usually too slight to form the kind of stable, hereditary hierarchy to which the word "class" is often used to imply.
Grammar notes: But in this sentence connects two sentences. The subject of the first sentence is inequalities of wealth and rank, and there are two coordinating predicates in the sentence, namely exist and have probably existed. The backbone of the second sentence is that they are too slight to generate hierarchies, where they refer to inequalities of wealth and rank, and the attributive clause that is usually implied by the use of the term class modifies the preceding hierarchies.
core vocabulary
inequality /ˌɪnɪˈkwɑːləti/ n. inequality, different
Memory in (no, non) equal (equality) ity→inequality
Collocation with social inequality social inequality
antonym equality n. equality
wealth /welθ/ n. wealth; rich
Synonyms treasure n. wealth
Same root wealthy a. rich
rank /ræŋk/ n. Status, level; rank; military rank vt. To rank...
Synonyms class vt. Classify...
Same root ranking a. Advanced
pastoralist /ˈpæstərəlɪst/ n. herdsman
Same root pastoral a. pastoralist
military /ˈmɪləteri/ a. military, military
memory milit (battle) ary (of…) → military
Same root martial a. Military
normally /ˈnɔːrməli/ ad. Usually, normally
Synonyms usually ad. usually
Same root normal a. normal
slight /slaɪt/ a. slight, insignificant, weak
Memory s light (light) → slight
Same root slightly ad. Slightly; slightly
generate /ˈdʒenəreɪt/ vt. generate, produce; cause
memory gener (produce) ate→produce; cause
same root generator n. generator
stable /ˈsteɪbl/ a. stable, stable
Memory st (stand) able (able to...) → able to stand → stable
Synonyms steady a. stable
antonym unstable a. unstable
Same root stability n. stability stabilize vt. make stable
hereditary /həˈredɪteri/ a. Hereditary (sexual); inheritable
memory heredit (=hered inheritance) ary (…) → inheritable
Synonyms inherited a. inherited
hierarchy /ˈhaɪərɑːrki/ n. Ruling group; hierarchy; class
memory hier (god) archy (rule) → godlike rule → hierarchy
with social hierarchy social class
imply /ɪmˈplaɪ/ vt. means, implies
Memory im (inside) ply (overlap) → overlap in → imply
same root implication n. hint
term /tɜːrm/ n. term; semester; clause
Collocation in terms of according to, based on
Synonyms terminology n. terminology
Theme summary: words related to "ethnic tribe"
barbaric /bɑːrˈbærɪk/ a. barbaric
With barbaric behavior barbaric behavior
chief /tʃiːf/ n. Chief; leader
Synonyms leader n. leader
clan /klæn/ n. clan; tribe
Paired with clan warfare clan conflict
discriminatory /dɪˈskrɪmɪnətɔːri/ a. differential treatment
with discriminatory treatment unfair treatment
ethnic /ˈeθnɪk/ a. ethnic; racial
Reference ethics n. Code of ethics
exclusive /ɪkˈskluːsɪv/ a. exclusive
same root exclusion n. exclusion
hominid /ˈhɑːmɪnɪd/ n. primitive human
Memory homin (=hom person) id (such as...) → primitive human being
horde /hɔːrd/ n. Nomadic tribe; a large group
with a horde of a group
isolate /ˈaɪsəleɪt/ v. isolate; isolate
same root isolation n. isolation
maternal /məˈtɜːrnl/ a. maternal
Memory matern (mother) al (of…) → maternal
partiality /ˌpɑːrʃiˈæləti/ n. partiality, partiality
collocation gender partiality gender preference
persecution /ˌpɜːrsɪˈkjuːʃn/ n. persecution
With ethnic persecution racial persecution
polygamy /pəˈlɪɡəmi/ n. Polygamy, polyandry
Memory poly(many) gam(marriage) y→polygamy
preference /ˈprefrəns/ n. preference, priority
with preference for/to preference
prejudice /ˈpredʒudɪs/ n. prejudice vt. make prejudiced
with racial prejudice racial prejudice
primitive /ˈprɪmətɪv/ a. primitive
Synonyms original a. original
racial /ˈreɪʃl/ a. racial
with racial discrimination racial discrimination
reject /rɪˈdʒekt/ v. reject
Same root rejection n. rejection
savage /ˈsævɪdʒ/ a. savage; vicious
Same root savagery n. savagery
segregation /ˌseɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn/ n. apartheid
same root segregate v. isolate
tribal /ˈtraɪbl/ a. tribal; ethnic
Paired with tribal alliance tribal alliance
tribe /traɪb/ n. tribe
Paired with nomadic tribe nomadic tribe
Theme summary: words related to "political system and political platform"
administration /ədˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃn/ n. administration
Same root administer v. manage
appoint /əˈpɔɪnt/ vt. appoint
Same root appointment n. Appointment
aristocrat /əˈrɪstəkræt/ n. aristocrat
Same root aristocratic a. Noble
authority /əˈθɔːrəti/ n. power; [pl.] official; person in power
With local authority local authority
bicameral /ˌbaɪˈkæmərəl/ a. bicameral
with bicameral legislature bicameral legislature
bureaucratic /ˌbjʊrəˈkrætɪk/ a. Bureaucratic
Same root bureaucracy n. bureaucracy
constitution /ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃn/ n. Constitution
Same root constitutional a. Constitutional
convene /kənˈviːn/ v. convene; convene
Same root convention n. General Assembly
dismiss /dɪsˈmɪs/ vt. Remove from office; dismiss
Same root dismissal n. dismissal
electorate /ɪˈlektərət/ n. electorate
Synonyms constituent n. electorate
jurisdiction /ˌdʒʊrɪsˈdɪkʃn/ n. Judicial power
Same root judicial a. Judicial
legislation /ˌledʒɪsˈleɪʃn/ n. legislation
Legislative a. Legislative
monarchy /ˈmɑːnərki/ n. monarchy
Collocation with constitutional monarchy constitutional monarchy
nominal /ˈnɑːmɪnl/ a. nominal
Memory nomin (name) al (of…) → nominal
nominate /ˈnɑːmɪneɪt/ vt. Nominate; appoint
Synonyms designate v. appoint
platform /ˈplætfɔːrm/ n. policy platform
Paired with political platform political platform
regime /reɪˈʒiːm/ n. regime
Collocation with overthrow a regime overthrow a regime
socialism /ˈsoʊʃəlɪzəm/ n. socialism
Same root socialist n. socialist a. socialist
sovereign /ˈsɑːvrən/ n. monarch
Synonyms monarch n. monarch
statute /ˈstætʃuːt/ n. regulations, decrees, regulations
with statute law statutory law
tenure /ˈtenjər/ n. tenure
Sentence 94
Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment; an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. Ecologists believe that the relatively long-term stability of the climax community does not come from diversity, but from the "patch" of the environment. A changing environment is more conducive to the survival of a variety of organisms than a consistent environment.
Grammar Notes: The stem of this sentence is "Ecologists think that...". The object clause introduced by that contains two clauses: the backbone of the first clause is "The stability comes not from ... but from ..."; the backbone of the second clause is "An environment supports more kinds ... than an environment ...", the two environments in the second clause are both followed by an attributive clause leading to that, namely that varies from place to place and that is uniform.
core vocabulary
ecologist /iˈkɑːlədʒɪst/ n. Ecologist
Memory eco (ecology) log (as logy,...study) ist (...person) → ecologist
Same root ecology n. Ecology, ecologyecological a. Ecology, ecology
relative /ˈrelətɪv/ a. relative n. relative
same root relatively ad. relatively
long-term /ˌlɔːŋ ˈtɜːrm/ a. long-term
Paired with long-term goal long-term goal
stability /stəˈbɪləti/ n. stability
Memory st (station) ability (…ness) → standing still → stability
same root stable a. stable; stable stabilize vt. make stable unstable a. unstable
climax /ˈklaɪmæks/ n. Peak, extreme; the most exciting part; climax
Same root climactic a. climax
community /kəˈmjuːnəti/ n. Society, community; (animal and plant) community
Memory com (common) mun (public) ity (table status) → public status → society
Paired with community service sense of community community awareness
diversity /daɪˈvɜːrsəti/ n. Diversity, ever-changing
Memory di (separate) vers (turn) ity (have certain properties) → can be turned in multiple directions → diversity
collocation biological diversity biological differences species diversity species diversity
Synonyms variety n. variety; diversification
Same root biodiversity n. Biodiversity diversity a. Different diversify v. (make) diversify
patchiness /ˈpætʃinəs/ n. Scattered, unevenly distributed; incomplete
Same root patchy a. Scattered, unevenly distributed; incomplete
patch n. small piece, patch vt. repair
environment /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ n. environment
Match natural environment
ecological environmentecological environment
The same root environmental a. Related to the environment, the natural environment
vary /ˈveri/ v. change, change
Synonyms alter vt. change change v. change, change
same root varied a. various
varying a. changing, changing
various a. various
variation n. change; mutation
variant n. variant, deformation
support /səˈpɔːrt/ n. support; support vt. support
Collocation in support of support; support
Synonyms sustain vt. maintain; support
Antonym oppose v. oppose
organism /ˈɔːrɡənɪzəm/ n. organism; organism
memory organ (organ) ism→biology
Pair with aquatic organism
Same root microorganism n. microorganism
uniform /ˈjuːnɪfɔːrm/ a. uniform n. uniform
Memory uni (single) form (form) → single form → unified
Synonyms unitive a. unified
same root uniformly ad. uniformly, uniformly uniformity n. same, consistent
Theme summary: words related to "change"
convert /kənˈvɜːrt/ v. (to make) change one’s beliefs; (to make) transform
Memory con (strengthen) vert (turn) → (convert)
deform /dɪˈfɔːrm/ v. (to) deform; destroy the shape or appearance
same root deformation n. deformed a. shapeless
diversion /daɪˈvɜːrʒn/ n. transfer, conversion; temporary detour (during road construction)
memory di (separation) vers (transfer) ion→transfer
fickle /ˈfɪkl/ a. Changeable, impermanent; impetuous
mutation /mjuːˈteɪʃn/ n. mutation
with gene mutationgene mutation
shift /ʃɪft/ v./n. transfer; change
Same root shifting a. moving n. shifting
switch /swɪtʃ/ n. switch; switch, change v. switch, change
Used with switch off to cut off switch to to turn into
transfer /trænsˈfɜːr/ v. transfer; transfer n. transformation, conversion
Use with transfer to to transfer to; transfer to
transform /trænsˈfɔːrm/ vt. To deform; transform
Transformation n. Transformer n. Transformer
transit /ˈtrænzɪt/ n. transportation; transformation
Same root transition n. Transition; transitional a. Transitional period
Theme summary: words that mean "rise"
ascend /əˈsend/ v. climb; rise
Same root ascending a. rising, upward
enhance /ɪnˈhæns/ vt. improve; enhance
Same root enhancement n. Enhanced a. Enhanced; improved
hoist /hɔɪst/ n. Crane; raise v. (make) raise, hoist
raise /reɪz/ v. raise; increase
n. (wage, salary) promotion
spiral /ˈspaɪrəl/ a. spiral
v. hover; spiral upward (or descend)
Theme summary: words that mean "drop"
abate /əˈbeɪt/ v. (referring to wind, sound, pain, etc.) reduction; reduction (tax), price reduction
decline /dɪˈklaɪn/ n./v. decline; decline
Reference recline v. Recline, lean on incline v. Incline; agree
descend /dɪˈsend/ v. descent; origin (from)
Memory de (down) scend (climb) → climb down → descend
drop /drɑːp/ n. drop; fall v. drop
fall /fɔːl/ v. fall; decline; weaken
reduction /rɪˈdʌkʃn/ n. reduce, drop, lower
Same root reduce v. reduce
slip /slɪp/ n. slip v. slide, slip; drop, fall
Memory s lip(lip)→sliding from the lip→sliding
Sentence 95
According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom. Traditional theory is that people yawn when they are bored or sleepy. The shallow breathing associated with lack of sleep or boredom will reduce the oxygen content in the blood. Yawning can reverse the decrease in oxygen content in the blood through deep breathing, thereby improving alertness. role.
Grammar Notes: The backbone of this sentence is Yawning takes place and serves the function. "When people are bored or sleepy" in the sentence is an adverbial clause of time; "by doing" is a fixed collocation, meaning "by doing..." and is used as an adverbial clause of manner. The attributive clauses that are caused by the shallow breathing and that accommodations lack of sleep or boredom modify the drop in blood oxygen levels and the shallow breathing respectively.
core vocabulary
conventional /kənˈvenʃənl/ a. traditional, conventional
Memory con (common) vent (come) ion al→common result→conventional
Synonyms traditional a. traditional, customary
Same root convention n. custom; practice; convention
function /ˈfʌŋkʃn/ n. function vi. run, function
Same root functional a. Functional
Reference multifunctional a. Multifunctional malfunction n. Failure
alertness /əˈlɜːrtnəs/ n. alert, alert
memory from alert (vt. warning; alert)
Synonyms watchfulness n. vigilance, vigilance vigilance n. vigilance, vigilance
boredom /ˈbɔːrdəm/ n. boring; boredom, boredom
Memory comes from bore (v. to drill; to annoy)
Synonyms tedium n. boring; boredom
Reference freedom n. freedom
Topic summary: words related to "sleep"
dormant /ˈdɔːrmənt/ a. dormant, still
Same root dormancy n. hibernation
doze /doʊz/ n. doze off vi. doze off
Pair with doze off
drowse /draʊz/ vi. half asleep, half awake, drowsy
Same root drowsy a. drowsy
hibernate /ˈhaɪbərneɪt/ vi. hibernation, hibernation
hibernation n. hibernation
hypnotic /hɪpˈnɑːtɪk/ a. hypnotic
Same root hypnosis n. hypnotic state
lethargy /ˈleθərdʒi/ n. Lethargy, fatigue
Same root lethargic a. lethargic
mesmerize /ˈmezməraɪz/ vt. hypnotize, charm
Same root mesmerization n. hypnosis
nap /næp/ n./vi. Take a nap, take a nap
Pair with take a nap to take a nap
oversleep /ˌoʊvərˈsliːp/ vi. Oversleep
memory over (over) sleep (sleep) → oversleep
repose /rɪˈpoʊz/ vi. lie down and rest, sleep peacefully
Same root repository n. storage room; warehouse
sleep like a log sleep soundly
slumber /ˈslʌmbər/ vi./n. sleep, sleep peacefully
Same root slumberous a. drowsy
somnolent /ˈsɑːmnələnt/ a. sleepy, hypnotic
Same root somnolence n. sleepiness; sleepiness; narcolepsy
stretch oneself with a yawn stretch oneself with a yawn
Topic summary: words indicating "sleep problems and related drugs"
insomnia /ɪnˈsɑːmniə/ n. insomnia
Same root as insomnic a. insomnia, jet lag, jet lag syndrome
nightmare /ˈnaɪtmer/ n. nightmare
Same root nightmarish a. Nightmarish night terrors night terrors
sleep deprivation lack of sleep
sleep disorder sleep disorder
sleeplessness /ˈsliːpləsnəs/ n. insomnia
sleepwalk /ˈsliːpwɔːk/ vi./n. sleepwalking
Same root sleepwalking n. sleepwalking teeth grinding bruxism
narcotic /nɑːrˈkɑːtɪk/ n. hypnotic a. hypnotic; narcotic
Same root narcosis n. anesthesia
opiate /ˈoʊpiət/ n. sleeping pills, opiates
Same root opium a. opium; narcotic
soporific /ˌsɑːpəˈrɪfɪk/ a. hypnotic n. sleeping pills
Theme summary: words related to "blood"
anemia /əˈniːmiə/ n. anemia
Same root anemic a. blood group/type blood group of anemia
blood-borne /blʌdˈbɔːrn/ a. blood-borne
coagulation /koʊˌæɡjuˈleɪʃn/ n. coagulation; coagulation
same root coagulate v. condense
coronary /ˈkɔːrəneri/ a. coronary artery
Same root coronoid a. Crowned
platelet /ˈpleɪtlət/ n. platelet
Memory plate (board) let (small) → platelet
transfusion /trænsˈfjuːʒn/ n. blood transfusion; infusion
same root transfuse vt. blood transfusion; instillation
tubular /ˈtuːbjələr/ a. tubular
memory from tube (n. tube)
vascular /ˈvæskjələr/ a. vascular
Paired with vascular tone
aggregation /ˌæɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn/ n. aggregation
Same root aggregate vt. Aggregation; collection
conjugated /ˈkɑːndʒəɡeɪtid/ a. combined
same root conjugation n. combine conjugate v. combine
cortex /ˈkɔːrteks/ n. cortex
Same root cortical a. cortical
epithelial /ˌɛpɪ'θilɪəl/ a. Epithelial
same root epithelium n. epithelium
eradication /ɪˌrædɪˈkeɪʃn/ n.
Same root eradicate vt. eradicate; exterminate
fibrosis /faɪˈbroʊsɪs/ n. fibrosis
memory from fiber (n. fiber)
incompatible /ˌɪnkəmˈpætəbl/ a. incompatible
antonym compatible a. compatible
infiltration /ˌɪnfɪlˈtreɪʃn/ n. Infiltration; infiltration
same root infiltrate v. infiltrate; immerse innate immunity innate immunity
insoluble /ɪnˈsɑːljəbl/ a. insoluble
antonym soluble a. soluble
outburst /ˈaʊtbɜːrst/ n. outbreak
memory out burst → burst
overdose /ˈoʊvərdoʊs/ vi./n. overdose
Memory over (over) dose (dose) → overdose
placenta /pləˈsentə/ n. placenta
Sentence 96
Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the Pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. It is believed that most of the Pacific Ocean was settled by Polynesians who accidentally got trapped here after being lost and drifting. Contrary to this claim, this achievement was achieved through well-thought-out colonizing expeditions, well-prepared and well-laden with food, cultivated plants, and domesticated animals.
Grammar Notes: The backbone of this sentence is It seems reasonable that. that introduces a subject clause whose backbone is This feat was accomplished by colonization expeditions. After expeditions, there is an attributive clause that introduces that. The past participle phrase stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals in the clause serves as an adverbial in the clause, indicating the accompanying state. The adverbial "contrary to ... lost and adrift" at the beginning of the sentence contains an appositive clause "that much of the Pacific ... adrift" that introduces that, which is used to explain the arguments. The past participle phrase in the clause accidentally marooned Use it as a postpositional attributive to modify Polynesians.
core vocabulary
contrary /ˈkɑːntreri/ n./a. contrary
Memory contra (anti) ry→opposite
collocation on the contrary opposite
Synonyms opposite a. Opposite
argument /ˈɑːrɡjumənt/ n. Argument; argument
Memory comes from argument (v. argument; assertion)
Synonyms controversy n. controversy, debate dispute n. controversy; dispute
settle /ˈsetl/ v. settle, settle; (make) settle down
Memory sett (=set, place) le (verb) → settle, settle
Collocation with settle down means calm; settle down, live a stable life
Polynesian /ˌpɑlɪˈniʒən/ n. Polynesian
accidentally /ˌæksɪˈdentəli/ ad. accidentally, accidentally
Memory ac (toward) cid (fall, fall) ent ally→something falls from the sky to someone→accidentally
Same root as accident n. Unexpected event, accident accidental a. Unexpected, accidental
maroon /məˈruːn/ vt. trapped, unable to escape
Synonyms strand vt. stranded
lost /lɑːst/ a. lost; lost
adrift /əˈdrɪft/ a. Floating; drifting
Drift n./v. Drifting; wandering
reasonable /ˈriːznəbl/ a. reasonable; reasonable
Memory reason (reason) able (able to...) → able to reason → reasonable
with a reasonable excuse
The same root unreasonable a. unreasonable reasoned a. rational reasoning n. reasoning, argumentation
accomplish /əˈkɑːmplɪʃ/ vt. achieve; complete
Memory ac (direct) compl (fill) ish→fill→complete
Synonyms complete vt. complete
Same root accomplishment n. achievement
deliberate /dɪˈlɪbərət/ a. Prudent, thoughtful; prepared
Memory de (meaning to strengthen) liber (consider) ate→repeatedly weigh→prudent
The same root deliberately ad. Deliberately; thoughtfully
colonization /ˌkɑːlənəˈzeɪʃn/ n. colonization
memory from colonize (vt. colonization, colonization)
expedition /ˌekspəˈdɪʃn/ n. Expedition (team); expedition (team)
memory ex (out) ped (foot) ition→travel→expedition; adventure
set out set out, set off
stock /stɑːk/ n. inventory vt. inventory, reserve
Paired with stock up to stock up, hoard
domesticate /dəˈmestɪkeɪt/ vt. domesticate, domesticate
Memory comes from domestic (a. family)
Domesticated a. Domesticated, domesticated domestication n. Domesticated, tamed
Theme summary: words related to "thinking"
account /əˈkaʊnt/ n. explanation; consideration
Collocation with take ... into account consider, pay attention to
agonize /ˈæɡənaɪz/ vi. think hard
memory agon (struggle) ize→struggling→thinking hard
chew /tʃuː/ v. chew; think
with chew over thoughtful; discuss in detail
conceive /kənˈsiːv/ vt. conceive
memory con (together) ceiv (to grasp) e→to grasp together (thoughts)→to conceive
consider /kənˈsɪdər/ v. think; consider
Collocation with consider sth. done as... done
considered to be considered to be…
considerate /kənˈsɪdərət/ a. considerately
inconsiderate a. inconsiderate; thoughtless
contemplate /ˈkɑːntəmpleɪt/ v. to contemplate; to contemplate
The same root contemplation n. Contemplation, thinking contemplative a. Love to think
dismiss /dɪsˈmɪs/ vt. no longer consider; dismiss
Memory dis (separate) miss (send) → send → dismiss
haunt /hɔːnt/ vt. (thoughts, memories, etc.) lingering in the heart
recall /rɪˈkɔːl/ v. recall
memory re (backward) call (think) → recall
ideology /ˌaɪdiˈɑːlədʒi/ n. ideological system; ideology
memory ideo (thought) logy (…study) → system of thought
meditate /ˈmedɪteɪt/ v. Meditate, meditate
Same root meditation n. Meditation, contemplation
ponder /ˈpɑːndər/ v. think, consider
memory pond (weight) er→weigh the weight→consider carefully→meditate
muse /mjuːz/ vi./n. Meditation, meditation
Memory Muse (Muse in Greek mythology)
nostalgic /nəˈstældʒɪk/ a. homesick; nostalgic
Nostalgia n. Nostalgia; nostalgia
pensive /ˈpensɪv/ a. pensive
Memory pens (suspended) ive→suspended in the heart→contemplative
preoccupation /priˌɑːkjuˈpeɪʃn/ n. main consideration; full attention
Collocation: take one’s preoccupation with to concentrate on, concentrate on
recollect /ˌrekəˈlekt/ vt. Memories
Same root recollection n. Memories
reflect /rɪˈflekt/ vt. Think carefully; reflect
Same root reflection n. reflect; consider
speculate /ˈspekjuleɪt/ v. speculate; ponder
The same root speculation n. speculative a. speculative; speculative
Topic summary: words related to "food"
appetizing /ˈæpɪtaɪzɪŋ/ a. Appetizing; promoting appetite
Same root appetizer n. Appetizer
authentic /ɔːˈθentɪk/ a. real; authentic
Same root authentication n. Proof; identification
bland /blænd/ a. tasteless; bland
Memory is homophonic for "cloth blue" → the cloth is light blue → light
braise /breɪz/ vt. stew; steam
burnt /bɜːrnt/ a. burnt
same root burning a. burning
calorie /ˈkæləri/ n. Calorie (miles)
Same root as kilocalorie n. Kcal, kilocalorie
canned /kænd/ a. canned
Pair with canned food
convenience food convenience food
dairy products dairy products
delectable /dɪˈlektəbl/ a. Delicious
Memory delect (pleasure) able (able to...) → pleasant → delicious
delicacy /ˈdelɪkəsi/ n. Food
Same root delicate a. Delicious; exquisite
dietitian /ˌdaɪəˈtɪʃn/ n. nutritionist
Same root dietary a. Dieter n. Dieter; dieter
edible /ˈedəbl/ a. edible
antonym inedible a. inedible
expiration date product expiration date
fried /fraɪd/ a. Fried
Pair with fried fish
flavorsome /ˈfleɪvərsəm/ a. Delicious, flavorful
Same root flavor n. flavor
greasy /ˈɡriːsi/ a. greasy
Same root grease n. Grease
green food green food
health food health food
intake /ˈɪnteɪk/ n. intake
memory in (enter) take (get) → take in
luscious /ˈlʌʃəs/ a. sweet, luscious
Synonyms delicious a. Delicious
medium /ˈmiːdiəm/ a. (meat) medium, moderate
Reference mediation n. Mediation, good offices
nutrient /ˈnuːtriənt/ n. Nutrition (ingredient)
Same root nutrition n. nutrition nutritious a. nutritious
obesity /oʊˈbiːsəti/ n. Overweight, obesity
Same root obese a. obese
organic /ɔːrˈɡænɪk/ a. organic
Same root organism n. organism
overdone /ˌoʊvərˈdʌn/ a. (meat) too old
Reference overcooked a. Cooked for too long
palatable /ˈpælətəbl/ a. Delicious, delicious
antonym unpalatable a. unpalatable
preservative /prɪˈzɜːrvətɪv/ n. preservative a. antiseptic
Same root preserve vt. Save; protect
protein /ˈproʊtiːn/ n. protein
Memory prot (first) ein→The most necessary thing to maintain life→Protein
savory /ˈseɪvəri/ a. Delicious; excellent flavor; delicious
Same root savor n. Taste; smell
scrumptious /ˈskrʌmpʃəs/ a. Delicious; wonderful, excellent
Same root scrummy a. Delicious
spoilage /ˈspɔɪlɪdʒ/ n. Corruption; deterioration
same root spoil vt. spoil
vitamin /ˈvaɪtəmɪn/ n. vitamin
Memory vit (life) am in (...vitamin) → life elements → vitamins
well-done /ˌwel ˈdʌn/ a. (meat) well-done
Paired with well-done steak
Sentence 97
The Athenian philosopher Socrates (470-399 B.C.) was the first person in Greece to propose a morality based on individual conscience rather than the demands of the state, and for this he was accused of not believing in the city's gods and so corrupting the youth , and he was condemned to death. The Athenian philosopher Socrates (470-399 BC) was the first person in Greece to propose a moral code based on individual conscience rather than the requirements of the state. For this, he was accused of not believing in the city-state. God therefore corrupted the youth and sentenced him to death.
Grammar notes: This sentence is connected by two ands to three parallel clauses. The main stems of these three clauses are "Socrates was the first person to propose a morality", "He was accused of...", " He was condemned to death". The past participle phrase in the first clause modifies morality based on individual conscience rather than the demands of the state. In the second clause, “be accused of doing sth.” is a fixed collocation, meaning “to be accused of doing something.” Not believing in the city’s gods and corrupting the youth are co-ordinate components connected by and.
core vocabulary
Athenian /əˈθiniən/ a. Athenian; Athenian
memory from Athens (n. Athens)
philosopher /fəˈlɑːsəfər/ n. philosopher
Memory philo (love) soph (smart, wisdom) er→love the knowledge of wisdom→philosophy→philosopher
Same root philosophy n. philosophy philosophic a. philosophical
Greece /ɡriːs/ n. Greece
Reference Greek n. Greek; Greek
propose /prəˈpoʊz/ vt. suggest, propose
Memory pro (in front of...) pos (put) e→put in front→put forward before action→suggestion, proposal
Same root proposal (n. proposal, suggestion)
morality /məˈræləti/ n. morality
Memory mor (customs, habits) ality→conventions of the whole society→morality
Same root moral a. Moral moralism n. Moral education, moral principles moralistic a. Moral concepts
base /beɪs/ n. Base vt. Set (headquarters, etc.) in; based on...
Memory bas (bottom) e→Basic
collocation be based on based on…
individual /ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl/ n. individual; individual
a. Personal; individual
Memory in (not) di (two) vid (separate) ual (having... nature) → cannot be divided into two → personal
Synonyms personal a. personal, private
with the same root individually ad. individually individuality n. individualize vt. give individuality
conscience /ˈkɑːnʃəns/ n. conscience, conscience
memory con (common) sci (know) ence→Everyone knows that people must have a conscience→conscience
Conscientious a. Conscientious
demand /dɪˈmænd/ v. demand, need
Memory de (strengthen) mand (command) → make people do it again and again → request
Synonyms require vt. need; require insist v. insist on request; insist on insisting
same root demanding a. demanding
Reference command v./n. command; command
accuse /əˈkjuːz/ vt. condemn; accuse
memory ac (anti, inverse) cus (=caus, reason) e→accuse
Use with accuse sb. of sth. to accuse someone of doing something
Same root accusation n. accuse; condemn
corrupt /kəˈrʌpt/ vt. corrupt; corrupt, degenerate
Memory cor (means strengthening) rupt (break) → completely broken → corrupted
Same root corruption n. Corruption, corruption
condemn /kənˈdem/ vt. (for moral reasons) condemn; sentence (someone to a certain punishment)
memory con (common) demn (punishment) → common punishment → condemnation
Collocation with condemn sb. to sth. Sentence someone... to punishment
Synonyms blame vt. condemn, blame
Theme summary: words indicating "moral quality"
bravery /ˈbreɪvəri/ n. brave
Memory comes from brave (a. brave)
civic virtue civic virtue
code of conduct code of conduct
courtesy /ˈkɜːrtəsi/ n. Courteous and polite
Same root courteous a. Courteous, polite
diligent /ˈdɪlɪdʒənt/ a. diligent
Same root diligence n. Diligence, diligence
forgiveness /fərˈɡɪvnəs/ n. forgiveness
Use with ask for forgiveness to ask for forgiveness
honesty /ˈɑːnəsti/ n. honesty
humility /hjuːˈmɪləti/ n. humility
Memory hum (ground) ility→facing the ground→low state→humility
inner belief inner belief
integrity /ɪnˈteɡrəti/ n. Integrity; complete
memory integr(complete) ity→complete
kindness /ˈkaɪndnəs/ n. kindness
Collocation with out of kindness out of good intentions
mercy /ˈmɜːrsi/ n. forgiveness; mercy
with at the mercy of completely at the mercy of
moral example moral example
norm /nɔːrm/ n. norm; criterion
Synonyms criteria n. standard, criterion standard n. standard
principle /ˈprɪnsəpl/ n. principle; moral code
Memory prin (main) cip (grasp) le→hold the main principle→principle
public opinion social public opinion
responsibility /rɪˌspɑːnsəˈbɪləti/ n. Responsibility (heart)
Paired with shirk one’s responsibility
sharp mind sharp mind
social morality social morality
upright /ˈʌpraɪt/ a. Honest, upright
valor /ˈvælər/ n. Valor, bravery
virtue /ˈvɜːrtʃuː/ n. virtue; merit
Same root virtuous a. Moral
willpower /ˈwɪlpaʊər/ n. willpower
Theme summary: words expressing "requirements, commands"
claim /kleɪm/ v./n. Claim; request
Memory itself is the root word meaning "to shout loudly" → claim
command /kəˈmænd/ n./v. command
The same root commander n. commander, command command n. commandment
compulsory /kəmˈpʌlsəri/ a. Obligated; mandatory
Memory com (reinforcement) puls (push) ory (of a... nature) → mandatory
dictate /ˈdɪkteɪt/ v. stipulate; order
memory dict (speech; command) ate → stipulate; decide
mandatory /ˈmændətɔːri/ n. Mandatory, legal
Memory mand (command) atory (of a... nature) → command
pretension /prɪˈtenʃn/ n. request; pretentious
Memory pre tension → feel nervous in advance and ask to relax → ask
request /rɪˈkwest/ n./vt. request, request
memory re (again, again) quest (pursuit) → request, request
stipulate /ˈstɪpjuleɪt/ vt. stipulate, clear requirements
Memory stip (press) ul ate (make...) → press together → stipulate
Sentence 98
Two additional kinds of evidence support the hypothesis that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter: oil possesses optical properties known only in hydrocarbons derived from organic matter, and oil contains nitrogen and certain compounds believed to originate only in living matter. Two pieces of evidence support the hypothesis that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter: its optical properties are found only in hydrocarbons derived from organic matter; and petroleum contains nitrogen and certain compounds thought to be derived only from living things.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Two kinds of evidence support the hypothesis. The appositive clause "that petroleum is a product of..." explains the hypothesis. In the first clause after the colon "oil possesses ... organic matter", the past participle phrase known only in hydrocarbons modifies optical properties, and the past participle phrase derived from organic matter modifies hydrocarbons. In the second clause "oil contains ... in living matter", the past participle phrase believed to originate only in living matter modifies certain compounds.
core vocabulary
additional /əˈdɪʃənl/ a. additional, additional
memory add (addition) ition (behavior) al (...) → additional
Same root addition n. addition; addition (thing)
evidence /ˈevɪdəns/ n. evidence; sign
memory e (out) vid (see) ence→see→evidence; signs
Synonyms proof n. evidence, proof
The same root as evidential a. to provide evidence; to testify
hypothesis /haɪˈpɑːθəsɪs/ n. hypothesis; premise
Memory hypo (below...) thes (put) is→put below, not yet as a formal theory→hypothesis
same root hypothesis v. hypothesis, hypothesis hypothetical a. hypothetical
petroleum /pəˈtroʊliəm/ n. petroleum
Memory petr (stone) ole (oil) um→oil
Same root petrifaction n. petrification
decomposition /ˌdiːkɑːmpəˈzɪʃn/ n. decomposition; decay
Memory de (opposite) compos (as compose, composition) ition→opposite of composition→decomposition
Synonyms dissolution n.
decay v./n. decay; decline
rot v./n. rot
Same root decompose v. (to make) decompose; (to make) rot
organic /ɔːrˈɡænɪk/ a. organic; organ
with organic matter organic matter
organic chemistry organic chemistry
organic being organism
Reference organism n. organism, organism
optical /ˈɑːptɪkl/ a. eye; vision; optical
memory opt (vision) ical→vision
Same root optics n. Optical optician n. Optician
hydrocarbon /ˌhaɪdrəˈkɑːrbən/ n. hydrocarbons
Memory hydro (water) carbon (carbon) → hydrocarbon
derive /dɪˈraɪv/ v. obtain; origin
Memory de rive(r)→The Yellow River is the birthplace of Chinese civilization→Origin
Collocation derive from
nitrogen /ˈnaɪtrədʒən/ n. Nitrogen
Memory nitro (nitric acid) gen (produce) → produce nitric acid → nitrogen
With nitrogen dioxide nitrogen dioxide
originate /əˈrɪdʒɪneɪt/ v. Origin; initiate; founding
memory from origin (n. origin)
Synonyms initiate vt. initiate
launch vt. launch
same root origination n. origin originator n. founder; inventor
Theme summary: words related to "research, experiment"
analysis /əˈnæləsɪs/ n. analysis, analysis report
Reference analyst n. Analyst analytical a. Analytical
analyze /ˈænəlaɪz/ vt. analyze
Analyze data with analyze data
annotation /ˌænəˈteɪʃn/ n.
Memory an (strengthen) not (mark) ation→mark→annotate
collect data collect data
control group control group
experiment /ɪkˈsperɪmənt/ n. experiment
Same root experimental a. experimental (sexual), used for experiments
factor /ˈfæktər/ n. factor
Match key factor key factor
finding /ˈfaɪndɪŋ/ n. find
in-depth interview in-depth interview
influence /ˈɪnfluəns/ n./vt. influence
interfere /ˌɪntərˈfɪr/ vi. interfere
Same root interference n. Interference, interference
interpret /ɪnˈtɜːrprɪt/ vt. explain, explain
Paired with interpret data interpret data
investigation /ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn/ n. investigation, research
same root investigate v. research, investigation
lab /læb/ n. laboratory
lab report experimental report
model /ˈmɑːdl/ n. (used to demonstrate operating methods, etc.) model
null /nʌl/ a. Zero value
Collocation with null hypothesis invalid hypothesis
observation /ˌɑːbzərˈveɪʃn/ n. observation
same root observational a. observational
questionnaire /ˌkwestʃəˈner/ n. Questionnaire, questionnaire
Paired with questionnaire survey
research /rɪˈsɜːrtʃ/ n./v. research, investigation
research result research result
revision /rɪˈvɪʒn/ n.
Same root revise vt. revise, modify
sample /ˈsæmpl/ n. sample
Memory simple sample
simulation /ˌsɪmjuˈleɪʃn/ n. simulation
Same root simulate vt. imitate, simulate
subject /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ n. Experimental subject
survey /ˈsɜːrveɪ/ n. survey /sərˈveɪ/ vt. survey
same root surveyor n. surveyor
theory /ˈθɪri/ n. theory; doctrine
The same root theorize v. theoretical, theoretical a. theoretical treatment group treatment group; experimental group
Topic summary: words related to "documents, journals"
edition /ɪˈdɪʃn/ n. Edition; issue; edition
Paired with first edition first edition
editorial /ˌedɪˈtɔːriəl/ n. (newspaper) editorial
Memory edit (editor) or (person) ical (...) → edited
entitle /ɪnˈtaɪtl/ vt. To give authority; to title (book, etc.)
Memory en (add to...) title (title) → add a title → give a title to (a book, etc.)
journal /ˈdʒɜːrnl/ n. Journal, magazine
memory journ (day) al→recorded every day→diary, diary
periodic /ˌpɪriˈɑːdɪk/ a. Periodic, regular
Paired with periodic table periodic table of elements
periodical /ˌpɪriˈɑːdɪkl/ n. Periodical, magazine a. Periodic
memory period (period) ical (...) → periodic
press /pres/ n. Newspapers; publishing houses; printing houses
Paired with press conference press conference
proofread /ˈpruːfriːd/ v. proofread, correction
Memory proof (verification) read (read) → proofread, correct
publication /ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. publication, distribution; publication
memory public (public) ation (behavior) → public → announced
supplement /ˈsʌplɪmənt/ n. Supplement; (book) addendum, appendix
Memory sup (below) ple (fill in) ment (behavior) → the behavior of filling in below → addendum
volume /ˈvɑːljuːm/ n. Volume, volume, book
memory vol (volume) ume → bound into a volume → volume, volume
Sentence 99
Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound. Although it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, in the 1920s, one critical opinion predicted that the technological innovation of talkies would quickly fade away, and that Technology like the one that had been attempted many times before - dating back to before the First World War - to link footage to sound recordings.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is "A strain of opinion predicted that...". That introduces an object clause, which contains an attributive clause that introduces that would soon fade from sight, modifying a technical novelty. After that, there is an adverbial clause "as had many... recorded sound" introduced by as, and as means "just like, like, and...the same". The present participle phrase dating well back before the First World War is used as a postpositional attributive to modify many previous attempts.
core vocabulary
perspective /pərˈspektɪv/ n. angle; point of view, opinion
memory per (penetrate) spect (see) ive→see through→point of view
Match in perspective appropriately; observe reasonably
strain /streɪn/ n. Kind, type; sprain, strain vt. Sprain, strain
Paired with strain one’s shoulder
Synonyms sprain n./vt. sprain
critical /ˈkrɪtɪkl/ a. critical; critical; critical
with critical thinking critical thinking
The same root critically ad. critically
technical /ˈteknɪkl/ a. technical, craft
Memory techn (technology) ical (...) → technical
Paired with technical innovation
Same root technically ad. Technically
novelty /ˈnɑːvlti/ n. Novelty, new, novel things
Memory novel (new) ty (nature, state) → novelty, novelty
Synonyms newness n. novelty
fade /feɪd/ v. disappear; fade; wither
Pair with fade away to gradually disappear
Synonyms vanish vi. disappear
attempt /əˈtempt/ n./v. try; try hard
Memory at (meaning to strengthen) tempt (try) → try; try hard
collocation make an attempt to do sth. try to do something
Synonyms strive vi. strive
Reference contempt n. Contempt, contempt
Topic summary: words related to "filmmaking"
adaptation /ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/ n. Adaptation
Same root adapt vt. Adapt; rewrite
cast /kæst/ vt. projection (light, sight, etc.) n. ensemble cast
with a cast list cast list
casting /ˈkæstɪŋ/ n. casting
costume /ˈkɑːstuːm/ n. costume; costume
Match costume drama costume drama
cutting /ˈkʌtɪŋ/ n. cutting
dolly /ˈdɑːli/ n. Mobile photography dolly
Paired with dolly camera telescopic lens
dub /dʌb/ v. Dubbing for (movies, etc.)
edit /ˈedɪt/ vt. edit
Same root editor n.
exterior /ɪkˈstɪriər/ n. exterior; exterior
antonym interior n. interior
film crew film crew
full shot panorama
long shot long shot
montage /ˌmɑːnˈtɑːʒ/ n. montage; screen editing
Paired with montage director editing guidance
poster /ˈpoʊstər/ n. poster, propaganda poster
same root post v. post
preview /ˈpriːvjuː/ n./v. Preview, preview
memory pre (in advance) view (see) → preview, preview
prop /prɑːp/ n. small props
Matching clothing props
recast /ˌriːˈkæst/ v. rearrange roles
memory re (re) cast (actor) → rearrange roles
release time release time
scenarist /sɪˈnɑːrɪst/ n. Movie script writer, screenwriter
Paired with a scenarist director
screening /ˈskriːnɪŋ/ n. screening
screenplay /ˈskriːnpleɪ/ n. movie script
Paired with screenplay adaptation script adaptation
scriptwriting /ˈskrɪptraɪtɪŋ/ n. screenwriter
Reference script n. script
shooting /ˈʃuːtɪŋ/ n.
Paired with shooting schedule shooting schedule
shooting angle shooting angle
special effect special effect
spotlight /ˈspɑːtlaɪt/ n. spotlight
match in the spotlight
visual effect visual effect
Theme summary: words related to "technological innovation"
achievement /əˈtʃiːvmənt/ n.
same root achieve vt. obtain
advanced /ədˈvænst/ a. advanced; advanced
With advanced technology advanced technology
automatic /ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk/ a. automatic, mechanical
Same root automation n. automatic device
clone technology clone technology
cutting-edge technology cutting-edge technology
devise /dɪˈvaɪz/ v. design; invention
Synonyms: contrive v. design
digital age digital age
industrialize /ɪnˈdʌstriəlaɪz/ v. to industrialize; to achieve industrialization
Same root industry n. Industry
initiative /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ n. initiative; creative spirit a. proactive
Collocation with take the initiative take the initiative; take the lead
innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/ n. Innovation, innovation
same root innovate v. innovation innovative a. innovation; innovative
intellectual /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl/ a. Intellectual
Same root intelligence n. intelligence intelligent system intelligent system
invention /ɪnˈvenʃn/ n. invention, creation, invention
Match invention patent invention patent
nanometer /ˈnænoʊmiːtər/ n. nanometer
research /rɪˈsɜːrtʃ/ v. research
Paired with research institute institute
revolutionize /ˌrevəˈluːʃənaɪz/ vt. revolutionize
same root revolutionary a. revolutionary
scientific /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/ a. scientific, scientific
Paired with scientific study scientific research
technology /tekˈnɑːlədʒi/ n. technology
with computer technology computer technology
upgrade /ˌʌpˈɡreɪd/ vt. upgrade
Paired with upgrade industry industry upgrade
wireless technology wireless technology
3D printer 3D printer
Sentence 100
In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or quasi-egalitarian organizations for fellowship, worship, and production that flourished in this laissez-faire environment, individuals could interact with one another within a community of harmony and ideological equality, following their own popularly elected Leaders and governing themselves by shared consensus while minimizing distinctions of wealth and power. Small local egalitarian or quasi-egalitarian organizations of friendship, worship, and production thrive in a laissez-faire environment in which diversity , individuals can interact with each other in harmonious and ideologically egalitarian communities, follow their own universally elected leaders, and govern themselves through consensus while minimizing differences in wealth and power.
Grammar notes: The backbone of this sentence is Individuals could interact with one another. The prepositional phrase "in the multiplicity ... in this laissez-faire environment" serves as the adverbial of the entire sentence, which contains an attributive clause "that flourished in this laissez-faire environment" that introduces "that flourished in this laissez-faire environment" to modify organizations. The present participle phrase at the end of the sentence, following their own popularly elected leaders and governing themselves by shared consensus, serves as an accompanying adverbial. The time adverbial introduced by while omits individual were.
core vocabulary
multiplicity /ˌmʌltɪˈplɪsəti/ n. diversity
Synonyms diversity n. Diversity
Same root multiple a. Multiple; diverse
egalitarian /iˌɡælɪˈteriən/ a. egalitarian
n. egalitarian
Same root egalitarianism n. Egalitarianism
quasi- /ˈkweɪzaɪ/ [prefix] means "similar"; "half"; "quasi", etc.
with quasi-egalitarian
fellowship /ˈfeloʊʃɪp/ n. Group; friendship; scholarship
memory fellow (partner) ship (nature) → group
Synonyms friendship n. friendship scholarship n. scholarship
worship /ˈwɜːrʃɪp/ n./v. worship, worship; worship
Memory wor (value) ship (noun suffix) → give high praise → worship
Paired with star worship star worship
flourish /ˈflɜːrɪʃ/ v. prosperity, flourishing
Memory flour (flower) ish→bloom like a flower→prosperous, lush
Synonyms thrive vi. prosper boom vi. prosper, flourish
laissez-faire /ˌleseɪ ˈfer/ n. (Government’s laissez-faire policy towards private business) a. laissez-faire
Paired with a laissez-faire economy laissez-faire economy
interact /ˌɪntərˈækt/ vi. interact; cooperate with each other
memory inter (between) act (action) → interaction → interaction
same root interaction n. interactive a. mutual cooperation
harmony /ˈhɑːrməni/ n. harmony, harmony
Memory harm (suitable) + ony → suitable state → harmony
collocation in harmony (with) (with...) coordinate, live in harmony
harmonize v. coordinate; harmonize harmonious a. harmonious; harmonious
ideological /ˌaɪdiəˈlɑːdʒɪkl/ a. ideological, ideological
With ideological system
Same root ideology n. Ideological system; ideology
equality /iˈkwɑːləti/ n. Equality; equal
antonym inequality n. inequality
Same root equal a. Equally ad. Equally
consensus /kənˈsensəs/ n. consensus, unanimous agreement
memory con (common) sens (feeling) us→feel the same→consensus
Use with reach a consensus to reach a consensus
distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃn/ n. difference; distinction
Same root distinct a. Different; completely different distinct a. Unique; special
Theme summary: words related to "social development"
abandonment /əˈbændənmənt/ n. abandon; give up
Same root abandon v. abandon, give up
accelerate /əkˈseləreɪt/ vt. Accelerate; promote
Same root acceleration n. acceleration
affluence /ˈæfluəns/ n. wealthy
with the same root affluent a. rich
alienate /ˈeɪliəneɪt/ vt. To alienate; to make unfriendly
alienation n. alienation
blockage /ˈblɑːkɪdʒ/ n. obstruction, blockage
Same root block v. block; block
demobilize /diːˈmoʊbəlaɪz/ vt. demobilize, demobilize
Memory de (non, opposite) mobilize (mobilization) → mobilize (retirement) → demobilize
destitute /ˈdestɪtuːt/ a. poor, lacking
Paired with destitute neighborhood destitute area
divert /daɪˈvɜːrt/ vt. divert; divert
Synonyms distract vt. transfer
equity /ˈekwəti/ n. fairness; justice
Synonyms justice n.
famine /ˈfæmɪn/ n. famine
Memory fam (hungry) ine→famine
immutable /ɪˈmjuːtəbl/ a. Unchanging; unchangeable
Collocation of immutable truth eternal truth
insuperable /ɪnˈsuːpərəbl/ a. insurmountable
with insuperable difficulty insurmountable difficulty
mischance /ˌmɪsˈtʃæns/ n. misfortune
Synonyms mishap n. misfortune
occur /əˈkɜːr/ vi. occur; exist
Same root occurrence n. event; occurrence
populate /ˈpɑːpjuleɪt/ vt. (a large number of people) living in; a population that constitutes...
Synonyms inhabit vt. live in
revelation /ˌrevəˈleɪʃn/ n. revelation, revelation
same root reveal v. expose
secure /səˈkjʊr/ vt. Get security; protect
Same root security n. safety, security
socialize /ˈsoʊʃəlaɪz/ vt. Communicate; make (someone) adapt to social life
Same root socialization n. socialization
stimulate /ˈstɪmjuleɪt/ vt. stimulate; motivate
Pair with stimulate innovation to stimulate innovation
strengthen /ˈstreŋθn/ vt. strengthen
Synonyms reinforce vt. strengthen
succeed /səkˈsiːd/ vi. Inherit; succeed
same root successive a. succeed
transmission /trænsˈmɪʃn/ n. broadcast; transmit
same root transmit vt. pass; spread
unrestrained /ˌʌnrɪˈstreɪnd/ a. unrestricted
antonym restrained a. restricted
Topic summary: words related to "human rights"
appeal /əˈpiːl/ n./vi. appeal, plea
with appeal court appeal court
autonomy /ɔːˈtɑːnəmi/ n. autonomy, autonomy
Same root autonomous a. autonomous
demonstration /ˌdemənˈstreɪʃn/ n. Rally or parade
Paired with mass demonstration mass gathering
deprive /dɪˈpraɪv/ vt. deprivation
same root deprivation n. missing
dignity /ˈdɪɡnəti/ n. dignity
Same root dignify vt. make noble
freedom of association freedom of association
inequality /ˌɪnɪˈkwɑːləti/ n. inequality
Collocation with social inequality social inequality
norm /nɔːrm/ n. norm, norm
Synonyms criteria n. criteria
outcry /ˈaʊtkraɪ/ n. shout out, strongly recommend
Memory comes from the phrase cry out (shout loudly)
petition /pəˈtɪʃn/ n. petition; petition
With sign a petition sign a petition
prerogative /prɪˈrɑːɡətɪv/ n. privilege
Combined with the prerogative of mercy
privacy right privacy right
proponent /prəˈpoʊnənt/ n. advocate
same root propone vt. promote
protest /ˈproʊtest/ n. protest v. protest, opposition
Matches storm of protest protest storm
religion /rɪˈlɪdʒən/ n. religion, belief
Same root religious a. Religious
repression /rɪˈpreʃn/ n. suppression; suppression
with political repression political repression
right to assemble freedom of assembly
right to vote right to vote, right to vote
sexual orientation sexual orientation
supervision /ˌsuːpərˈvɪʒn/ n. supervision
same root supervise v. supervise