Concept: A systemic dysfunctional metabolic disease caused by carbohydrate and volatile fatty acid metabolism disorders in dairy cows within days to weeks after calving.

Clinical ketosis: above 3.44mmol/L

Epidemiology: It mostly occurs within 3 weeks after calving. It is more common in cows with high milk production. It is more common in winter and spring.

Pathogenesis: Glucose is mainly converted by gluconeogenesis of propionate; grass and green hay feed produce the most propionic acid; the decrease in blood sugar concentration is the central link in the occurrence of ketosis; fatty acids generate triglycerides in the liver

Ketone bodies: beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and acetone

Characteristics: Hypoglycemia, hyperketonemia, hyperketonuria, hyperketonia

Causes: 1. High yield of dairy cows; 2. Unbalanced dietary nutrition and insufficient supply; 3. Excessive prenatal obesity of cows

Treatment: 1. Alternative therapy (intravenous injection of 500ml of 50% glucose, feeding propylene glycol or glycerin); 2. Hormone therapy; 3. Other therapies (chloral hydrate)

Prevention: 1. Scientifically control the nutrient supply of cattle throughout the lactation period, and strictly prevent cattle from becoming overweight before the end of lactation; 2. Gradually increase energy supply 4 to 5 weeks before delivery, and gradually increase it until calving and peak lactation periods. ; 3. Concentrated feed should maintain a reasonable ratio of coarse and concentrated feed. The crude protein content in the concentrate should not exceed 16% to 18%, and ground corn is the best carbohydrate; 4. Barley, etc. can be used instead of corn as carbohydrate in the feed, and good quality hay or silage should be provided; 5. In ketosis Feeding sodium propionate during the period of high disease incidence also has a good preventive effect.

Concept: A lipid metabolism disorder that occurs before and after birth in cows and is characterized by anorexia, depression, severe ketonemia, fatty liver, terminal increased heart rate, coma, and high mortality rate.

Cause: high milk production, reduced food intake, excessive obesity during pregnancy

Characteristics: Ketosis, initial hypoglycemia and later hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia

Prevention and treatment: intravenous injection of 500ml of 50% glucose, and injection of corticosteroids to stimulate glucose production in the body

Concept: A nutritional metabolic disease caused by abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and volatile fatty acids in ewes at the end of pregnancy. It is characterized by ketonemia, ketonuria, hypoglycemia and reduced liver glycogen. It is a highly lethal disease in sheep. disease

Characteristics: Hypoglycemia, hyperketonemia, and hyperketonuria

Treatment: Injectable glucose, oral glycerin, or propylene glycol

Concept: A metabolic disease characterized by intractable appetite and loss of drinking desire in the third trimester of pregnancy, which is prone to multiple pregnancies.

Clinical features: hypoglycemia, hyperketonemia, increased plasma free fatty acid concentration

Pathological changes: poor blood coagulation and viscosity, subcutaneous edema, liver and kidney enlargement, severe fatty infiltration

Concept: A nutritional and metabolic disease in broiler chickens characterized by swelling of the liver and kidneys and the presence of large amounts of lipids, lethargy, paralysis and sudden death of sick chickens. Most commonly occurs in broiler chickens aged 3 to 4 weeks

Causes: 1. Biotin deficiency; 2. Fat and protein metabolism disorders; 3. Stress factors

Concept: A nutritional metabolic disease of laying hens caused by nutrition, genetics and other reasons. Clinically, it is characterized by excessive obesity and decreased egg production.

Causes: 1. Genetic factors, the incidence of broiler breeders is higher than that of egg breeders; 2. Nutritional factors, large amounts of energy intake cause fat accumulation in the liver; 3. Feeding methods, cage keeping is an important inducement; 4. Toxins, Aspergillus aflatoxin Toxins; 5 temperature 6 stress 7 endocrine

Concept: A clinical syndrome in which amyloidosis protein is deposited between cells in various organs, tissues and in the blood system in the body, causing the function of the affected organs to gradually fail.

Cause: Due to the production and formation of fibrin-like proteins with a β-sheet structure in the body, and their deposition on tissues and organs, they affect the functions of normal cells and tissues and gradually replace the normal structures, eventually leading to dysfunction or even failure of tissues and organs. This is a protein conformation disease. Including serum amyloid protein, glycoprotein, apolipoprotein, etc.

Pathological changes: The liver was significantly enlarged, dark in color, soft in texture, fragile and brittle, the cut surface was brown and greasy, the kidneys were pale and enlarged, and the spleen was enlarged.

Concept: A nutritional metabolic disease characterized by muscle degeneration, metadromal dyskinesia and myoglobinuria due to disordered glucose metabolism and massive accumulation of muscle lactic acid.

Causes: 1. Feeding too much carbohydrate-rich feed; 2. Sudden labor

Concept: Due to excessive production or excretion disorder of avian uric acid, the content of uric acid in the blood increases significantly, and then is deposited in the form of urate in the joint capsule, articular cartilage, thoracoabdominal cavity, various organ surfaces and other interstitial tissues.

Causes: 1. Excessive production of uric acid (high protein feed; genetic factors); 2. Disorders of uric acid excretion (infectious factors; toxic factors; nutritional factors)

type

Characteristic changes: Tophi formed due to urate deposition can be seen in the kidney tissue

Concept: An endocrine disease in which glucose metabolism is disrupted due to a relative or absolute lack of insulin caused by neuroendocrine disorders. Clinically, it is characterized by polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, hyperglycemia, and glycosuria.

Cause