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genetics
Animal Science Animal Genetics, genetics is a science that studies the composition, transmission and expression of genetic information of organisms. Includes the basics of cytology, Mendelian laws of inheritance and their extensions, character classification, linkage and interchange, etc.
Edited at 2024-10-23 16:15:54
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genetics
introduction
definition
genetics
Refers to the similarities between biological individuals who are related by blood
Mutations
The differences between biological individuals who are related by blood.
genetics
A science that studies the composition, transmission and expression of genetic information in organisms
The relationship between heredity, variation, and selection
If there is no variation in organisms, their diversity will not exist, and there will be no target for selection. Then organisms cannot evolve, there will be no formation of new species, and inheritance can only be simple repetition.
If organisms do not have heredity, even the variations that occur cannot be inherited. Variations cannot be accumulated, and biological species cannot maintain the continuation of life. Without the existence of life, there will be no relatively stable species, and variation will lose its meaning.
Heredity and variation are the internal causes of biological evolution and the basic factors for biological survival and evolution. However, heredity is relatively conservative, while variation is absolute.
Heredity and mutation complement each other and work together
Research content
The nature of genetic material
Including the chemical nature of genes, the genetic information it contains, and the structural composition and changes of DNA and RNA
transmission of genetic material
Including the replication of genetic material, the behavior of chromosomes, the laws of inheritance and the quantitative changes of genes in the population.
Realization of genetic information
Including the function of genes, the interaction of genes, the role of genes and the environment, the regulation of gene expression and the mechanism of genes in individual development
Application of genetic laws
Use the laws of genetics to actively transform animals so that they can be used in production practices and benefit mankind.
research tasks
Study the phenomena of animal inheritance and variation and the causes and patterns of their manifestations, and deeply explore the causes and material basis of inheritance and variation. Elucidate its mechanism of action and reveal its inherent laws to further guide animal breeding practices, improve production levels, and use the results to actively transform animals, making them a powerful weapon for transforming animals and improving the breeding efficiency of various animals.
application
Increase the production of agricultural and livestock products
Use genetic manipulation technology to increase their reproduction, growth, death and change their character.
Control animal gender
Domestic animal gender control technology is a biotechnology that uses human intervention in the normal reproductive process of animals. It is a biotechnology that allows adult female animals to explain people's desired gender for their offspring. It controls the gender of animals based on the theory of animal gender determination.
Targeted control of genetic traits
By increasing the frequency of these specific genes in the population and implementing strict selection measures, it is expected to improve a certain genetic trait and even breed new varieties with special genetic traits.
Basics of Cytology
chromosome
definition
chromosome
Chromosomes are chromatin that is tightly wound, folded, and exquisitely packaged during cell division. It is the existence form of genetic material with fixed form.
chromatin
It refers to the substance that can be stained by basic dyes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells during the interphase of cell division. It is the form of genetic material in the interphase of cell division.
homologous chromosomes
heterologous chromosome
Morphological structure
Centromere, secondary constriction, satellite, telomere
chemical composition
DNA
Histones
non-histone proteins
RNA
Chromosome ultrastructure
nucleosome
Spiral
superhelix
chromosome
Karyotype and banding pattern
Karyotype
Karyotyping
Belt type
Applications in Animal Research
Origin and evolution of animals
animal classification
gene mapping
Cytogenetic testing of selected livestock
Cytogenetic testing of infertile livestock
cell division
cell cycle
Amitosis
Mitosis
Features
significance
Meiosis
concept
Features
significance
The difference between filaments and subtractions
Basic functions of genetic material
information storage
copy function
gene expression
mutation function
Mendel's laws of inheritance and extensions
Gene
concept
A genetic unit located at a certain location on a chromosome that controls certain traits
allele
Two different forms of the same gene that are located on the same pair of homologous chromosomes, have the same position, have similar functions, and control relative traits.
locus
location of genes on chromosomes
genome
The total amount of genetic material that carries genetic information in an organism, including all genes and intergenic regions
genotype
gene bank
A population composed of many individuals carrying various genes of various genotypes, including populations at different levels
Phenotype
true inheritance
septation gene
overlapping genes
Duplicate genes
jumping gene
pseudogene
genetic nature
gene expression regulation
gene function
Classical and Molecular Genetics
classical inheritance
molecular genetics
Gene manipulation DNA recombinant technology (genetic engineering, genetic engineering, molecular cloning)
concept
process
PCR technology
Traits
Comprehensive traits
unit traits
Relative traits
Dominant traits
recessive traits
Character segregation phenomenon (separation law)
content
substance
explanation (hypothesis)
significance
application
verify
test cross
backcross
Genealogy analysis
Gamete identification
Phenotypic segregation ratio realization conditions
law of free assemblage
concept
content
significance
Meets the conditions of Mendelian inheritance
Chromosome theory of inheritance
law extension
Expression and penetrance
Penetrance
expressiveness
Allelic interaction type
incomplete dominance
co-dominance
Mosaic dominance
delayed dominance
non-allele interaction types
complementary effects
Additive effect
overlapping effects
Epistasis
Dominant epistasis
Implicit superiority
inhibitory effect
Multiple causes and one effect
concept
Modifying genes
concept
Features
One cause, multiple effects
concept
multiple alleles
concept
Features
bad genes
concept
type
lethal gene
overtly lethal
Hidden fatality
semi-lethal gene
low activity genes
sublethal gene
harmful genes
sex-linked inheritance
sex determination
concept
sex determination
sexual differentiation
pseudoautosomal region
Bartholin bodies (sex chromatin)
sex chromosome type
sex chromosomes
autosomal
genetic balance theory
dose compensation effect
concept
Lyon hypothesis
environment and gender
sex-linked inheritance
concept
Features
sex-linked inheritance in humans
Red-green color blindness, located on the x chromosome, is recessive
significance
Sex-dependent inheritance and sex-restricted inheritance
Inherited by sex
restricted inheritance
Chaining and swapping
Gene linkage and interchange
chain phenomenon
Linked inheritance
concept
content
mutually exclusive
attract each other
Does exchange of non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes occur during the formation of gametes?
Complete chain
incomplete linkage
concept
Genetic characteristics (basic laws of linkage and interchange)
result
Swap mechanism and swap rate
exchange
swap rate
Influencing factors
chromosomal interference
Location of genes (three-point test)
gene mapping
three point test
advantage
double swap
Linear arrangement of genes
Interference and concurrency coefficient
put one's oar in
Concurrency factor
relation
application
application
Character classification
quality characteristics
concept
Features
Quantitative traits
concept
Features
polygenic hypothesis
main gene
breeding value
genetic parameters
heritability
concept
use
Genetically related
concept
use
Repeatability
concept
use
quantitative trait loci
concept
Basic steps for locus mapping
application
threshold traits
Similarities and Differences between Quantitative Traits and Qualitative Traits
Similarities
Differences
Contact and performance
population inheritance
General concepts
population genetics
group
subpopulation
Species
Mendelian groups
concept
Features
random mating
gene frequency
genotype frequency
genetic structure
Darwin's theory of natural selection
Hardy-Weinberg's law
Main points
significance
Factors affecting gene frequency and genotype frequency
mutation
migrate
choose
genetic drift
Founder Effect and Bottleneck Effect
Grouping
hybridization
homotypic mating
mutation and selection
mutation
genetic mutation
concept
mutation
genetic mutation
feature
type
Impact on phenotype
Morphological mutation
biochemical mutant
lethal mutant
Conditional lethality
neutral mutation
Classified by type of genetic structural changes
base substitution mutation
frameshift mutation
rearrange
mutation suppression
RNA editing
Classified by how genetic information changes
synonymous mutations
missense mutation
nonsense mutation
Causes of genetic mutations
spontaneous mutation
DNA copying errors
tautomerism of bases
Base error tab
spontaneous chemical damage
Depurination
abasic
oxidative base damage
mutagenesis of transposable components
mutagenic effects of mutator genes
induced mutation
physical mutagenesis
Classification
Ionizing radiation mutagenesis
Non-ionizing radiation mutagenesis
Influence
law
chemical mutagenesis
DNA analogs
base modifier
DNA inserting agent
biological mutagenesis
chromosomal aberrations
concept
structural hybrid
structural homozygous
Chromosomal variation
Variations in chromosome structure
Missing
concept
type
reason
Genetic and phenotypic effects
application
repeat
concept
type
reason
Genetic and phenotypic effects
application
inversion
concept
type
reason
Genetic and phenotypic effects
Translocation
concept
type
Genetic and phenotypic effects
Variation in chromosome number
Chromosome
genome
euploid variation
concept
haloid
Polyploidy
concept
autopolyploidy
Allopolyploidy
How polyploidy arises
aneuploidy variant
concept
monomer
Missing body
Many bodies
concept
three body
Four bodies
chimera
production mechanism
Extranuclear and epigenetic inheritance
extranuclear inheritance
concept
Features
X chromosome inactivation