Hersey: Work and Time, Theogony

Aristotle: Poetics, Plato, Sappho

Menander New Comedy, The Hater. Hellenistic period, describing love stories and family relationships

Features: Humanistic color and concept of destiny, coexistence of reality and romance, many types, groundbreaking, sources of material for later works

Virgil Aenesky, Ovid's Metamorphoses, Donkey, Horace Poetry

Aeneski

New Testament

god story

hero legend

Ilion

Odyssey

Artistic achievements: compact structure, smooth and beautiful verses, the highest quality works of European literature

tragedy

comedy

King Oedipus

The dominance of orthodox literature in the Middle Ages, based on the Bible, asceticism, thoughts on the afterlife, maintenance of feudalism, and church power

The product of the feudal system of European chivalry, the elegant love between knights and ladies, affirming the pursuit of real life, impacting church literature, Song of the Dawn

Based on real life, exposing the feudal lords, praising the citizens' intelligence, verse, satire, lyricism, drama, the legend of Lenacus, the battle of wits and courage between the lower class and the upper class

Ideological Content of Divine Comedy

Artistic features

Anti-abstinence is the main idea, anti-church, praises human nature, advocates love, affirms secular life, promotes individual liberation, praises the intelligence and bravery of businessmen and craftsmen, and affirms the life attitude of the emerging bourgeoisie

14-16, bourgeois ideological and cultural movement, humanism as the center, anti-religion and feudalism, Laura, Italy

Human nature opposes divinity, values ​​science and opposes ignorance, liberation of individuality opposes asceticism, and unity opposes separatism.

The Seven Stars Poetry Society, Montaigne, Longsard, ordinary people's language and creations are divorced from the aristocratic tendencies of the masses.

Rabelais, plebeian literature

Tramp novels, vagrants and lower-class citizens, Koseko

Cervantes Don Quixote, humanist writer

Qiao Sou's story collection, Thomas' Utopia

University intellectuals

Tragedy➕comedy elements, humanist

Artistic achievements: satirical art, contrast, exaggeration to create characters, transforming chivalric novels into humanist ideological propaganda, humorous and vivid language

Historical Drama Henry. The four major comedies are all powerful. Legendary Drama Xin Dongyu

Hamlet's character image: humanist, contradiction between ideals and reality, hesitation in revenge, representative of humanistic ideas and propaganda of feudal forces

Artistic achievements: vivid plot, inner conflicts and conflicts describing the character's inner character, language master style, organic combination of character personality

Milton, Paradise, Hercules, Bunyan Road

Politically support the royal power and national interests, absolutely obey rationality, pay attention to the rules of creation, Corneille, Racine, Boileau

Three rules, a script can only have one plot clue, the same place, no more than one day and night

The content is pessimistic and decadent, the vocabulary is overlapping, and the style is confusing. Manoliri

A talented woman, an aristocrat who talks in words. Representative hypocrite. miser, don juan, hater

The miser and loan shark Abagong reveals the evil of money worship and the distortion of human nature by money.

Hypocrite, Orgon, Tartuffe, Dorina. The embodiment of hypocrisy, defrauding trust to achieve despicable purposes. Gluttony, greed for money, and lust are extremely harmful. Exposing the hypocrisy of the nobles who reported on them left Orgon with nothing.

Artistic achievement: basically meets the requirements of classicism, breaks through limitations, has a tragic meaning, absorbs folk drama, comedy, farce, comedy of customs, legendary drama, and enhances the comedy effect

Defoe, Crusoe, pioneer of modern novels

The first modern novel Richard, Pommel

Fielding, the most accomplished realist novelist

Sentimentalism, Stern, sentimental travel, emphasizes the power of emotion, focuses on describing the misfortune and pain of characters, arouses readers' sympathy, and pave the way for the rise of romanticism

Voltaire, leader of the Enlightenment, Candide

Diderot Encyclopaedist, Nephew

Rousseau, The Highest Achievement, Nouveau Héloé, Autobiographical Confessions

Raisin, leader, builder of German national drama

Sturm und Drang: Godeweit, Schiller plot love, advocate individual liberation, advocate feelings, return to nature, national consciousness

Goethe: Faust

Subjective emotions, expressing yourself. Praise the love of nature. Back to the Middle Ages, exaggeration, contrast, bizarre plots

source. The Jena School was the earliest, the Heidelberg School, and the Berlin School. Heine

Lakeside faction: disgusted with the indifference and money relationship of capitalist civilization. Praising rural life and lakeside scenery, collection of Chinese, Ke, Sao, lyrical ballads

Victor Hugo, Romantic Rider

Musset, French Shakespeare, Confessions of the Century

Alexandre Dumas, The Musketeers, Monte Cristo. Little Dumas La Traviata

Pushkin, the father of Russian literature, Onegin the first superfluous person, and the postmaster the first little person

Zhukovsky: the first lyric poet

Lermontov, the second superfluous man, the contemporary hero Pycholin

Eastern Europe: Petofi, freedom and love, is winter far behind when spring comes?

Edgar Allan Poe, The Scarlet Letter, Whitman, the greatest poet of Romanticism, Leaves of Grass. Cooper, Irving, the father of American literature

Eastern narrative poetry: including pagans, pirates, etc. The common characteristics are arrogance, loneliness, stubbornness, contempt for civilization, resistance to the existing social system, and the courage to fight against evil society

Don Juan: Spanish aristocrat, innocent, kind-hearted, brave and enthusiastic, dissociated from others, narrates traditional customs and hypocritical morals, has the courage to resist oppression and slavery, and pursues individual liberation and freedom. At the same time, he is cynical, self-indulgent, weak-willed, and lacks life goals.

Don Juan's artistic achievements: bitter satire, ridicule of numerous taxes. It is full of romance and legend, like cannibalism at sea. With strong lyricism and innovative metrical language, it is the highest achievement of oral style in the history of British poetry.

French writer, humanitarian thought

The artistic achievements of Les Misérables: the height of philosophy and aesthetics, using the artistic principle of strong contrast between beauty and ugliness, good and evil, weaving a thrilling storyline, shaping unusual characters, and showing the desperate struggle between light and darkness. The heroine was robbed and rescued, the ugliness and beauty on the outside, the sanctimony on the outside and the ugliness on the inside of Fabi and Claude

Image of superfluous person: Born in a noble family, with progressive thoughts and high cultural attainment, who hates the upper class, but does nothing, lacks action and ability, and has no clear goals in life.

Artistic features: The characters and environment are typical. It is a product of the era of Russian T-shirt aristocratic young intellectuals. They pursue ideals but are divorced from reality and stay away from the people, achieving nothing. The characters are in sharp contrast, indifference and romance. The male protagonist's feelings are false, while the female protagonist Tatyana's feelings are sincere.

Mérimée Carmen, Flaubert Madame Bovary, Xiao Dumas La Traviata (a prostitute pursues love but kindly gives up)

Thackeray Vanity Fair, Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights

Naturalism, founded by Gogol and expounded by Belinsky, reflects life, exposes the darkness of serfdom, and writes about the suffering fate of the lower classes.

Little people: cowardly, timid, bullied people, showing humanitarian thoughts. Gogol, Tostovsky

Turgenev, famous in Hunter's Notes, Luo Ting's second superfluous person

Ostrovsky, the father of Russian national comedy. The first image of the newcomer the night before

Symbolic meaning

art achievement

Party members, serious literature, the beginning of realism Human Comedy: General name for creation, more than 90 works including Eugenie, Goriot and others Philosophy, analysis, customs research, using realism techniques, the fortunes and decline of the bourgeoisie, and the omnipotence of money to expose and criticize the capitalist money society

The ideological content of human comedy

The image of the young man Goriot

art achievement

The Tragedy of Father Goriot's Love

Humanistic thoughts, famous as Peak, long and difficult, Paris and London, the French Revolution, the infatuated man Carton

The image of the doctor: the embodiment of humanitarianism, kindness and forgiveness

Artistic achievement, diverse and unified structure, rigorous and orderly, focusing on feeling the world, realism, suspense and symbolic artistic techniques

The father of Russian prose, the comedy imperial minister, and the representative work of Dead Souls

Cove, the big liar businessman, five landowners

Juche idea: The portrayal of the image of the landlord, one more despicable, ugly and reactionary than the last, reflects the decadence and decline of serfdom, and reveals the necessity and urgency of social change.

Artistic achievements: Realistic brushwork, not seeking vivid storylines, but focusing on character, not seeking to be exhaustive, but grasping the main characteristics of the character and focusing on rendering and strengthening, portrait description, and special environment and atmosphere to bring the characters to life.

Tearful smile: The funny and sad elements of life, exaggeration and irony. Behind the smile is deep sorrow, leaving no place to hide the wretchedness, emptiness and boredom of life.

Representative crime and punishment: surrendering in fear after murder.

Ideological content: Discussion on the philosophy of superman and the truth of rights, and examination of the subconscious mind in human behavior. Protest against social injustice, artistic depiction of the phenomenon of the jungle, unable to find a solution, seeking religious atonement ideas

Maupassant, Daudet, Hardy, O. Henry, Yi Bu Sheng, Chikov, Tolstoy

brother, france Emphasizing the realism, reproducing nature, emphasizing objectivity, avoiding subjective feelings, and highlighting learning, represented by Zola

The Flower of Evil is the first to open up, advocating that reality is illusory, inner feelings are real, and inner truth

France does not go along with the ugly reality, advocates art for art’s sake, pays attention to diction, rhythm, portraits of Godina and Wilde

Baudier, The Internationale

Britain, 19th century, realism

Character and Environment Novels for Sykes Novels

Image of Tess: being harmed and insulted, but never wanting to bow her head to fate, a pure girl, with a fatalistic concept, believing in fate, always treating misfortune with tolerance and self-sacrifice, tragedy has its own factors, reflecting the tragic change in the fate of the majority of farmers. abbreviation

Realism, childhood, youth and youth

Anna is an aristocratic woman who pursues individual liberation, a tragic figure who is strangled by hypocritical moral constraints. The conflict between her character and social environment caused her tragedy The internal reason lies in her unique personality

Maslova, a typical lower-class woman who was harmed and insulted

Nekhludoff was a typical repentant aristocrat

Artistic achievement: a single plot line depicts a broad social life Extensive use of contrast techniques to depict artistic images and characters Detailed depiction of character psychology Pay attention to detailed description, character appearance and living environment

Norway, the father of modern drama Social issue drama: Taking daily life as a theme, it analyzes social problems, triggers thinking, and guides people to reform social shortcomings.

Nora's image: a father-in-law who pursues individual liberation, is carefree, and has pure humanity. He is also determined, strong-willed and hard-working. female

Artistic achievements: relatively major themes, daily life, retrospective method Introduce discussion into drama and make good use of foreshadowing

America, Realism, Part 1, The Gilded Age, Representative Works by Fein

Fein's ideological content: Strong pursuit of freedom and opposition to racial discrimination and serfdom. During Huck's struggle to help Jim gain freedom, his rebellious character further developed. At first he did not let Jim go, but later he overcame his prejudice and saved him.

Artistic features

The Silver Age: Marx and European Literature Enter Russia, Destruction, Meeting Fans

Unfreezing Literature: Questions of Response Focus on the Fate of Characters, Ellenburg, Quietly on the Don, Encounter

Trench Realist: The author has personally experienced war, including Bonda, Buck, and Shellman

Panoramic novel, a novel narrating the history of war

French Romain Rolland Stove British Lawrence's son lover, Golding Stephan, a strange woman from Germany, a good man from Sichuan American O. Henry, The Gift, Theodore, The American Tragedy, Jack London Martin, Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, The Great Gatsby

Realism Cherkash, old woman Romanticism, Haiyan Revolution

Contents of Mother's Thoughts: A new historical era of world proletarian literature has been unveiled. Cruelty arouses cynicism and criticism. Witnessing the shaking of the old life order triggers longing for the future and romanticism. The older generation of workers suffers from their tragic fate and the new generation awakens. Strive to grasp reality in the actual development process

The image of mother Nilovna: an old-style housewife...a determined revolutionary image, deeply oppressed by the triple oppression of the regime's patriarchal power and theocratic power. Her mother's arrest completed the transformation from timid and fearful to a determined and fearless revolutionary.

Masterpiece Quietly on the Don, Nobel Prize for Literature

Image of Gregory: a wavering character, a model of exploration and pursuit, hardworking and kind, simple, prejudiced, blind worship of military honor

Artistic achievement: A powerful and epic work with extremely successful character creation. The psychological changes of the characters are complex and subtle, placing the characters in the background of social life and nature

Stove: A musical novel, with strong musical color in structure and form, relying on music to promote the development of the storyline.

Part One: The Sun Rises, The Peak of the Lost Generation, Farewell to Arms and Death Knell

The Lost Generation: After World War I, some American youth suffered from mental trauma, depression, emptiness, and collapse of faith. They immersed themselves in art to repair and comfort themselves.

Iceberg Selection: Use concise words to create a distinct image. The author's emotions are hidden in the image, and the emotions are abundant and contained, allowing readers to feel the profound thoughts.

Tough guy image: If Hemingway had the image of a male protagonist, he would have a strong character, be brave and upright, and have no fear in the face of suffering. The body can be defeated, but the spirit cannot be broken.

Symbolic meaning: Santiago (human spirit), Marlin (ideal of life), the old man and the big fish (people are tired of pursuing the ideal of a better life and strive endlessly), the sea (the ever-changing social life), shark (the tragic fate that cannot be escaped) ), lion (courage and strength)

The symbolic meaning of the wasteland: the creative use of symbolic techniques, the use of allusions, and the creation of images. The title is somewhat symbolic, water, fire and thunder

Artistic Achievements: Symbols, Intentions, Allusions, Stream of Consciousness Techniques

Expressionism, the originator of modernist novels

Metamorphosis short stories, other long stories

The theme of alienation in Metamorphosis: the protagonist turns into a beetle, which profoundly reveals the alienation phenomenon in capitalist society. He loses his free thinking and becomes a non-human being. In the money-worshiping society, people become money machines.

Artistic achievements: the blending of modernism and realism, the blending of true descriptions of reality and illusory stories, the combination of absurd stories and real details, absurd techniques to build alienation, real and credible details to enhance the credibility of the story, Kafka Typical novel

Kafkaesque, expressing people's fear of loneliness, absurd world and alienation themes, the details are truly grotesque, symbolic and autobiographical.

French Existentialism, trilogy without confusion, reprieve, heartache, script flies

Confinement ideological content: Representative of the situation drama, through the story that takes place in hell, it continues the theme of walls and free choice. The absurd form points out the importance of freedom to people, and the importance of action in changing survival. If you don’t act or change, then others will be in hell

Artistic achievement: Strange conception, the scene is in hell. Rendering the extreme characteristics of hellish situations. The symbolism of drama, contradictions and conflicts in stage design, etc.

Situational drama: provides people with a certain environment, and the characters freely choose their own actions, create their own essence, express their character and destiny, existential drama

Ireland Pioneer of Postmodern Literature Trilogy Decline

Waiting for Godot thoughts: anti-traditional rationality, irrational world, tramps anxiously and endlessly waiting for the world to be revealed, the pain of absurd life, and the despair of Westerners who hope to change their living situations but are unable to achieve it.

Symbolism: The homeless man’s futile wait sums up the human condition Desire to change the situation, but unable to achieve helplessness. multiple open

Colombia Magical Realism Novel Novel Dead Trees Novel Cholera

Thoughts on One Hundred Years of Solitude: The loneliness of Latin America, the efforts, setbacks and failures of seven generations of the Buendia family over the past century, confirming the reality of the ignorance and backwardness of Colombia and Latin America, the reappearance of the history of isolation and colonization, and hope. Misfortune will never happen again

Artistic Achievements: Magical details and bizarre narratives achieve the effect of magnifying the real reality. Magical colors everywhere, care for reality, a lot of symbols and hints, and more profound meanings

Jewish scriptures, 39 The law has not created the people's destiny Prophet Yiyeeahah History Poetry Song of Songs

Artistic achievements: wide range of themes, splitting the heavens and the earth, God on earth Various sports, prose, epic, novel, drama Rich imagination, many characters, real feelings The characters are distinct: Moses is determined, David is good at fighting, and Solomon is witty and rich.

Outstanding poet and playwright of ancient India, Indian Shakespeare

Character image of Shakuntala: an ideal woman, innocent, gentle and sentimental, strong and brave, willing to commit herself regardless of everything, condemning the king for having the courage to break up, a kind-hearted woman who was humiliated, persecuted and dissatisfied

Artistic achievement, euphemistic and ironic, implicit but not explicit, unique structure, good use of different realms to set off characters, beautiful and vivid language, and emotional expression of the characters.

Huai Feng Zao, the earliest collection of Chinese poetry Manyoshu, the earliest collection of Japanese songs, Mt.

Chunxiang Chuan, bitter cold chant

The Legend of Jin Zuoqiao

Rudaki, the father of poetry, his later years, Chronicles of Kings

The Heroic Epic, Sadie, The Orchard and the Rose Garden, Hafi's Drinking Song

Hanging poems, each year poems are written on linen and hung in the Kaaba.

Islamic classics and Arabic literary prose masterpieces

Plot frame structure, the prime minister's daughter tells the story to the king as the beginning Rich oriental sentiment and bold romantic fantasy in artistic techniques The language is rich in poetry and prose, and the combination of rhyme and prose has spread to all over the world.

poet's prophet, orchard, rose garden

Garden of Roses: 8 Volumes, Words of Warning Humanitarianism: Deep sympathy for the people at the lower levels, excellent virtues of self-reliance, concern for the country and the people, warning rulers to be merciful and not to brutally exploit the people, and boldly exposing the hypocrisy and tricks of the upper class to deceive the people. Artistic features: a wide range of themes, from emperors to folk, cities to deserts, a combination of rhyme and prose, rich poetry and prose, and rich in philosophy

Bengali, Rabindranath Tagore, the first Asian Nobel Prize for Literature, Gitanjali, a collection of religious and philosophical poetry Ji: Nobel, dedication, collection of religious lyric poems, expressing beautiful ideals of life through praise to God, praising great rivers and mountains, and expressing one's patriotic enthusiasm

Gora

Natsume Soseki, I Am a Cat, the first three love stories follow the door, and the last three love stories are beyond the hearts of the people.

Pursuit of artistic beauty, New Sensationism, Hengguang

Li Qiyong, hometown

Premchand

Arab writer living in America, Gibran, prophet

Prophetic thought: full of dialectical philosophical spirit, embodying the highest and latest ideological realm that humanism can achieve, and creating a path for prose poetry.

Artistic achievements: Rich imagination in style, intense subjective emotions Rich philosophy in creation The language pays attention to antithesis, metaphor and personification, and musical language.

hussein day

Nobel, his representative work Palace Street, three stages of creation, history, realism, modernist philosophical novels

Gongjian Street Thought: Use the changes in three generations of the family to describe the decline and collapse of traditional feudal forces and the growth and development of democratic forces, reflecting the growth of the patriotic movement.

Artistic achievements: complete layout, shaping characters from multiple angles, revealing inner complex human nature, psychological description of modern novels, broadening the inner world of characters, only writing about daily life, but integrating politics, culture, thoughts and customs, with a high degree of contemporary and profound ideological

The World of Beauty, 1968 Nobel Prize, representative work Snow Country

Komako: Writer's works, image of geisha She has an innocent and kind personality, is diligent and hard-working, and lives tenaciously. Describe her character from her daily life and treatment of love. It does not represent the image of someone who actively resists, nor does it represent the image of a vulgar degenerate, but the image of a geisha with a certain enterprising spirit.

Artistic achievements: poetic lyricism, blend of Japanese tradition and Western stream of consciousness, character creation through various means

Kawabata Yasunari’s aesthetic characteristics: pursueable beauty, traditional natural beauty, unrealistic illusory beauty, decadent sensual beauty Incorporate sovereign colors into the beauty of nature, enrich associations and metaphors with the colors, lines and sounds of natural scenery, and express them artistically